142 lines
15 KiB
XML
142 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document id="B442C14A109C1CF2D33B910BD6B7FC0E" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dcf48cdc-ea07-4b0b-b067-01ffa4a3fb2d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="283950" ID-ZooBank="2D0CEAB4-5CC6-42B6-8388-FBA7113C87C2" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460635251232" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dennis, Steve, Barnes, Jeffrey K. & Knutson, Lloyd" docDate="2013" docId="03B587DBFF9B1D0A04B2FC5BFCEE9CE9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03673p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3673 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Asilinae" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF8CFFA3FF9F1D0F0425FFC6FFD19C1E" masterDocTitle="Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698335181600" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="B8622F5FAE549B6C0A8A6B5FD177571B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6099B5B40C8F86CB407D44B5D2E7E05B">
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<mods:title id="AF3B37001409B4E763C9B1FF08649418">Review and analysis of information on the biology and morphology of immature stages of robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1D69730924B93F257D1A5042398EB4D4">Dennis, Steve</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="076823F3F771940CEF068BE4297B58C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3A25C4AC410D3DD7730501BF79B18E06">Barnes, Jeffrey K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5322E3EA98C72A6215D6051F0CF118B6">Knutson, Lloyd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="63C19303F4D4D0E646EBD9EBE3A60CDA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2C2395FDF371D38DD36CFE1AE61EF3E1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D449B9FD27DDA0C4CC31C1BCED6DFB21">
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<mods:date id="8FE1DEDBC97E8308C9ECA236A7157A54">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="41D4DF0B79B50A463A1B9979357BD68B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E1174E73710821E760EA55AE87F8CCF5">3673</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="367828AFD5561DD2561D362E475C08BE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5358FD653F5CD57704793B069F18D714" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3673.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B587DBFF9B1D0A04B2FC5BFCEE9CE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6146364" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664390" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6146364" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B587DBFF9B1D0A04B2FC5BFCEE9CE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B587DBFF9B1D0A04B2FC5BFCEE9CE9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="C3066546FF9B1D0A04B2FC5BFCEE9CE9" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04B2FC5BFEA89FA8" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" box="[151,377,925,950]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="D0EB81A1FF9B1D0B04B2FC5BFEA89FA8" bold="true" box="[151,377,925,950]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B04B2FC5BFEA89FA8" bold="true" box="[151,377,925,950]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B053CFC5BFEA89FA8" box="[281,377,925,950]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04B2FC07FE4598AF" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Female robber flies in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B061DFC07FD449FC7" box="[568,661,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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drop eggs onto the substrate or onto vegetation, or by inserting their ovipositor into the soil, dry cow or horse dung, or rabbit pellets (
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0755FC23FB099FE3" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[880,1240,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crabroniformis">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B0755FC23FBB49FE3" box="[880,1125,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Asilus crabroniformis</emphasis>
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Linnaeus
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</taxonomicName>
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); or in vegetation (in particular between the sheath and stem or dry seed heads of grasses); or onto wire fences (i.e.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0133FBCFFE78985B" authority="Wiedemann" authorityName="Wiedemann" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Mallophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficauda">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B0133FBCFFED5985B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mallophora ruficauda</emphasis>
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(Wiedemann)
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF9B1D0B0590FBEBFD1A985B" author="Castelo" box="[437,715,1069,1093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Castelo, M. K. & Corley, J. C. (2004 a) Evaluacion de la capacidad reguladora del mascardon cazador de abejas Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) sobre los gusanos blancos del suelo (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Revista de la Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 33, 59 - 78." type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Castelo & Corley 2004a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D4B3CFF9B1D0B06FDFBEBFC62985B" author="Castelo" box="[728,947,1069,1093]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refString="Castelo, M. K., Ney-Nifle, M., Corley, J. C. & Bernstein, C. (2006) Oviposition height increases parasitism success by the robber fly Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61, 231 - 243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 006 - 0254 - 5" type="journal article" year="2006">
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Castelo
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B0711FBE8FCBC985B" box="[820,877,1069,1093]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The number of eggs laid varies from 1 to 729 with most from 1 to 20. The largest numbers of eggs are produced by
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B001CFB97FB6E9877" box="[1081,1215,1105,1129]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Mallophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B001CFB97FB6E9877" box="[1081,1215,1105,1129]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mallophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B012BFB97FE409893" authority="Williston" authorityName="Williston" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Megaphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guildianus">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B012BFB97FEDC9893" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Megaphorus guildianus</emphasis>
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(Williston)
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B05EEFBB3FCDA9893" authority="Curran" authorityName="Curran" box="[459,779,1141,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Porasilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbiellini">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B05EEFBB3FD629893" box="[459,691,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Porasilus barbiellini</emphasis>
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Curran
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</taxonomicName>
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, which deposit them in clusters and cover them with a soft chalky-white albumin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04F1FB78FE45995F" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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It seems that the more eggs produced per oviposition event, the smaller the size of the eggs. Eggs in ovipositions with 1 to
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<specimenCount id="9D1AFD44FF9B1D0B05BFFB27FE6798E7" box="[410,438,1249,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="egg">20</specimenCount>
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eggs, ranged in length from 0.80 to 2.80 mm and in width from 0.30 to 0.82 mm. For more extensive ovipositions, with 32 to
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<specimenCount id="9D1AFD44FF9B1D0B0641FAC3FD5F9903" box="[612,654,1285,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="egg">390</specimenCount>
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eggs, the eggs ranged in length from 0.80 to 1.01 mm and in width from 0.22 to 0.38 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04F4FA88FE4899B0" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Eggs are most often white to creamy white, but can be yellowish white, pearly (shiny) whitish to pinkish, yellowish brown, light brown, or light gray. Eggs are most frequently elongate or oblong, but some genera have more or less oval eggs.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04F4FA7FFEC29A7F" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B04F4FA7FFEFF99CF" box="[209,302,1465,1489]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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eggs that have been examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) have surface features including striations, elevated bodies (nipples, tubercles), crevices, spherical bodies and globules, and reticulate sculpturing with different shapes of polygons.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0685F9C7FC049A07" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[672,981,1537,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Antipalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varipes">
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<emphasis id="B968EADFFF9B1D0B0685F9C7FCB49A07" box="[672,869,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Antipalus varipes</emphasis>
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(Meigen)
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</taxonomicName>
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is unique in the subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0123F9C7FAB29A07" box="[1286,1379,1537,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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with eggs that have fine sand grains on them (except on one longitudinal side of the egg) from the sand in which they are oviposited.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04EAF9ABFE8B9AEF" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Aeropyles are present or absent on
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0645F9ABFD6F9A9B" box="[608,702,1645,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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eggs. They may be evenly spread over the surface, except in the area of the micropyle, or more concentrated. They may be located on cone-shaped structures or on flat areas of the chorion. A micropyle has been observed for some, but not all eggs. The immediate area around the micropyle is typically smooth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04EAF93BFCA09B9C" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The egg stage lasts from 2 to 8 days with an average of approximately 6 days. When the larva emerges from the egg, it continues to live in the soil, decaying vegetable matter, or possibly dry horse and cow dung, where it feeds upon larvae in the insect families
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B065AF883FCFA9B43" box="[639,811,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0719F883FC0C9B43" box="[828,989,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B07CAF883FB549B43" box="[1007,1157,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
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, and possibly
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0112F883FA499B43" box="[1335,1432,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asilidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B04B2F8AFFEFA9B9F" box="[151,299,1897,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
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larvae have been the most frequently reported prey.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9B1D0B04E2F84BFE129BD7" blockId="4.[151,1437,925,1993]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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The larval stage of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C4D4EFF9B1D0B0589F84BFDDB9BBB" box="[428,522,1933,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Asilinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Asilinae</taxonomicName>
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can be quite long, lasting from 1 to 3 years. The pupal stage is much shorter, lasting from 14 to 70 days.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA336CDFF9A1D0A04EBFF51FCEE9CE9" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,247]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Information on larval morphology has generally been published on the first two instars and mature larvae. For a number of species there are descriptions of pupal cases, although there are not many detailed descriptions. The literature contains figures of both the larvae and pupal cases.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |