399 lines
50 KiB
XML
399 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="0D775BEB52B318D6CF1B505EDFAE531E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B7AD237FF6FF8A2FCFBFF60" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gegenes niso subsp. brevicornis Plotz 1884" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D9DFE37BC6CD079244FA97B6889D381A">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="48F5F4BE2B5EB44F9317CC1CBC914CF6">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="65C3C4C1E99C1DC53AF1C0CA6339C265">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FCCBC839306A1D34B60852CB201EC008">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="0DC488C0DCE046E024C43759A1FA8050">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D338D408B5BC807C4E95C606B31CB318">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B7AD237FF6FF8A2FCFBFF60" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680688" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523760" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680688" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B7AD237FF6FF8A2FCFBFF60" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B7AD237FF6FF8A2FCFBFF60" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20BFF6FF8A2FCD6F8DD" blockId="30.[151,1436,1840,2008]" box="[151,799,1840,1867]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B7AD20BFF6FF8A2FCD6F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,799,1840,1867]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FF8A2FCD6F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,799,1840,1867]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFF6FF8A2FD9FF8DD" ID-CoL="5HF9N" authority="Plotz, 1884" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1884" box="[151,598,1840,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFF6FF8A2FE0CF8DC" bold="true" box="[151,453,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Gegenes niso brevicornis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFE35F8A3FD9FF8DD" author="Plotz" box="[461,598,1840,1866]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Plotz, C. (1884) Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Thymelicus Hub. und ihre Arten. Entomologische Zeitung, 45, 284 - 290." type="journal article" year="1884">Plötz, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B7AD20BFD9CF8A3FCDEF8DD" box="[612,791,1840,1866]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 25" captionStart-1="FIGURE 26" captionStart-2="FIGURE 27" captionStart-3="FIGURE 28" captionStart-4="FIGURE 29" captionStartId-0="31.[151,250,967,990]" captionStartId-1="32.[151,250,1063,1086]" captionStartId-2="32.[151,250,1663,1686]" captionStartId-3="33.[151,250,1713,1736]" captionStartId-4="34.[151,250,676,699]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,483,943]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,327,1046]" captionTargetBox-2="[226,1374,1393,1635]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,447,1689]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,303,662]" captionTargetId-0="figure@31.[151,1436,483,943]" captionTargetId-1="figure@32.[151,1436,327,1046]" captionTargetId-2="figure@32.[151,1436,1367,1656]" captionTargetId-3="figure@33.[151,1436,447,1689]" captionTargetId-4="figure@34.[151,1436,303,662]" captionTargetPageId-0="31" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionTargetPageId-2="32" captionTargetPageId-3="33" captionTargetPageId-4="34" captionText-0="FIGURE 25. Adult Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, a worn male nectaring, Ashnil Mare Camp, Masai Mara, 16. viii. 2010 (A. D. Warren); 2, female at rest, Kakamega Forest, 15. vi. 1991 (vouchered)." captionText-1="FIGURE 26. Ova of Gegenes niso brevicornis laid in captivity on artificial substrate, 17. x. 1989; photographed 18. x.; eclosed 25. x.; ref. 89 / 81." captionText-2="FIGURE 27. Diagram of leaf shelter of Gegenes niso brevicornis on leaf of young maize plant, collected Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 5 Nov 1988, approximately 2 x life size; ref. 88 / 110." captionText-3="FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, newly moulted, dorsal view, collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17. xi.; photographed 17. xi., 22 mm; pupated 26. xi.; ref. 88 / 110; 2, detail of head, anterior view; as (1); 3, detail of head, anterolateral view, collected as n- 3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30. i. 1990; moulted to final instar 6 – 9. ii.; photographed 10. ii., 22 mm; pupated 20. ii.; ref. 90 / 6 G." captionText-4="FIGURE 29. Pupa of Gegenes niso brevicornis, collected as n- 3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30. i. 1990; pupated 20. ii.; photographed 22. ii., 21 mm; male emerged 5. iii.; ref. 90 / 6 G." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246356/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246357/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/246358/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/246359/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/246360/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Figures 25–29</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7AD20AFF6FF8C6FC5EFF43" blockId="30.[151,1436,1840,2008]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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In the older literature, including
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFDE0F8C6FD08F8FB" author="Evans" box="[536,705,1876,1900]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans (1937a)</bibRefCitation>
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, this species was treated as
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFBE9F8C6FAD0F8FB" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[1041,1305,1876,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="letterstedti">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFBE9F8C6FB62F8FB" box="[1041,1195,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. letterstedti</emphasis>
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Latreille
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFAAFF8C6FF28F818" author="Evans" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648." type="journal article" year="1947">Evans (1947)</bibRefCitation>
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established the identity of
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFDE2F8EBFDACF807" box="[538,613,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">G. n i s o</emphasis>
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, making
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFD2DF8EBFC84F807" box="[725,845,1912,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="letterstedti">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFD2DF8EBFC84F807" box="[725,845,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">letterstedti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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a synonym. The nominate ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7AD20BFB3CF8EAFB3AF807" box="[1220,1267,1913,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB3CF8EAFB3AF807" box="[1220,1267,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">niso</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from the Cape of Good Hope (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFE16F80FFD5FF823" author="Linnaeus" box="[494,662,1948,1972]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1764) Museum S: ae R: ae M: tis Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae Svecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque & c. & c. & c. In quo animalia rariora, exotica, imprimis Insecta & Conchilia describuntur & determinantur. Prodromi instar editum. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, [= Stockholm, Sweden], [viii] + 720 + [2] pp." type="journal article" year="1764">Linnaeus 1764</bibRefCitation>
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) and is restricted to southern Africa, while ssp.
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB48F80FFAE7F823" box="[1200,1326,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">brevicornis</emphasis>
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(Plötz) is widespread and common over the rest of sub-Saharan Africa (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFC91F853FBC8F84F" author="Evans" box="[873,1025,1984,2008]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans 1937a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFBF7F853FB83F84F" author="Evans" box="[1039,1098,1984,2008]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1947) Revisional notes on African Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11, 13, 641 - 648." type="journal article" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20BFBA1F853FAFEF84F" author="Ackery" box="[1113,1335,1984,2008]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7AD20BFB4DF852FB23F84F" box="[1205,1258,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7AD20AFAAFF852FF27FF38" author="Evans" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 a) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp, 30 plates." type="book" year="1937" yearSuffix="a">Evans (1937a)</bibRefCitation>
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separates the two subspecies only on the basis of size. The early stages of the two subspecies do not seem to differ, and the division into subspecies may merit reconsideration.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF3FFF4CFA55FE8B" blockId="31.[151,1436,151,284]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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This is perhaps the commonest and most widespread of upland
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7BD20AFC6EFF73FC24FF6F" box="[918,1005,224,248]" name="Kenya" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kenyan</collectingCountry>
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skippers. For example,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFAFDFF73FF28FE8B" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article">Van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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records it as by far the commonest skipper throughout the Chyulu Hills from
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7BD20AFBBDFE97FB25FE8B" box="[1093,1260,260,284]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4478" metricValueMax="1.9812" metricValueMin="0.9144" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="ft" value="4750.0" valueMax="6500.0" valueMin="3000.0">3,000–6,500 ft</quantity>
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. (
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7BD20AFB06FE97FA59FE8B" box="[1278,1424,260,284]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMax="1.83" metricValueMin="0.9099999999999999" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1370.0" valueMax="1830.0" valueMin="910.0">910–1830 m</quantity>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFEDFFE85FEF3" blockId="31.[151,1436,332,428]" box="[151,332,332,356]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FFEDFFE85FEF3" box="[151,332,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFEE3FDC4FE3B" blockId="31.[151,1436,332,428]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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I have observed a male feeding at a bird dropping (Kakamega Forest,
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<date id="FFBCDABE7B7BD20AFC42FEFCFBFDFE10" box="[954,1076,367,391]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1991-06-16">16.vi.1991</date>
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), holding its fore wings closed, and its hind wings partially open.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7DACF67B7BD20AFF6FFC54FC9EFC6B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246356/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[151,1436,483,943]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFC54FC9EFC6B" blockId="31.[151,1437,967,1020]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FFC54FED0FC4B" bold="true" box="[151,281,967,990]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 25</emphasis>
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. Adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFE96FC5BFDB8FC4A" box="[366,625,967,989]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFE96FC5BFDB8FC4A" box="[366,625,967,989]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gegenes niso brevicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD85FC54FD43FC4B" bold="true" box="[637,650,967,988]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">1</emphasis>
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||
, a worn male nectaring, Ashnil Mare Camp, Masai Mara, 16.viii.2010 (A.D. Warren);
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||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF0EFC75FECBFC6C" bold="true" box="[246,258,998,1019]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">2</emphasis>
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, female at rest, Kakamega Forest, 15.vi.1991 (vouchered).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFBB8FEDEFBD4" blockId="31.[151,1436,1067,1164]" box="[151,279,1067,1091]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FFBB8FEDEFBD4" box="[151,279,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Life history</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFBDCFA8FFB1C" blockId="31.[151,1436,1067,1164]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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The life history of ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFE66FBC3FE04FBF0" box="[414,461,1104,1127]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFE66FBC3FE04FBF0" box="[414,461,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">niso</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been described and illustrated in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFC18FBDCFBB8FBF0" author="Clark" box="[992,1137,1103,1127]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Clark, G. C. (1940) On the life-histories of some South African Lepidoptera. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 3, 42 - 56, plates I - VIII." type="journal article" year="1940">Clark (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFB51FBDCFA55FBF0" box="[1193,1436,1103,1127]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFAE9FBC3FA8AFBF0" box="[1297,1347,1103,1127]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrate the caterpillar and pupa. My less detailed observations of ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFC47FBE0FBF7FB1C" box="[959,1086,1139,1163]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
below are very similar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFB28FED7FB44" blockId="31.[151,1437,1211,2027]" box="[151,286,1211,1235]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FFB28FED7FB44" box="[151,286,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Food plants</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B7BD237FF6FFB4CFCFBFF60" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF6FFB4CFBC4FAF4" blockId="31.[151,1437,1211,2027]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFEE5FB73FE85FB60" ID-CoL="3FGK5" box="[285,332,1248,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFEE5FB73FE85FB60" box="[285,332,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">niso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7BD20AFE8EFB4CFDC1FB60" box="[374,520,1247,1271]" name="South Africa" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
feeds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD85FB4CFC82FB60" ID-CoL="56BBQ" box="[637,843,1247,1271]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Themeda" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD85FB4CFC82FB60" box="[637,843,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Themeda triandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(recorded for the synonym
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFB6AFB73FB0CFB60" box="[1170,1221,1248,1271]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">ocra</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFB18FB4CFA5CFB60" ID-CoL="38V3B" box="[1248,1429,1247,1271]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFB18FB4CFA5CFB60" box="[1248,1429,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFF6FFA90FE5FFA8C" ID-CoL="S5F3" box="[151,406,1283,1307]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clandestinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FFA90FE5FFA8C" box="[151,406,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cenchrus clandestinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFE4EFA97FD1FFA8C" ID-CoL="76JT2" box="[438,726,1283,1307]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="clandestinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFE4EFA97FD1FFA8C" box="[438,726,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pennisetum clandestinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and other soft grasses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFC09FA90FB36FA8C" author="Dickson" box="[1009,1279,1283,1307]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFAF3FA90FF1AFAA8" author="Pringle" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFA9BFA97FA5CFA8C" box="[1379,1429,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The last two are listed as food plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD56FABBFC48FAA8" ID-CoL="5HF9N" box="[686,897,1319,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD56FABBFC48FAA8" box="[686,897,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. niso brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFC54FABBFB8AFAA8" author="Larsen" box="[940,1091,1319,1343]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFBB7FAB4FB40FAA8" author="Larsen" box="[1103,1161,1319,1343]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFB30FAB4FA55FAA8" box="[1224,1436,1319,1343]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFAEAFABBFA8AFAA8" box="[1298,1347,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
although they do not seem to have been reported separately for this subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF3FFAE3FEEBF9AC" blockId="31.[151,1437,1211,2027]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
For subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFE86FAFCFE34FA10" box="[382,509,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFDE8FAE3FD13FA10" author="Descamps" box="[528,730,1391,1415]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Descamps, M. (1956) Insectes nuisibles au riz dans le Nord Cameroun. Agronomie tropicale, 11 (6), 732 - 755." type="journal article" year="1956">Descamps (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records this as a pest of rice in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B7BD20AFB95FAFCFB28FA10" box="[1133,1249,1391,1415]" name="Cameroon" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
|
||
and provides a description of the caterpillar and pupa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFDA3FA07FC8CFA3C" box="[603,837,1427,1451]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1974) List of foodplants of some East African Rhopalocera, with notes on the early stages of some Lycaenidae. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 28, 315 - 331." type="journal article">Van Someren (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gives the food plants as grasses. While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFAEBFA00FF28FA58" author="Sevastopulo" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes this species in his list, there is no food plant recorded against it; probably the record of “grasses generally” against the preceding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFDEFFA4FFD65FA64" ID-CoL="3FGJY" box="[535,684,1499,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFDEFFA4FFD65FA64" box="[535,684,1499,1523]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. hottentota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also intended to refer to
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFBEAFA4FFB96FA64" box="[1042,1119,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">G. n i s o</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7BD20AFB78FA4FFAEBFA64" author="Larsen" box="[1152,1314,1499,1523]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
adds
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFA93FA4FFA5CFA64" ID-CoL="8W4SX" box="[1387,1429,1500,1523]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFA93FA4FFA5CFA64" box="[1387,1429,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Zea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFF6FF993FF37F980" ID-CoL="8VYH2" box="[151,254,1536,1559]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFF6FF993FF37F980" box="[151,254,1536,1559]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Imperata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFECBFA6CFE0AF980" ID-CoL="8VYFT" box="[307,451,1535,1559]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hyparrhenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFECBFA6CFE0AF980" box="[307,451,1535,1559]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hyparrhenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as food plants; the first based on my rearing, but I have not traced the origin of the other two records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF3FF9D4FD94F967" blockId="31.[151,1437,1211,2027]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
S.C. Collins has reared a female from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD69F9DBFD2BF9C8" ID-CoL="8W3JT" box="[657,738,1608,1631]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD69F9DBFD2BF9C8" box="[657,738,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7BD20AFCE1F9D4FC42F9C8" box="[793,907,1607,1631]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="2007-07">July 2007</date>
|
||
at Karen, Nairobi (in ABRI). I have reared caterpillars from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFEA0F9FFFDD7F914" ID-CoL="3SX6S" box="[344,542,1643,1667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFEA0F9FFFDD7F914" box="[344,542,1643,1667]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and from a young plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFCAAF9FFFC75F914" ID-CoL="5CXX5" box="[850,956,1644,1667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFCAAF9FFFC75F914" box="[850,956,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Zea mays</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(maize) at the six leaf stage, and observed oviposition on another species of short grass. Both produced adult males so there is no doubt about the species reared. In captivity, caterpillars will feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD5BF920FC68F95C" box="[675,929,1715,1739]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD5BF920FC68F95C" box="[675,929,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFC3CF927FB57F95C" ID-CoL="6TN3M" box="[964,1182,1716,1739]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFC3CF927FB57F95C" box="[964,1182,1716,1739]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and in the wild will almost certainly use a variety of grasses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7BD20AFF3FF96FFCB8F87C" blockId="31.[151,1437,1211,2027]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7BD20AFF1FF968FE9AF884" box="[231,339,1787,1811]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1989-10">Oct 1989</date>
|
||
, I confined a female captured in Ngong Forest, Nairobi (89/81), in a
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7BD20AFB93F968FB7AF884" box="[1131,1203,1787,1811]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="58.0">58mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter plastic pot with several grass leaves, and by the next day it had laid seven eggs on the wall of the container. I kept her for a further day in rectangular box (137
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7BD20AFDD5F8D7FD96F8CC" box="[557,607,1859,1883]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1978-10">x 78</date>
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7BD20AFD9FF8D7FD50F8CC" box="[615,665,1859,1883]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1960-10">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7BD20AFD85F8D0FD50F8CC" box="[637,665,1859,1883]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="60.0">60</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
mm) with a mixture of cut grass leaves and a pad of tissue wet with water and honey and a further 19 ova were laid. The ova hatched after 10 days and the neonate caterpillars were offered a mixture of five grasses used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD54F818FCF8F834" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[684,817,1931,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as food including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFBDDF818FAD7F834" box="[1061,1310,1931,1955]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nlemfuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFBDDF818FAD7F834" box="[1061,1310,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cynodon nlemfuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFACDF81FFEC0F850" ID-CoL="6N862" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFACDF81FFEC0F850" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFEC0F83CFDFEF850" box="[312,567,1967,1991]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFEC0F83CFDFEF850" box="[312,567,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7BD20AFD8BF822FD28F85F" ID-CoL="5CXX5" box="[627,737,1969,1992]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7BD20AFD8BF822FD28F85F" box="[627,737,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Zea mays</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The caterpillars never really settled down to feeding, only three reached the second instar, and none reached the third instar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FFF0BFF13FF38" blockId="32.[151,1436,152,284]" box="[151,218,152,175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FF6FFF0BFF13FF38" box="[151,218,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FFF2FFF3EFE8B" blockId="32.[151,1436,152,284]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Ova are smooth, off-white and almost hemi-spherical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B44D235FCF8FF2FFCBAFF43" box="[768,883,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1063,1086]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,327,1046]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,327,1046]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 26. Ova of Gegenes niso brevicornis laid in captivity on artificial substrate, 17. x. 1989; photographed 18. x.; eclosed 25. x.; ref. 89 / 81." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246357/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 26</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sevastopulo (unpublished) describes the ovum as bun shaped.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B44D235FEB5FF4CFD1CFF60" author="Dickson" box="[333,725,223,247]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978, Plate 38)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note that the ovum of ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B44D235FBF4FF72FBF3FF6F" ID-CoL="3FGK5" box="[1036,1082,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FBF4FF72FBF3FF6F" box="[1036,1082,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">niso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
develops salmon maculae as it matures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B44D235FF6FFBB4FE89FBCC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246357/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[151,1436,327,1046]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FFBB4FE89FBCC" blockId="32.[151,1436,1063,1116]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FF6FFBB4FED0FBAB" bold="true" box="[151,281,1063,1086]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 26</emphasis>
|
||
. Ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B44D235FE81FBBBFDB2FBAA" ID-CoL="5HF9N" box="[377,635,1063,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FE81FBBBFDB2FBAA" box="[377,635,1063,1085]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gegenes niso brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
laid in captivity on artificial substrate, 17.x.1989; photographed 18.x.; eclosed 25.x.; ref. 89/81.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FFB1AFEEEFB36" blockId="32.[151,1436,1161,1329]" box="[151,295,1161,1185]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FF6FFB1AFEEEFB36" box="[151,295,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FFB3EFD86FAA6" blockId="32.[151,1436,1161,1329]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
A third instar caterpillar on maize (88/110) cut a broad notch from one lamina edge to the mid-rib, and folded the distal
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B44D235FF24FB43FEEDFB7F" box="[220,292,1232,1256]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="25.0">25mm</quantity>
|
||
upwards to make a shelter; subsequent feeding was immediately basal to the shelter, and in a broad notch from the opposite leaf margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B44D235FDCEFB67FD6EFA9B" box="[566,679,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1663,1686]" captionTargetBox="[226,1374,1393,1635]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,1367,1656]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 27. Diagram of leaf shelter of Gegenes niso brevicornis on leaf of young maize plant, collected Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 5 Nov 1988, approximately 2 x life size; ref. 88 / 110." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246358/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fifth instar caterpillars probably do not make a significant shelter unless feeding on a broad-leaved grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B44D235FF6FF9ECFD36F924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246358/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[226,1374,1393,1635]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FF9ECFD36F924" blockId="32.[151,1436,1663,1715]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FF6FF9ECFED5F903" bold="true" box="[151,284,1663,1686]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 27</emphasis>
|
||
. Diagram of leaf shelter of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B44D235FDAAF913FC91F902" ID-CoL="5HF9N" box="[594,856,1663,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FDAAF913FC91F902" box="[594,856,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Gegenes niso brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on leaf of young maize plant, collected Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 5 Nov 1988, approximately 2x life size; ref. 88/110.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FF973FEDCF96F" blockId="32.[151,1436,1760,2036]" box="[151,277,1760,1784]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B44D235FF6FF973FEDCF96F" box="[151,277,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B44D235FF6FF897FEEDF863" blockId="32.[151,1436,1760,2036]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The body of all instars is striped green, but in the fifth instar the definition of the dorsal stripe by the broad white sub-dorsal stripes becomes especially marked (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B44D235FD3CF8BBFCF5F8D7" box="[708,828,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1713,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,447,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,447,1689]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, newly moulted, dorsal view, collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17. xi.; photographed 17. xi., 22 mm; pupated 26. xi.; ref. 88 / 110; 2, detail of head, anterior view; as (1); 3, detail of head, anterolateral view, collected as n- 3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30. i. 1990; moulted to final instar 6 – 9. ii.; photographed 10. ii., 22 mm; pupated 20. ii.; ref. 90 / 6 G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246359/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Figure 28</figureCitation>
|
||
). The head capsule of the first and second instar caterpillars is black, but in the third instar it is translucent light brown, with a dark brown stripe laterally down the outside of the head, and a short vertical stripe on the middle of each epicranium in the lower half of the face; body whitish green; dorsal line clear, darker green; narrower white subdorsal, dorsolateral and ventrolateral lines (88/ 110). The fourth instar caterpillar has a green head with a pink-brown stripe down each side, bordered with light white-green.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B45D234FF3FFF04FC4FFE10" blockId="33.[151,1436,151,391]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The fifth instar caterpillar (88/110, 90/6G) has a green head with a pink to red to light brown stripe from vertex laterally to stemmata, which may be bordered with yellow anteriorly and posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B45D234FB8DFF2FFB21FF43" box="[1141,1256,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="33.[151,250,1713,1736]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,447,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[151,1436,447,1689]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 28. Final instar caterpillars of Gegenes niso brevicornis. 1, newly moulted, dorsal view, collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17. xi.; photographed 17. xi., 22 mm; pupated 26. xi.; ref. 88 / 110; 2, detail of head, anterior view; as (1); 3, detail of head, anterolateral view, collected as n- 3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30. i. 1990; moulted to final instar 6 – 9. ii.; photographed 10. ii., 22 mm; pupated 20. ii.; ref. 90 / 6 G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246359/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Figure 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), 2.0 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B45D234FABCFF2FFA55FF43" box="[1348,1436,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high. Dorsal line on body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B45D234FDDFFF4CFD7CFF60" box="[551,693,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.625" valueMax="0.75" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.75mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, dark green with a narrow, pale central line; bordered by a broad
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B45D234FF19FE97FEF2FE8B" box="[225,315,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
white subdorsal line; laterally greenish white above a narrow white lateral line; below this two greenish lines with diffuse pale line through spiracles; stronger white ventrolateral line; spiracles pale, inconspicuous; legs concolorous with body. The wax glands develop as subventral rectangles on A7 and A8 (88/ 110). The last three instars take 6,
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B45D234FDE7FEFCFD71FE10" box="[543,696,367,391]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" value="1913-08-06" valueMax="1913-09-06" valueMin="1913-08-06">6–8 and 9–13</date>
|
||
days respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B45D234FF6FF922FF73F8D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246359/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[151,1435,447,1689]" targetPageId="33">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B45D234FF6FF922FF73F8D5" blockId="33.[151,1436,1713,1858]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FF6FF922FED5F950" bold="true" box="[151,284,1713,1736]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 28</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B45D234FDB3F920FC98F95F" ID-CoL="5HF9N" box="[587,849,1714,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="niso" subSpecies="brevicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FDB3F920FC98F95F" box="[587,849,1714,1736]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Gegenes niso brevicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FC92F921FCBFF950" bold="true" box="[874,886,1714,1735]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">1</emphasis>
|
||
, newly moulted, dorsal view, collected as n-2 instar caterpillar on maize, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi; moulted to final instar 17.xi.; photographed 17.xi., 22mm; pupated 26.xi.; ref. 88/ 110;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FF33F963FF1EF892" bold="true" box="[203,215,1776,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view; as (1);
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FDA7F963FDA5F892" bold="true" box="[607,620,1776,1797]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterolateral view, collected as n-3 instar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B45D234FAA8F962FE20F8B3" ID-CoL="3SX6S" authority="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" authorityName="Kyuna Estate, Nairobi" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FAA8F962FF3FF8B3" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 30.i.1990; moulted to final instar 6–9.ii.; photographed 10.ii., 22mm; pupated 20.ii.; ref. 90/ 6G.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B45D234FF6FF8E3FF1BF810" blockId="33.[151,1436,1904,2036]" box="[151,210,1904,1927]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FF6FF8E3FF1BF810" box="[151,210,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B45D237FF6FF800FCFBFF60" blockId="33.[151,1436,1904,2036]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B45D234FEC9F800FE09F83C" author="Clark" box="[305,448,1939,1963]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refString="Clark, G. C. (1940) On the life-histories of some South African Lepidoptera. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 3, 42 - 56, plates I - VIII." type="journal article" year="1940">Clark (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pupation of ssp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B45D234FD78F806FD66F83B" ID-CoL="3FGK5" box="[640,687,1941,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niso">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FD78F806FD66F83B" box="[640,687,1941,1964]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">niso</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
takes place at some distance from the food plant, for example on a leaf of a tree. In captivity, my specimens pupated in a leaf shelter similar to those used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B45D234FB68F824FB1FF858" ID-CoL="923XX" box="[1168,1238,1975,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B45D234FB68F824FB1FF858" box="[1168,1238,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Borbo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. The pupa is
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B45D234FF6FF848FEC1F864" box="[151,264,2011,2035]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="22.5" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="21.0">21–24mm</quantity>
|
||
long, with a
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B45D234FE61F848FE1AF864" box="[409,467,2011,2035]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
|
||
frontal spike; bright green with narrow white subdorsal and dorsolateral lines; and two fainter pale ventrolateral lines. It is held in its shelter by a single strand of silk over the thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B46D237FB3DFF04FAFEFF38" box="[1221,1335,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 29" captionStartId="34.[151,250,676,699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,303,662]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,303,662]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 29. Pupa of Gegenes niso brevicornis, collected as n- 3 instar caterpillar on Leersia hexandra, Kyuna Estate, Nairobi, 30. i. 1990; pupated 20. ii.; photographed 22. ii., 21 mm; male emerged 5. iii.; ref. 90 / 6 G." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246360/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figure 29</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the shelter is lined with white waxy powder. Pupation takes 13–16 days, under Nairobi conditions, but one reared by Sevastopulo (unpublished) at Kampala took just eight days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |