treatments-xml/data/03/BB/C8/03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30.xml

<document id="475D61888D35DCBF22F1F45B39CC3292" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2de592ff-5eeb-4d27-a107-8412e7d8dd58" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="261211" ID-ZooBank="B4F33480-68C2-4703-AE82-AA184F0FB2CD" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1470205955865" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Last, Peter R., White, William T. &amp; Kyne, Peter M." docDate="2016" docId="03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4147.2.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4147 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Urogymnus acanthobothrium Last, White &amp; Kyne, 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="173" masterDocId="FF82B0569E26871A43370345FFE9FFF7" masterDocTitle="Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., a new euryhaline whipray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="162" pageNumber="163" updateTime="1698366821299" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6EFBA7F74DE6CEA1868E9B01086D2514">Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., a new euryhaline whipray (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from Australia and Papua New Guinea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3BC9833C43CFCF790A25D5610221B90">Last, Peter R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ADF0A794FE2927DD55B1939D3FBA16BB">White, William T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6A330D74845BF02F78F348AB0E75DFE6">Kyne, Peter M.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0E5CE549E27871B43A00557FD8AF9DA" bold="true" box="[151,611,1554,1581]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E27871B43A00557FE17F9DB" ID-CoL="7DV6M" box="[151,510,1554,1580]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A00557FE17F9DB" bold="true" box="[151,510,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E27871B41320556FD8AF9DA" box="[517,611,1555,1581]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A00570FE68F9B9" blockId="1.[151,611,1554,1650]" box="[151,385,1589,1614]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Mumburarr Whipray</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A0051CFE8DF985" blockId="1.[151,611,1554,1650]" box="[151,356,1625,1650]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
(
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E27871B43A8051CFEE8F985" box="[159,257,1625,1650]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1133,1155]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1904,1926]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1001,1023]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,1323,1345]" captionTargetBox-0="[289,1285,212,1894]" captionTargetBox-1="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1435,193,1111]" captionTargetBox-3="[309,1277,1236,1882]" captionTargetBox-4="[150,1436,193,978]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,1129,1394]" captionTargetBox-6="[165,1414,717,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[259,1327,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[150,1436,193,1112]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[309,1277,1236,1883]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[150,1436,193,979]" captionTargetId-5="figure@8.[151,1436,1103,1408]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[151,1436,705,1301]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW): A, dorsal surface, fresh; B, ventral surface, preserved." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Oronasal region of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, preserved)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Scapular denticles of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, fresh)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Denticle band at the tail base of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 0 0 1, 672 mm DW, preserved)." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Tail below caudal sting of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, fresh): A, lateral view; B, ventral view. Note the low ventral skin fold below the caudal sting." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. Posterior tail of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, fresh): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/261212/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/261214/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/261215/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/261216/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/261217/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/261218/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Figs 1–7</figureCitation>
<tableCitation id="C6904C839E27871B423F051CFEB0F985" box="[264,345,1625,1650]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,239,404,427]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data for the holotype of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov. (WAM P. 34488 - 001), with values (expressed in mm) and ratios expressed as percentages of disc width." pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A005E7FD53F940" blockId="1.[151,1436,1697,1842]" box="[151,698,1697,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB025E169E27871B43A005E7FD53F940" box="[151,698,1697,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E27871B43A005E7FEEFF940" ID-CoL="4XB4" box="[151,262,1698,1719]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A005E7FEEFF940" box="[151,262,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.: 
<treatmentCitation id="0AB35F299E27871B420105E4FDF0F940" author="Fyler" box="[310,537,1697,1719]" page="107" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" year="2009">
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E27871B420105E4FE01F940" author="Fyler" box="[310,488,1697,1719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" refString="Fyler, C. A., Caira, J. N. &amp; Jensen, K. (2009) Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from an unusual species of Himantura (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) from northern Australia. Folia Parasitologica, 56 (2), 107 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2009.016" type="journal article" year="2009">
Fyler 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B424505E7FE4CF940" box="[370,421,1697,1719]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
: 107
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 58 and 59
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A00584FC15F921" blockId="1.[151,1436,1697,1842]" box="[151,1020,1728,1750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E27871B43A00584FEEFF921" box="[151,262,1729,1750]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A00584FEEFF921" box="[151,262,1729,1750]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E27871B427E0585FDE3F921" author="Naylor" box="[329,522,1728,1750]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" refString="Naylor, G. J. P., Caira, J. N., Jensen, K., Rosana, K. A. M., White, W. T. &amp; Last, P. R. (2012) A DNA sequence-based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 367, 1 - 262." type="journal article" year="2012">
Naylor 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B42A10584FE2AF921" box="[406,451,1728,1750]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">et al</emphasis>
., 2012
</bibRefCitation>
, tissue GN 2103 (specimen NT-96, not retained).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A005A5FF0BF8E4" blockId="1.[151,1436,1697,1842]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E27871B43A005A5FEEFF902" box="[151,262,1760,1781]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A005A5FEEFF902" box="[151,262,1760,1781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 5: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E27871B427E059AFE07F903" author="Last" box="[329,494,1758,1781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" refString="Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B424D05A5FE4EF903" box="[378,423,1758,1781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
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, tissues GN 2103, GN 13667, GN 16659, GN 16661, GN 16993, GN 17253, GN 17254 (
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A00458FC6AF8C5" blockId="1.[151,1436,1697,1842]" box="[151,899,1820,1842]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E27871B43A00458FEE5F8C5" box="[151,268,1821,1842]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A00458FEE5F8C5" box="[151,268,1821,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Urogymnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 5: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E27871B42780458FE1FF8C5" author="Last" box="[335,502,1820,1842]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" refString="Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B42B60458FE47F8C5" box="[385,430,1820,1842]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">et al</emphasis>
., 2016
</bibRefCitation>
, tissues GN 13667, GN 17253 (
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871B43A0041BFB5EF86C" blockId="1.[151,1437,1886,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
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<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43A0041BFEE2F880" bold="true" box="[151,267,1886,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E27871B43A0041BFEEFF880" box="[151,262,1886,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED03E1FD9E27871B4222041AFEB3F880" box="[277,346,1887,1911]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">WAM</collectionCode>
P. 34488-001, juvenile male 
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DW, 
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of 
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, 
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Australia
</collectingRegion>
, 
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, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E27871B424D04C6FE05F86D" box="[378,492,1922,1947]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" precision="925" value="127.98333">127°59′ E</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E27871B410A04C6FD96F86D" box="[573,639,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" unit="m" value="2.2">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E27871B410A04C6FD96F86D" box="[573,639,1923,1947]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" unit="m" value="2.2">2.2 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E27871B402D04C6FC98F86C" box="[794,881,1923,1947]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">P. Kyne</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E27871B40A204C6FBFBF86C" box="[917,1042,1922,1947]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">G. Johnson</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E27871B472904C6FB5AF86C" box="[1054,1203,1922,1947]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" value="2015-11-11">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E27871B472904C6FB5AF86C" box="[1054,1203,1922,1947]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" value="2015-11-11">11 Nov 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E27871843F004E3FBE7FD5F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1886,2019]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E27871843F004E3FF3AFF23" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986410" collectingDate="1999-11-17" collectorName="J. Caira &amp; K. Jensen" country="Australia" elevation="60" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="164" latitude="-11.3" location="Global Cestode Database" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="0.0" municipality="Wessel Islands" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" specimenCount="9" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E27871B43F004E3FE94F848" bold="true" box="[199,381,1958,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Other Material</emphasis>
. 
<specimenCount id="9D14B2B19E27871B42BB04E2FDFFF848" box="[396,534,1958,1983]" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
(none retained). 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E27871B41E204E3FC18F848" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E27871B41E204E3FC18F848" box="[725,1009,1958,1983]" country="Australia" latitude="-11.3" longLatPrecision="1295" longitude="0.0" municipality="Wessel Islands" name="Global Cestode Database" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Global Cestode Database</location>
NT-96 (photographs; tissue accession GN 2103), adult female 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E27871B4286048FFDF7F815" box="[433,542,1994,2019]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="1610.0">1610 mm</quantity>
DW with embryo ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E27871B4030048FFC8EF815" box="[775,871,1994,2019]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="1" pageNumber="163" unit="mm" value="265.0">265 mm</quantity>
DW (size estimated from image), east of 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BC9E3429E278718467A048FFF00FF47" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="164" pageId="1" pageNumber="163">Wessel Islands</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843C303D2FE2DFF47" box="[244,452,151,176]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843C303D2FEB0FF47" box="[244,345,151,176]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871842F803D2FDD1FF47" box="[463,568,151,176]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E248718417403DDFD4DFF47" box="[579,676,151,176]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="-11.3">11°18′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 137° 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871841D203DDFCCBFF58" box="[741,802,151,176]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="0.0">0 0′ E</geoCoordinate>
, ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718400B03D2FC9CFF58" box="[828,885,151,176]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="60.0">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E248718400B03D2FC9CFF58" box="[828,885,151,176]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718476003DDFB45FF47" box="[1111,1196,151,176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">J. Caira</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871847F803DDFAD7FF58" box="[1231,1342,152,175]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">K. Jensen</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E248718467E03DDFF3AFF23" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="1999-11-17">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E248718467E03DDFF3AFF23" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="1999-11-17">17 Nov 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871843EA03F9FA71FF00" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986407" collectingDate="2014-12-02" collectionCode="PNG" collectorName="S. Tova" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="19" latitude="-8.7" location="Aibinio Island" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="0.11666667" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gulf">
<collectionCode id="ED03E1FD9E24871843EA03F9FEFCFF23" box="[221,277,188,212]" country="Papua New Guinea" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12949" name="Division of Primary Industry" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">PNG</collectionCode>
field accession 130034 (photograph; tissue accession GN 16659), female 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718477903F9FB51FF23" box="[1102,1208,188,212]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="1140.0">1140 mm</quantity>
DW, east of 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E248718467003F9FF37FF0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E248718467003F9FF37FF0F" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-8.7" longLatPrecision="1300" longitude="0.11666667" name="Aibinio Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Gulf">Aibinio Island</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843DD039AFEF4FF0F" box="[234,285,223,248]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Papua, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871842AF03A5FD9CFF0F" box="[408,629,223,248]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871841B603A5FD3CFF0F" box="[641,725,223,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="-8.7">8°42′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 144° 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E248718402F03A5FCBEFF00" box="[792,855,223,248]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="0.11666667">0 7′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718405403A5FC2EFF00" box="[867,967,224,248]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="19.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="18.0">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E248718405403A5FC2EFF00" box="[867,967,224,248]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="19.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="18.0">18–20 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E248718472C03A5FB48FF0F" box="[1051,1185,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2014-12-02">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E248718472C03A5FB48FF0F" box="[1051,1185,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2014-12-02">2 Dec 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718460903A5FA71FF00" box="[1342,1432,224,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">S. Tova</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871843A00241FAF0FEC8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986412" collectingDate="2014-12-11" collectingDateMax="60-02-23" collectingDateMin="2014-12-11" collectionCode="PNG" collectorName="S. Tova" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="13" latitude="-8.6" location="Aibinio Island" longLatPrecision="1301" longitude="0.016666668" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gulf">
<collectionCode id="ED03E1FD9E24871843A00241FF26FEEB" box="[151,207,260,284]" country="Papua New Guinea" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12949" name="Division of Primary Industry" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">PNG</collectionCode>
field accession 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E24871842BB0241FE09FEEA" box="[396,480,260,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="60-02-23">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E24871842BB0241FE09FEEA" box="[396,480,260,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="60-02-23">230260</collectingDate>
</date>
(tissue accession GN 16661), male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871840B10241FC1DFEEB" box="[902,1012,260,284]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="1000.0">1000 mm</quantity>
DW, east of 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E24871847A50241FAD0FEEA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E24871847A50241FAD0FEEA" box="[1170,1337,260,285]" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-8.6" longLatPrecision="1301" longitude="0.016666668" name="Aibinio Island" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Gulf">Aibinio Island</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871846700241FA92FEEA" box="[1351,1403,260,285]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Papua, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871843DB026DFE24FEB7" box="[236,461,295,320]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871842EC026DFDDBFEB7" box="[475,562,295,320]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="-8.6">8°36′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 144° 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E2487184140026DFD5EFEC8" box="[631,695,295,320]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="925" value="0.016666668">0 1′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871841F20262FCC3FEC8" box="[709,810,295,320]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E24871841F20262FCC3FEC8" box="[709,810,295,320]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="13.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="11.0">11–15 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E24871840B4026DFBF3FEB7" box="[899,1050,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2014-12-11">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E24871840B4026DFBF3FEB7" box="[899,1050,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2014-12-11">11 Dec 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718478A026DFAF0FEC8" box="[1213,1305,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">S. Tova</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E2487184610026DFE5EFE5A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986411" collectingDate="2015-04-06" collectionCode="PNG" collectorName="S. Ohuesaho" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="12" latitude="-7.9694443" location="Deception Bay" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="144.64722" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gulf">
<collectionCode id="ED03E1FD9E2487184610026DFAB6FEB7" box="[1319,1375,296,320]" country="Papua New Guinea" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12949" name="Division of Primary Industry" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">PNG</collectionCode>
field accession 180028 (photograph; tissue accession GN 16993), late adolescent male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871847400209FB03FE93" box="[1143,1258,332,356]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="1030.0">1030 mm</quantity>
DW, south of 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E24871843A0022AFEADFE7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E24871843A0022AFEADFE7F" box="[151,324,367,392]" country="Papua New Guinea" latitude="-7.9694443" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="144.64722" name="Deception Bay" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Gulf">Deception Bay</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2487184263022AFE6EFE7F" box="[340,391,367,392]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Papua, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E248718413A0235FD1BFE7F" box="[525,754,367,392]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871840350235FC6CFE7F" box="[770,901,367,392]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="-7.9694443">7°58′10′′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871840A10235FBDEFE70" box="[918,1079,367,392]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="144.64722">144°38′50′′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871847700235FB46FE70" box="[1095,1199,368,392]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E24871847700235FB46FE70" box="[1095,1199,368,392]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10–14 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, 
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E248718463B022AFA71FE7F" box="[1292,1432,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-04-06">
<date id="FFAC5FF89E248718463B022AFA71FE7F" box="[1292,1432,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-04-06">6 Apr 2015</date>
</collectingDate>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718421102D1FE5EFE5A" box="[294,439,404,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">S. Ohuesaho</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871842F602D1FEE1FE02" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986408" collectingDate="2015-11-02" collectionCode="PNG" collectorName="National Fisheries Authority" country="Papua New Guinea" elevation="20" location="Gulf" longitude="144.66722" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gulf">
<collectionCode id="ED03E1FD9E24871842F602D1FE10FE5B" box="[449,505,404,428]" country="Papua New Guinea" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12949" name="Division of Primary Industry" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">PNG</collectionCode>
(no field accession number), photograph, adult male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718477802D1FB51FE5B" box="[1103,1208,404,428]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="1100.0">1100 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871847CE02D1FAC5FE5A" box="[1273,1324,404,429]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of Papua, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871843A002FDFE96FE27" box="[151,383,439,464]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 8°0 1′4′′ S, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E248718412E02FDFD44FE38" box="[537,685,439,464]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="144.66722">144°40′2′′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718418802FDFCC0FE38" box="[703,809,440,464]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="17.0">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E248718418802FDFCC0FE38" box="[703,809,440,464]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="20.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="17.0">17–23 m</elevation>
</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E24871840BF02FDFBF2FE27" box="[904,1051,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-11-02">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E24871840BF02FDFBF2FE27" box="[904,1051,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-11-02">2 Nov 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871847FE02F2FEE1FE02" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">National Fisheries Authority</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871842210299FF3AFDCB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986406" collectingDate="2013-08-29" collectorName="P. Kyne &amp; P. Feutry" country="Australia" elevation="8" latitude="-12.358334" location="Wildman River" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
photograph, female 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871842C80299FD89FE03" box="[511,608,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="520.0">520 mm</quantity>
DW and juvenile male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871840480299FC09FE03" box="[895,992,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="580.0">580 mm</quantity>
DW (released alive), 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E24871847D10299FA71FE02" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E24871847D10299FA71FE02" box="[1254,1432,476,501]" country="Australia" latitude="-12.358334" name="Wildman River" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Wildman River</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843A002BAFE81FDEF" box="[151,360,511,536]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843A002BAFF15FDEF" box="[151,252,511,536]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E248718424302BAFE34FDEF" box="[372,477,511,536]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E24871842DD0145FD9EFDEF" box="[490,631,511,536]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="-12.358334">12°21′30′′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 132°0 8′30′′ E, depth 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871840410145FC50FDE0" box="[886,953,512,536]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="7.8">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E24871840410145FC50FDE0" box="[886,953,512,536]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="7.8">7.8 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871847600145FB46FDEF" box="[1111,1199,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">P. Kyne</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871847E10145FAD2FDEF" box="[1238,1339,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">P. Feutry</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E248718467F0145FF3AFDCB" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2013-08-29">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E248718467F0145FF3AFDCB" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2013-08-29">29 Aug 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871843E80161FF3AFD73" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986409" collectingDate="2013-10-22" collectorName="P. Kyne &amp; M. Grubert" country="Australia" elevation="4" latitude="-12.38" location="West Alligator River" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="132.25917" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
photograph, juvenile male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871841380161FD84FDCB" box="[527,621,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="390.0">390 mm</quantity>
DW (released alive; tissue accession GN 13667), 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E248718479C0160FA71FDCA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E248718479C0160FA71FDCA" box="[1195,1432,548,573]" country="Australia" latitude="-12.38" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="132.25917" name="West Alligator River" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Northern Territory">West Alligator River</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843A00102FE8EFD97" box="[151,359,583,608]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871843A00102FF15FD97" box="[151,252,583,608]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871842450102FE32FD97" box="[370,475,583,608]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E2487184148010DFCF2FDA8" box="[639,795,583,608]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="132.25917">132°15′33′′ E</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718405B010DFC46FDA8" box="[876,943,584,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="4.2">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E248718405B010DFC46FDA8" box="[876,943,584,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="4.2">4.2 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718477D010DFB48FD97" box="[1098,1185,584,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">P. Kyne</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871847F2010DFAACFD97" box="[1221,1349,583,608]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">M. Grubert</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E2487184667010DFF3AFD73" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2013-10-22">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E2487184667010DFF3AFD73" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2013-10-22">22 Oct 2013</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B7A73659E24871843E90129FBE3FD5F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1290986414" collectingDate="2015-11-07" collectorName="P. Kyne &amp; G. Johnson" country="Australia" elevation="9" latitude="-15.278333" location="Ord River" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="128.27805" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Australia">
photograph, juvenile male 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718413D0129FD81FD73" box="[522,616,620,645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
DW (released alive), 
<location id="8ECD2FE39E24871840690129FC38FD72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BBC82E9E27871143A00557FAEBFC30:8ECD2FE39E24871840690129FC38FD72" box="[862,977,620,645]" country="Australia" latitude="-15.278333" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="128.27805" name="Ord River" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Western Australia">Ord River</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871840EB0128FB41FD72" box="[988,1192,620,645]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E24871840EB0128FBDEFD73" box="[988,1079,621,644]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Western" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Western</collectingRegion>
Australia
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E24871847840129FAF5FD72" box="[1203,1308,620,645]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E248718461F0129FF41FD5F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="-15.278333">15°16′42′′ S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE261FFF9E248718438301D5FEB8FD50" box="[180,337,655,680]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" precision="15" value="128.27805">128°16′41′′ E</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718429601D5FE0AFD50" box="[417,483,656,680]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="8.7">
<elevation id="003F9E0B9E248718429601D5FE0AFD50" box="[417,483,656,680]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="m" value="8.7">8.7 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, collected by 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E248718414901D5FD3CFD5F" box="[638,725,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">P. Kyne</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26E71CEE9E24871841CE01D5FC9EFD5F" box="[761,887,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">G. Johnson</collectorName>
, 
<date id="FFAC5FF89E24871840B501D5FBE3FD5F" box="[898,1034,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-11-07">
<collectingDate id="EFE8A6109E24871840B501D5FBE3FD5F" box="[898,1034,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" value="2015-11-07">7 Nov 2015</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3082AB39E24871843F001F1FDD8FB8A" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E24871843F001F1FDD8FB8A" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E24871843F001F1FEA8FD3A" bold="true" box="[199,321,692,717]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E24871842EC01F0FDB4FD3B" box="[475,605,693,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E24871842EC01F0FDB4FD3B" box="[475,605,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Urogymnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguished by a combination of the following characters: disc elongate suboval, snout tip to axis of maximum width 53% DW; anterior disc margin not truncated, almost straight, lateral apices broadly rounded; preorbital snout broadly angular, angle 114°, with a very small apical lobe; preorbit long, length 26% TL, 2.1 times interorbital length; orbits small, protruded slightly; spiracle very large, 8.6% DW, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718466B0065FA75FCCF" box="[1372,1436,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.826" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="1.9">1.9 in</quantity>
orbit diameter; internasal distance 2.0 in prenasal length, 2.8 times nostril length; preoral snout length 2.6 times mouth width, 2.5 times internarial distance; caudal sting very large, length more than a 30% DW; mid-scapular denticles very small and inconspicuous; secondary denticles very small, rather widely spaced, band delimited but margin not sharply defined, band truncate forward of eye; minute upright tertiary denticles present, barely visible; low and short-based ventral tail fold present; dorsal disc colour variable, plain dark greyish brown to yellowish brown in juveniles, very finely and faintly mottled greyish white to yellowish brown in adults; ventral surface largely white, posterior disc without regular dark margins; tail beyond sting white in young, unknown but possibly paler than anterior tail in adults; propterygial radials 66, 3 times the number of mesopterygial radials; total vertebral segments (excluding synarcual) 151.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3082AB39E24871243F007C2FB47F9A0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E24871843F007C2FE45FA12" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E24871843F007C2FEB0FB57" bold="true" box="[199,345,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Description.</emphasis>
Disc elongate suboval, width 94% of its length in 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E24871840AD07C2FC16FB57" box="[922,1023,1159,1184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
; robust, distinctly raised above midscapulocoracoid, maximum thickness 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718417607E9FD66FB32" box="[577,655,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="0.12">0.12 in</quantity>
disc width (DW); snout broadly angular, with a small but pronounced apical lobe, angle 114°; anterior margins almost straight, oblique to longitudinal axis of disc; lateral apices broadly rounded; posterior margin weakly convex, free rear tip narrowly rounded. Pelvic fins rather short, 21.2% DW; width across base 13.0% DW. Mature male unavailable for examination of adult clasper. Tail rather slender, whiplike, tapering evenly toward sting then becoming subcircular, length 2.18 times DW; base rather narrow, moderately depressed in cross-section, width 1.26 times height; caudal sting greatly enlarged, 30.3% DW, broad and strongly depressed. Ventral tail fold short (see 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E24871841D406C1FCC0FA6A" box="[739,809,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1429,1451]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1129,1394]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1103,1408]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Tail below caudal sting of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, fresh): A, lateral view; B, ventral view. Note the low ventral skin fold below the caudal sting." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261217/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), base length 7.8% DW, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718477B06C1FB74FA6A" box="[1100,1181,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="0.14">0.14 in</quantity>
length from cloaca to sting, 23.7 times maximum height, preceded and followed by short, low fleshy ridge; maximum fold height 21% tail height at same point.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E24871943F006B5FE8BFE7F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">
Snout relatively long, strongly depressed; preoral snout length 2.61 times mouth width, 2.46 times internarial distance, 25.3% DW; direct preorbital snout length 2.06 times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 53.0% DW; interorbital space almost flat with slight medial depression; orbits small, slightly protruded, diameter 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871843A00519FF0FF982" box="[151,230,1628,1653]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8006" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="1.89">1.89 in</quantity>
spiracle length; eye length 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871841140519FD9AF982" box="[547,627,1628,1653]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03124" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="4.06">4.06 in</quantity>
spiracle length, intereye distance 7.68 times eye length. Spiracles very large, subrectangular to suboval; situated dorsolaterally; anterior margin oblique and almost straight, its origin beneath mid-orbit; posterior margin straight and strongly curved. Nostrils rather small, laterally expanded slightly, outer margin almost straight, internasal distance 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871841F1058DFCFEF917" box="[710,791,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0038" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="in" value="1.97">1.97 in</quantity>
prenasal length, 2.83 times nostril length. Nasal curtain skirt shaped, broad and rather short, width 2.07 times length; lateral margin weakly concave, smooth edged; posterolateral apex nested within broad groove; posterior margin very weakly fringed (fringes indistinct and margin forming an angular ridge), weakly double concave; fully overlapping upper jaw and almost touching lower jaw. Mouth arched slightly (
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E24871842E90412FDCCF887" box="[478,549,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1133,1155]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,193,1112]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Oronasal region of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, preserved)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261214/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="164">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); oronasal groove shallow, extending posteriorly from posterolateral edge of mouth to chin, posterior extremities slightly exceeding mouth width apart; skin on ventral surface of lower jaw strongly papillate, in a broad strip around lips. Mouth floor with 2 large, fleshy medial papillae, their height ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E248718466204E5FA71F84F" box="[1365,1432,1952,1976]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
, separated by about ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E24871842B40481FE21F82B" box="[387,456,1988,2013]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="164" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
; a much smaller ridge-like lateral papilla near each corner of mouth, widely separated from inner pair, height ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E258719428D03D2FDF1FF58" box="[442,536,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
; medial papilla simple, subtriangular, rounded distally with irregular margin, longitudinally flattened, subequal in size; largest known individual (Global Cestode Database NT-96, 1610 mm DW) reported to have 5 central and 2 lateral oral papillae. Upper jaw mildly double concave with a bulbous synthesis, lower jaw triple concave; lower jaw interlocking with upper jaw internally (upper jaw deeply recessed in head). Teeth small, broadly subtriangular to rhomboidal, in quincunx; similar in size in upper and lower jaws; surfaces of crowns strongly crenulate. Tooth rows in upper jaw ~40, in lower jaw&gt;40, difficult to count without further dissection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F002D1FBF6FE02" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
Gill opening margins narrowly S-shaped, smooth edged; length of first gill slit 1.40 times length of fifth, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E258719465C02D1FF44FE27" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1214" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" unit="in" value="2.41">2.41 in</quantity>
mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.33 times internasal distance, 0.44 of ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.71 times internasal distance, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E25871941DB0299FCD3FE02" box="[748,826,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" unit="in" value="0.32">0.32 in</quantity>
ventral head length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F002BAFAA2FC1A" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E25871943F002BAFEB1FDEF" bold="true" box="[199,344,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Squamation</emphasis>
. In 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E25871942BB02BAFE1BFDEF" box="[396,498,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: Denticle band prominent, lateral disc appearing smooth but densely and evenly covered with minute upright subconical denticles (barely visible with naked eye or detectable by touch except margin of secondary band). Suprascapular denticles 3, very small (length of largest 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E25871947090102FB71FD97" box="[1086,1176,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
), similar in size, barely larger than adjacent denticles of secondary band; surfaces irregular; upper surface of crown not obviously flattened. Secondary and tertiary denticles easily distinguishable from each other. Secondary denticles very small, rather widely spaced (interspaces almost half denticle width), heart-shaped, similar in size, usually directed posteriorly, not larger across scapular region than elsewhere in band. Secondary denticle band well developed on disc, extending from just forward of orbit across mid disc then tapering gradually and extending onto tail; margin of band somewhat irregular (not sharply demarcated as an edge); truncate forward of eye, continuous over entire interorbital space, narrowest on mid disc beside spiracles, broadest over scapular region; similar band of denticles extending onto entire dorsal and upper lateral surfaces of tail before caudal sting; similar denticles on lateral edge of tail beneath caudal sting; small prickly upright and rather widely spaced denticles present on tail posterior to sting (some similar denticles near sting base on dorsal base). Tertiary denticles minute, barely detectable, partially embedded, possibly increasing in size with ontogeny (needing confirmation). Ventral surface of disc naked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F000B2FBC1FBAF" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E25871943F000B2FED5FBE7" bold="true" box="[199,316,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Meristics.</emphasis>
Total pectoral-fin radials 150; propterygium 66, mesopterygium 22, metapterygium 62. Pelvic-fin radials 1 (includes 3–4 distal elements fused at base) + 22. Vertebral centra (excluding synarcual) 151; monospondylous 57; pre-sting diplospondylous 94; post-sting diplospondylous 0.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F00721FEADFAC7" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E25871943F00721FEF3FB8A" bold="true" box="[199,282,1124,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Colour</emphasis>
. 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E25871942100721FE66FB8A" box="[295,399,1124,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(when fresh): Disc uniformly yellowish brown dorsally (denticle band similar to rest of disc but denticle crowns slightly paler than adjacent skin); skin also with a few small, irregularly spaced, darker speckles; disc margin with narrow white strip around pectoral fin anteriorly, becoming dusky posteriorly; pupil of eye black, spiracle whitish; anterior tail paler yellow, gradually becoming whitish forward of caudal sting base; sting and tail beyond sting uniformly white (strongly contrasted with yellowish disc); no information available for ventral surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F00679FE0CF9FF" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E25871943F00679FEC6FAA2" box="[199,303,1340,1365]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(in preservative): Upper surface uniformly pale brownish with denticle band distinct and paler than surrounding disc; denticle crowns appearing as white specks; spiracle dark greyish interiorly, posterior margin white. Ventral surface of disc largely white, irregular light and dark grey patches centrally and on posterior parts of pelvic fins. Tail largely white above, more yellowish and typically darker ventrally; ventral base greyish with some greyish-brown patches before caudal sting; posterior quarter of ventral tail with a dark brown medial stripe; ventral fold pale brownish and white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E25871943F00550FEC9F84E" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">
Non 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E25871942360550FED5F9DA" box="[257,316,1557,1581]" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">types</typeStatus>
(not retained and descriptions based on images): Late embryo (Global Cestode Database NT-96, 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E25871943A00572FF33F9A7" box="[151,218,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A) similar to juvenile above, uniformly dark greyish brown dorsally, tail similarly greyish brown to caudal sting base; sting and tail beyond sting pale greyish. Juvenile male (tissue accession GN 13667, 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E258719478C0519FB15F983" box="[1211,1276,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B) darker than adults, uniformly dark greyish brown dorsally, eye and spiracle darker; tail similarly greyish brown to caudal sting base; sting and tail beyond sting white. Female (
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E258719418805E1FD10F94B" box="[703,761,1700,1724]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">PNG</collectingCountry>
field accession 130034, 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E258719472305E1FBBEF94B" box="[1044,1111,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C mottled greyish yellow on outer dorsal disc with denticle band paler yellowish and distinct from rest of disc; spiracles bluish white and prominent; tail white near and beyond caudal sting; ventral surface uniformly white (outer pectoral fins pinkish due to skin damage). Adult male (
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E25871942D30455FDF4F8DF" box="[484,541,1808,1832]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">PNG</collectingCountry>
, no field accession number, 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E258719406B044AFC77F8DF" box="[860,926,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D) medium brown on dorsal surface and very finely mottled; clasper pinkish white. Adult female (NT-96, 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E25871940720471FC61F8BB" box="[837,904,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1873,1895]" captionTargetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[375,1231,175,1858]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov.: A, embryo ~ 265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="165">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E) very finely and very faintly mottled greyish white on outer dorsal disc with denticle band paler yellowish and distinguishable from rest of disc; spiracles bluish grey and prominent; tail base similar to disc before caudal sting; tail missing beyond sting but possibly paler than anterior tail.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E22871E43A004E4FDBFF821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261212/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="166" targetBox="[289,1285,212,1894]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E22871E43A004E4FDBFF821" blockId="4.[151,1436,1953,2006]" pageId="4" pageNumber="166">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E22871E43A004E4FEFFF840" bold="true" box="[151,278,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E22871E421704E7FDA4F840" box="[288,589,1953,1975]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E22871E421704E7FDA4F840" box="[288,589,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="166">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E22871E416F04E4FD42F840" bold="true" box="[600,683,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="166">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E22871E416F04E4FD42F840" box="[600,683,1953,1975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="166" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488-001, 672 mm DW): A, dorsal surface, fresh; B, ventral surface, preserved.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E23871F43A00414FC87F815" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261213/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="167" targetBox="[427,1227,192,1833]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E23871F43A00414FC87F815" blockId="5.[151,1436,1873,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E23871F43A00414FEFCF890" bold="true" box="[151,277,1873,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="167">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Dorsal surfaces of fresh non-types of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E23871F41900417FC3BF890" box="[679,978,1873,1895]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="167" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E23871F41900417FC3BF890" box="[679,978,1873,1895]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="167">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E23871F40EC0414FBC7F890" bold="true" box="[987,1070,1873,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="167">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E23871F40EC0414FBC7F890" box="[987,1070,1873,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="167" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: A, embryo ~265 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: K. Jensen); B, juvenile male 390 mm DW, West Alligator River, Northern Territory, Australia (photo: P. Kyne); C, female 1140 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: S. Tova); D, adult male 1100 mm DW, Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea (photo: National Fisheries Authority); E, adult female 1610 mm DW, east of Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, Australia (Photo: K. Jensen).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E20871C43A004E4FE7AF840" box="[151,403,1953,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E20871C43A004E4FE7AF840" blockId="6.[151,403,1953,1975]" box="[151,403,1953,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="168">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E20871C43A004E4FEFBF840" bold="true" box="[151,274,1953,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="168">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E21871D43A00728FED4FB55" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261214/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" targetBox="[150,1435,193,1111]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E21871D43A00728FED4FB55" blockId="7.[151,1436,1133,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D43A00728FEFDFB74" bold="true" box="[151,276,1133,1155]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Oronasal region of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E21871D42D3072BFCF9FB74" box="[484,784,1133,1155]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D42D3072BFCF9FB74" box="[484,784,1133,1155]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D402F0728FC80FB74" bold="true" box="[792,873,1133,1155]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E21871D402F0728FC80FB74" box="[792,873,1133,1155]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488-001, 672 mm DW, preserved).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E21871D43A00435FEE7F852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261215/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" targetBox="[309,1277,1236,1882]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E21871D43A00435FEE7F852" blockId="7.[151,1435,1904,1957]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D43A00435FEFBF871" bold="true" box="[151,274,1904,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Scapular denticles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E21871D42C30434FCF4F871" box="[500,797,1904,1926]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D42C30434FCF4F871" box="[500,797,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E21871D40130435FC9DF871" bold="true" box="[804,884,1904,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E21871D40130435FC9DF871" box="[804,884,1904,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="169" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488-001, 672 mm DW, fresh).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E2E871243A000ACFE23FBEA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261216/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" targetBox="[150,1436,193,978]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2E871243A000ACFE23FBEA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1001,1053]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871243A000ACFEFDFC08" bold="true" box="[151,276,1001,1023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Denticle band at the tail base of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2E8712415A00AFFC70FC08" box="[621,921,1001,1023]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712415A00AFFC70FC08" box="[621,921,1001,1023]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712409600ACFC1BFC08" bold="true" box="[929,1010,1001,1023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2E8712409600ACFC1BFC08" box="[929,1010,1001,1023]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488- 0 0 1, 672 mm DW, preserved).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E2E871243A006D0FB43FA3D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261217/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" targetBox="[151,1436,1129,1394]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2E871243A006D0FB43FA3D" blockId="8.[151,1435,1429,1482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871243A006D0FEFBFA5C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1429,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Tail below caudal sting of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2E8712411306D3FCA4FA5C" box="[548,845,1429,1451]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712411306D3FCA4FA5C" box="[548,845,1429,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712406306D0FC4AFA5C" bold="true" box="[852,931,1429,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2E8712406306D0FC4AFA5C" box="[852,931,1429,1451]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488-001, 672 mm DW, fresh): A, lateral view; B, ventral view. Note the low ventral skin fold below the caudal sting.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2E871243F006B3FB47F9A0" blockId="8.[151,1437,1526,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871243F006B3FF17F9F8" bold="true" box="[199,254,1526,1551]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Size.</emphasis>
Among the largest of all stingrays; adult female (
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E8712407406B3FC5BF9F8" box="[835,946,1526,1551]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="1610.0">1610 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E871240CF06B2FB8FF9F8" box="[1016,1126,1527,1551]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="1740.0">1740 mm</quantity>
disc length) aborted a late embryo (estimated to be ~ 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E8712428E055FFDFFF9C5" box="[441,534,1562,1587]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="265.0">265 mm</quantity>
DW) on capture. Juveniles (n=5) measured 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E87124735055FFB7FF9C5" box="[1026,1174,1562,1587]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.31" metricValueMax="6.72" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="531.0" valueMax="672.0" valueMin="390.0">390–672 mm</quantity>
DW, 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E871247E2055EFA83F9C5" box="[1237,1386,1563,1587]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.2" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="575.0" valueMax="720.0" valueMin="430.0">430–720 mm</quantity>
DL. A late adolescent male (
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E87124293057AFDF8F9A0" box="[420,529,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="mm" value="1030.0">1030 mm</quantity>
DW) was captured off 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E871240200505FC06F9A0" box="[791,1007,1598,1623]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871240200505FCB2F9A0" box="[791,859,1600,1623]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Papua</collectingRegion>
New Guinea
</collectingCountry>
but not retained.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3082AB39E2E871243F00527FF37F880" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2E871243F00527FF37F880" blockId="8.[151,1437,1526,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871243F00527FE89F98C" bold="true" box="[199,352,1634,1659]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E8712425F0527FE75F98C" box="[360,412,1634,1659]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871242F40526FDE3F98D" box="[451,522,1635,1658]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Papua</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E871241210526FD1DF98C" box="[534,756,1634,1659]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871241210526FDB2F98D" box="[534,603,1635,1658]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Papua</collectingRegion>
New Guinea
</collectingCountry>
, and northern 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E871240A00527FC17F98C" box="[919,1022,1634,1659]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E2E871247390527FBBAF98C" box="[1038,1107,1634,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1751,1773]" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distributional range of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov." pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), in brackish reaches of tidal rivers and estuaries, and marine waters. Juveniles have been recorded from lower reaches of the Wildman and West Alligator Rivers, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E8712426805EFFDD8F934" box="[351,561,1706,1731]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E8712426805EFFE2DF934" box="[351,452,1706,1731]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
</collectingRegion>
(NT), and the lower Ord River and West Arm of Cambridge 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871247CA05EFFADAF934" box="[1277,1331,1706,1731]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Gulf</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E8712467605EEFEEBF910" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E8712467605EEFA75F935" box="[1345,1436,1707,1730]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Western" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Western</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E871243A0058BFEEBF910" box="[151,258,1742,1767]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Australia</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
. Juvenile capture depths were 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E8712416F058AFD25F910" box="[600,716,1743,1767]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.449999999999999" metricValueMax="8.7" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="5.449999999999999" valueMax="8.7" valueMin="2.2">2.2–8.7 m</quantity>
; salinity 14.6–33.1; turbidity 367–&gt;1000 NTU. An adult female was recorded in marine waters at a depth of 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2E871241B005B7FD29F8FD" box="[647,704,1778,1803]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
east of the Wessel Islands, NT. Subadult specimens caught in the 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871243A00453FF22F8D8" box="[151,203,1814,1839]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E871243C3045DFED1F8D8" box="[244,312,1816,1839]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Papua</collectingRegion>
were from depths of 
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10– 
<specimenCount id="9D14B2B19E2E8712416A0452FD75F8D8" box="[605,668,1815,1839]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" type="generic">20 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Probably more widespread in remote and under-surveyed areas of northern 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E871243C8047FFE8FF8A4" box="[255,358,1850,1875]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2E87124296047EFD68F8A4" box="[417,641,1850,1875]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2E87124296047EFE0FF8A5" box="[417,486,1851,1874]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Papua</collectingRegion>
New Guinea
</collectingCountry>
, particularly within the complex river systems and associated coastal zones.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3082AB39E2E871043F004C7FCD4F9A4" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2E871343F004C7FDC7FE92" blockId="8.[151,1437,1526,2019]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="171" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871243F004C7FEA7F86C" bold="true" box="[199,334,1922,1947]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Etymology.</emphasis>
A large female collected during a survey of cestode parasites of northern Australian chondrichthyan fishes yielded 4 species of cestodes of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2E8712404504E2FBDFF848" box="[882,1078,1959,1983]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="174" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712404504E2FBDFF848" box="[882,1078,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">Acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712477004E2FAFFF848" box="[1095,1302,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">A. oceanharvestae</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E8712461304E2FA9FF848" box="[1316,1398,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">A. popi</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E871246B304E2FF1DF814" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">A. rodmani</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E87124276048EFE2FF815" box="[321,454,1995,2018]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">A. zimmeri</emphasis>
) that are found only in this species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2E87124082048FFB74F814" author="Fyler" box="[949,1181,1994,2019]" pageId="8" pageNumber="170" refString="Fyler, C. A., Caira, J. N. &amp; Jensen, K. (2009) Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from an unusual species of Himantura (Rajiformes: Dasyatidae) from northern Australia. Folia Parasitologica, 56 (2), 107 - 128. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.14411 / fp. 2009.016" type="journal article" year="2009">
Fyler 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2E87124733048EFBA1F814" box="[1028,1096,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
, 2009
</bibRefCitation>
). Hence, the epithet ‘ 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2F8713439703DDFE83FF47" box="[160,362,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">acanthobothrium’</emphasis>
is used as a noun in apposition to recognise the historical significance of the parasite project in the discovery of this whipray. The vernacular name ‘Mumburarr Whipray’ is used to acknowledge the assistance of Traditional Owners in locating this species, in particular the people of the Alligator Rivers region in the 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2F87134600039AFF15FEEA" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2F87134600039AFA75FF0F" box="[1335,1436,223,248]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">Northern</collectingRegion>
Territory
</collectingRegion>
. Mumburarr is a local Limilngan language name used by the Minitja people of the West Alligator River region meaning stingray. Coastal, estuarine and riverine stingrays were traditionally hunted for food and the caudal sting was used as a traditional knife.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E2F871343A002D1FC28FE39" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2F871343A002D1FC28FE39" blockId="9.[151,1435,403,462]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2F871343A002D1FEE4FE5C" bold="true" box="[151,269,404,427]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric data for the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2F871341F902D1FBE5FE5C" box="[718,1036,403,427]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="171" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2F871341F902D1FBE5FE5C" box="[718,1036,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2F8713472202D1FB87FE5C" bold="true" box="[1045,1134,404,427]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2F8713472202D1FB87FE5C" box="[1045,1134,404,427]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(WAM P.34488-001), with values (expressed in mm) and ratios expressed as percentages of disc width.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2F871341ED02AEFB9FFDF7" blockId="9.[159,1428,490,2013]" box="[730,1142,490,512]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">mm %</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2F871343A80156FCFAFDDE" blockId="9.[159,1428,490,2013]" box="[159,787,531,553]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">Disc width 672.0</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2F871343A80179FB68F844" blockId="9.[159,1428,490,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">Total length 2077.0 309.1 Disc length 718.0 106.8 Snout to pectoral-fin insertion 635.0 94.5 Orbit to pectoral-fin insertion 441.0 65.6 Snout to maximum disc width 356.0 53.0 Snout to origin of cloaca 611.0 90.9 Cloaca origin to tail tip 1466.0 218.2 Cloaca origin to caudal sting 386.0 57.4 Pectoral-fin insertion to caudal sting (horiz) 363.0 54.0 Disc thickness 82.0 12.2 Snout (preorbital) length 178.7 26.6 Snout (preorbital horiz.) length 166.6 24.8 Orbit diameter 30.3 4.5 Eye diameter 14.2 2.1 Spiracle length 57.5 8.6 Orbit and spiracle length 72.1 10.7 Interorbital width 86.6 12.9 Inter-eye width 108.7 16.2 Distance between spiracles 111.2 16.6 Head length 366.0 54.5 Preoral length (to lower jaw) 170.3 25.3 Prenasal length 136.1 20.2 Nostril length 24.5 3.6 Nasal curtain length 42.6 6.3 Nasal curtain width 88.1 13.1 Distance between nostrils 69.2 10.3 Mouth width 65.1 9.7 Distance between 1st gill slits 161.0 24.0 Distance between 5th gill slits 118.4 17.6 Width 1st gill slit 27.0 4.0 Width 3rd gill slit 29.0 4.3 Width 5th gill slit 19.3 2.9 Tail width, base of caudal sting 16.5 2.5 Tail width, axil of pelvic fins 53.7 8.0</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2F871047690483FCD4F9A4" blockId="9.[159,1428,490,2013]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,1415,2016]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="172" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2F871347690483FA7DF82A" box="[1118,1428,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="171">......continued on the next page</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871043F006C2FDCBFA57" bold="true" box="[199,546,1415,1440]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Conservation considerations.</emphasis>
While at present there is insufficient data available to assess the extinction risk status of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2C871043C906E9FDA1FA34" box="[254,584,1451,1475]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871043C906E9FDA1FA34" box="[254,584,1451,1475]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C8710416706EEFD42FA33" bold="true" box="[592,683,1451,1476]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2C8710416706EEFD42FA33" box="[592,683,1451,1476]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, it should be noted that euryhaline elasmobranchs are generally of conservation concern (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2C871042A2068AFD6BFA1F" author="Lucifora" box="[405,642,1487,1512]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" refString="Lucifora, L. O., Carvalho, M. R. de, Kyne, P. M. &amp; White, W. T. (2015) Freshwater sharks and rays. Current Biology, 25, R 971 - R 973. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.06.051" type="journal article" year="2015">
Lucifora 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871042C90695FDD9FA10" box="[510,560,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
., 2015
</bibRefCitation>
). The limited number of existing records suggests that the new species may be naturally rare, and it is likely to possess life history characteristics of large elasmobranchs (i.e. late age at maturity, low fecundity, long lifespan, and low natural mortality) which result in low productivity and a limited ability to recover from population depletion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2C871041A7057EFCD9F9A4" author="Musick" box="[656,816,1595,1620]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" refString="Musick, J. A. (1999) Ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. In: Musick, J. A. (Ed.), Life in the slow lane: ecology and conservation of long-lived marine animals. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society Symposium, pp. 1 - 10." type="book chapter" year="1999">Musick, 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E2C871043A803E5FE64FF41" ID-Table-UUID="DF6D29B09E2C871043A803E5FE64FF41" box="[159,397,160,182]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6D29B09E2C871043A803E5FE64FF41" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" targetBox="[159,1165,201,636]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2C871043A803E5FE64FF41" blockId="10.[159,397,160,182]" box="[159,397,160,182]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871043A803E5FEE5FF41" bold="true" box="[159,268,160,182]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2C871041ED038FFB68FD8B" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<table id="F9128B989E2C78E543A8038CFB64FD8B" box="[159,1165,201,636]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A8038CFB64FF28" box="[159,1165,201,223]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E541ED038CFCFAFF28" box="[730,787,201,223]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">mm</th>
<th id="76F312069E2C78E54756038CFB64FF28" box="[1121,1165,201,223]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">%</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A803B7FB64FEFF" box="[159,1165,242,264]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A803B7FE00FEFF" box="[159,489,242,264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Tail height, base of caudal sting</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED03B7FCFAFEFF" box="[730,787,242,264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">16.4</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E5475603B7FB64FEFF" box="[1121,1165,242,264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80259FB64FEC5" box="[159,1165,284,306]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80259FE00FEC5" box="[159,489,284,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Tail height, axil of pelvic fins</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0259FCFAFEC5" box="[730,787,284,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">42.8</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560259FB64FEC5" box="[1121,1165,284,306]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">6.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80200FB64FEAC" box="[159,1165,325,347]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80200FE00FEAC" box="[159,489,325,347]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Caudal sting 1 length</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0200FCFAFEAC" box="[730,787,325,347]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">203.6</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560200FB64FEAC" box="[1121,1165,325,347]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">30.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A8022BFB64FE73" box="[159,1165,366,388]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A8022BFE00FE73" box="[159,489,366,388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Caudal sting 2 length</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A802DDFB64FE59" box="[159,1165,408,430]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A802DDFE00FE59" box="[159,489,408,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Cloaca length</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED02DDFCFAFE59" box="[730,787,408,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">34.8</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E5475602DDFB64FE59" box="[1121,1165,408,430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">5.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80284FB64FE20" box="[159,1165,449,471]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80284FE00FE20" box="[159,489,449,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Length pelvic fin (embedded)</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0284FCFAFE20" box="[730,787,449,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">142.5</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560284FB64FE20" box="[1121,1165,449,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">21.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A802AFFB64FDF7" box="[159,1165,490,512]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A802AFFE00FDF7" box="[159,489,490,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Width across pelvic-fin base</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED02AFFCFAFDF7" box="[730,787,490,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">87.4</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E5475602AFFB64FDF7" box="[1121,1165,490,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">13.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80151FB64FDDD" box="[159,1165,532,554]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80151FE00FDDD" box="[159,489,532,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Greatest width across pelvic fins</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0151FCFAFDDD" box="[730,787,532,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">235.1</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560151FB64FDDD" box="[1121,1165,532,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">35.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80178FB64FDA4" box="[159,1165,573,595]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80178FE00FDA4" box="[159,489,573,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Clasper, postcloaca length</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0178FCFAFDA4" box="[730,787,573,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">72.1</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560178FB64FDA4" box="[1121,1165,573,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">10.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35227B7A9E2C78E543A80123FB64FD8B" box="[159,1165,614,636]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<th id="76F312069E2C78E543A80123FE00FD8B" box="[159,489,614,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Clasper, length from pelvic axil</th>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E541ED0123FCFAFD8B" box="[730,787,614,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">25.0</td>
<td id="76F312069E2C78E547560123FB64FD8B" box="[1121,1165,614,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">3.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF6D29B09E2C871043A0066EFD2AFA97" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261218/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" targetBox="[165,1414,717,1281]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2C871043A0066EFD2AFA97" blockId="10.[151,1436,1323,1376]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871043A0066EFEFAFAB6" bold="true" box="[151,275,1323,1345]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Posterior tail of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2C8710428A0669FD0EFAB6" box="[445,743,1323,1345]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C8710428A0669FD0EFAB6" box="[445,743,1323,1345]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871041D9066EFCD7FAB6" bold="true" box="[750,830,1323,1345]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2C871041D9066EFCD7FAB6" box="[750,830,1323,1345]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, juvenile male holotype (WAM P.34488-001, 672 mm DW, fresh): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3082AB39E2C871143F0051AFAEBFC30" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2C871043F0051AFB24F86F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1415,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
Juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2C8710421B0525FDF9F980" box="[300,528,1631,1655]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C8710421B0525FDF9F980" box="[300,528,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">U. acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northern 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2C871041AB051AFCEAF98F" box="[668,771,1631,1656]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
receive some refuge in Kakadu National Park where there is no commercial fishing. Juveniles have been recorded in the Wildman and West Alligator Rivers within the Park; access to the latter is completely closed (i.e. no boat access is permitted) providing a unique conservation zone. In the Kimberley region of 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C871042810589FD6DF913" box="[438,644,1739,1764]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C871042810589FDF8F914" box="[438,529,1740,1763]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Western" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Western</collectingRegion>
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2C8710412C058EFD6DF913" box="[539,644,1739,1764]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
, commercial fishing activities are limited where juveniles have been recorded. The deployment of turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) most likely minimizes their capture in the Australian 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C871043A00456FF15F8DB" box="[151,252,1811,1836]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Northern" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Northern</collectingRegion>
Prawn Fishery as large rays can be effectively excluded from trawl nets (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2C8710475E0456FABDF8DB" author="Brewer" box="[1129,1364,1811,1836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" refString="Brewer, D., Heales, D., Milton, D., Dell, Q., Fry, G., Venables, B. &amp; Jones, P. (2006) The impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communities in Australia's northern prawn trawl fishery. Fisheries Research, 81, 176 - 188. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fishres. 2006.07.009" type="journal article" year="2006">
Brewer 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871047FF0451FB14F8DC" box="[1224,1277,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). This fishery operates across northern 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2C871041210472FD69F8A7" box="[534,640,1847,1872]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
, including in the area where the first (adult) specimen was caught. Nevertheless, this species is caught as bycatch of trawling in the 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C87104088041EFC1BF883" box="[959,1010,1883,1908]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C871047100419FB86F884" box="[1063,1135,1884,1907]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Papua</collectingRegion>
; that fishery is currently investigating the use of TEDs which would limit future catches of at least the largest specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2C871143F004E6FEE6FF23" blockId="10.[151,1437,1415,2016]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,968]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="173" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">
The sporadic records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2C871042EC04E1FD56F84C" box="[475,703,1955,1979]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="172" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2C871042EC04E1FD56F84C" box="[475,703,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">U. acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
across northern 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2C8710404B04E6FC0AF84B" box="[892,995,1955,1980]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
and the 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C8710477204E6FB91F84B" box="[1093,1144,1955,1980]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of 
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2C871047A804E1FB0AF84C" box="[1183,1251,1956,1979]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="10" pageNumber="172">Papua</collectingRegion>
suggest a wider distribution than presently known, and an effort should be made to collect more comprehensive data on this species, particularly on its distribution, ecology and interactions with fisheries, to accurately assess its extinction risk status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2D871143F0039AFABEFD5F" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871143F0039AFE8CFF0F" bold="true" box="[199,357,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Comparisons</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D8711424403A4FD55FF0F" box="[371,700,224,248]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D8711424403A4FD55FF0F" box="[371,700,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871141F5039AFCF2FF0F" bold="true" box="[706,795,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25518519E2D871141F5039AFCF2FF0F" box="[706,795,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, which attains at least 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2D8711472F039AFB83FF00" box="[1048,1130,223,248]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" unit="cm" value="161.0">161 cm</quantity>
DW, is amongst the largest whiprays. No other himanturin ray in the Indo-West Pacific has a ventral tail fold (present but very narrow in 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871146B60240FEB1FEB7" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871146B60240FEB1FEB7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); a well-developed fold is present in the Atlantic whipray genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D87114750026DFB04FEC8" box="[1127,1261,296,319]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Fontitrygon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D87114750026DFB04FEC8" box="[1127,1261,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Fontitrygon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Of species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871143A00208FEF0FE93" box="[151,281,333,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871143A00208FEF0FE93" box="[151,281,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D8711421E0208FE2EFE93" box="[297,455,332,356]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulatus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D8711421E0208FE2EFE93" box="[297,455,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. granulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also unusual in that it has a uniformly white tail, and appears to be closest to this species based on NADH2 data (see 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E2D8711410F022AFD96FE7F" box="[568,639,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1133,1155]" captionTargetBox="[150,1435,193,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[150,1436,193,1112]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Oronasal region of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 001, 672 mm DW, preserved)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261214/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Figs 3</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="132965BD9E2D8711419F022AFD51FE7F" box="[680,696,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1001,1023]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,978]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,193,979]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Denticle band at the tail base of Urogymnus acanthobothrium sp. nov., juvenile male holotype (WAM P. 34488 - 0 0 1, 672 mm DW, preserved)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/261216/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">5</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2D871141F00235FC60FE7F" author="Last" box="[711,905,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" refString="Last, P. R., Naylor, G. J. P. &amp; Manjaji-Matsumoto, B. M. (2016) A revised classification of the family Dasyatidae (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) based on new morphological and molecular insights. Zootaxa, 4139 (3), 345 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4139.3.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Last 
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871140360234FCD5FE7F" box="[769,828,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E2D8711470A022AFB76FE7F" box="[1085,1183,367,392]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and data provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2D871143A002D1FEA8FE5B" author="Manjaji" box="[151,321,404,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" refString="Manjaji, B. M. (2004) Taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics of the Indo-Pacific Whip-Tailed Stingray genus Himantura Muller &amp; Henle 1837 (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Tasmania, 1 &amp; 2, i - xxii, 607 pp." type="book" year="2004">Manjaji (2004)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D8711424502D0FDE7FE5B" box="[370,526,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="granulatus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D8711424502D0FDE7FE5B" box="[370,526,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. granulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D8711412902D0FCEBFE5B" box="[542,770,404,428]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D8711412902D0FCEBFE5B" box="[542,770,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a longer (length ~2.5 vs 1.5–2.1 times combined orbit and spiracle length) and more angular snout (angle 114° vs 122–123°), longer tail (length 2.3–2.4 vs 1.3–2.1 times DW), more posteriorly positioned caudal sting (horizontal length from disc insertion to sting origin ~3.3 vs ~2 times interspiraclar width), more oval tail base (otherwise subcircular), lacks white flecks on the dorsal surface, and the ventral disc is uniformly white (rather than white with a broad black margin). Other members of the genus have a much more angular snout (
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871142DC010CFD63FD97" box="[491,650,584,608]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lobistomus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871142DC010CFD63FD97" box="[491,650,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. lobistomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) or the snout is much more obtuse (almost truncate) anteriorly (
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871146B6010CFF16FD73" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalyensis">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871146B6010CFF16FD73" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. dalyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871142010128FE57FD73" box="[310,446,620,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871142010128FE57FD73" box="[310,446,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. polylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The 
<typeStatus id="54A9C79A9E2D8711413F0128FDD1FD72" box="[520,568,621,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">type</typeStatus>
of the genus, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871141EF0128FC91FD73" box="[728,888,621,644]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asperrimus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871141EF0128FC91FD73" box="[728,888,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. asperrimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also known as the Porcupine Ray, which has an extremely thorny dorsal surface unique within whiprays and lacks a caudal sting, is probably highly derived.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BAD79389E2D871143F001F1FAEBFC30" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,968]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">
Initially, an enormous ray photographed by Mark Erdmann while diving near Raja Ampat (
<collectingRegion id="49D6B7DA9E2D8711478901F1FAEFFD3B" box="[1214,1286,692,716]" country="Indonesia" name="Papua Barat" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Papua</collectingRegion>
) was thought to be conspecific with this species, but after subsequent examination of his photographs, it is more likely a very large 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871143E201B8FD95FCE2" authority="Bleeker, 1852" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[213,636,764,789]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871143E201B8FE2AFCE3" box="[213,451,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus polylepis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8304C99E2D871142E501B9FD9DFCE2" author="Bleeker" box="[466,628,764,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" refString="Bleeker, P. (1852) Bijdrage tot de kennis der Plagiostomen van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, 24 (12), 1 - 92." type="journal article" year="1852">Bleeker, 1852</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871141BF01B8FC9FFCE3" box="[648,886,764,788]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871141BF01B8FC9FFCE3" box="[648,886,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus polylepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also reaches a huge size and specimens from the Chao Phraya River (
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2D87114249005AFE0CFCCF" box="[382,485,799,824]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Thailand</collectingCountry>
) measured 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2D871141500065FD55FCC0" box="[615,700,800,824]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" unit="cm" value="192.0">192 cm</quantity>
DW and at least 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2D871140B40065FC3DFCCF" box="[899,980,799,824]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.42" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" unit="kg" value="242.0">242 kg</quantity>
. A close relative from tropical 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2D87114602005AFA75FCCF" box="[1333,1436,799,824]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Australia</collectingCountry>
and probably New 
<collectingCountry id="F30539A89E2D871142460001FE2CFCAA" box="[369,453,836,861]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Guinea</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871142E50000FD2DFCAB" box="[466,708,836,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalyensis">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871142E50000FD2DFCAB" box="[466,708,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus dalyensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a much smaller ray (reported at 
<quantity id="4CEAD4DD9E2D871147690001FB5AFCAB" box="[1118,1203,836,860]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" unit="cm" value="124.0">124 cm</quantity>
DW) that co-occurs with 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D871143E6002CFE5CFC77" box="[209,437,872,896]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthobothrium">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D871143E6002CFE5CFC77" box="[209,437,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">U. acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in parts of this region. It remains a mystery how such a large coastal animal can escape detection for so long. However, the superficial similarity of these 
<taxonomicName id="4C1202BB9E2D8711404200C8FC1EFC53" box="[885,1015,909,932]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Urogymnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="173" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B966A52A9E2D8711404200C8FC1EFC53" box="[885,1015,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="173">Urogymnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the region, and the paucity of comparative specimens in ichthyological collections because of their large size, are likely reasons.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>