treatments-xml/data/03/EE/24/03EE240CFFCBFF8AFC8BB4326627E157.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1093/isd/ixab017" ID-ISSN="2399-3421" approvalRequired="13" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="6" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="6" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1665264814728" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bartoňová, Alena Sucháčková, Konvička, Martin, Marešová, Jana, Bláhová, Dana, Číp, David, Skala, Pavel, Andres, Miloš, Hula, Vladimír, Dolek, Matthias, Geyer, Adi, Böck, Oliver, Kadlec, Tomáš &amp; Fric, Zdeněk Faltýnek" docDate="2021" docId="03EE240CFFCBFF8AFC8BB4326627E157" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectSystDivers.5.5.6.1-18.pdf" docOrigin="Insect Systematics and Diversity (AIFB) 5 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixab017" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74.5:InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="20C34595BA01015AC07A3B955E96DF74" docStyleName="InsectSystDivers.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Polyommatus damon Decline and Conservation" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFD75C74FFCCFF80FFB9B37D6525E734" masterDocTitle="Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1665421406004" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title>Extremely Endangered Butterflies of Scattered Central European Dry Grasslands Under Current Habitat Alteration</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Konvička, Martin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Kadlec, Tomáš</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Fric, Zdeněk Faltýnek</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[818,1365,1871,1894]" box="[818,1365,1871,1894]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<heading box="[818,1365,1871,1894]" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="6">
<taxonomicName authority=": Decline and Conservation" authorityName="Decline and Conservation" box="[818,1365,1871,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damon">
<emphasis box="[818,1061,1871,1894]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Polyommatus damon</emphasis>
: Decline and Conservation
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The species has been relatively rare in Central Europe throughout the recorded history, occupying 38 grid cells in CZ (
<bibRefCitation author="Benes, J. &amp; M. Konvicka &amp; J. Dvorak &amp; Z. Fric &amp; Z. Havelda &amp; A. Pavlicko &amp; V. Vrabec &amp; Z. Weidenhoffer" box="[1245,1396,1935,1955]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13115" refString="Benes, J., M. Konvicka, J. Dvorak, Z. Fric, Z. Havelda, A. Pavlicko, V. Vrabec, and Z. Weidenhoffer. 2002. Motyli Ceske republiky: Rozsireni a ochrana I, II. SOM, Praha." type="book" year="2002">Benes et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
) and
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<paragraph blockId="8.[146,1389,147,167]" box="[146,1389,147,167]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[146,217,147,166]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Table 2.</emphasis>
Descriptive statistics of molecular datasets used for phylogeography of butterfly species 
<taxonomicName box="[1064,1151,147,167]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chazara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briseis">
<emphasis box="[1064,1151,147,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. briseis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1162,1248,147,167]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damon">
<emphasis box="[1162,1248,147,167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. damon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Denis &amp; Schiffermuller" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1300,1389,147,167]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorylas">P. dorylas</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[439,472,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">No.</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[544,566,195,218]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[549,566,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[622,661,195,218]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[630,647,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[646,652,209,218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">d</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[717,739,195,218]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[725,735,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[795,867,195,218]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[825,837,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">π</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[923,1174,195,218]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1002,1095,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tajima’s D</emphasis>
</th>
<th box="[1230,1441,195,218]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1277,1393,195,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fu and Li’s D</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[146,1441,242,367]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[146,230,242,367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[146,226,242,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. briseis</emphasis>
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<td box="[286,367,242,367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">COI BAPSb1 BAPSb2 BAPSb3 wingless</td>
<td box="[424,488,242,367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">129 110 8 11 88 (44)</td>
<td box="[544,566,242,367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">47 30 8 9 49</td>
<td box="[622,661,242,367]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.93 0.90 1 0.95 0.94</td>
<td box="[717,739,242,367]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">57 31 20 10 30</td>
<td box="[795,867,242,367]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.01002 0.00356 0.01361 0.00489 0.01188</td>
<td box="[923,984,242,367]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–1.484 –2.015 0.049 –0.766 –1.101</td>
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<emphasis box="[1038,1050,242,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 *, 
<emphasis box="[1059,1071,268,287]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,295,314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,322,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,348,367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
</td>
<td box="[1230,1290,242,367]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–1.899 –3.494 –0.033 –1.246 –0.712</td>
<td box="[1346,1441,242,367]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,242,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 *, 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,268,287]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,295,314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,322,341]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,348,367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
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<tr box="[146,1441,375,501]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[146,230,375,501]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[146,227,375,394]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. damon</emphasis>
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<td box="[286,367,375,501]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">COI BAPSda1 BAPSda2 BAPSda3 wingless</td>
<td box="[424,488,375,501]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">75 19 41 15 8 (4)</td>
<td box="[544,566,375,501]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">42 11 20 11 3</td>
<td box="[622,661,375,501]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.97 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.68</td>
<td box="[717,739,375,501]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">36 11 15 18 2</td>
<td box="[795,867,375,501]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.01119 0.00657 0.00476 0.00759 0.00195</td>
<td box="[923,984,375,501]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–0.833 0.173 –1.161 –1.266 0.069</td>
<td box="[1038,1174,375,501]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,375,394]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,402,421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,428,447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,455,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,482,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
</td>
<td box="[1230,1290,375,501]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–1.640 0.139 –0.754 –1.317 –0.149</td>
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<emphasis box="[1367,1379,375,394]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,402,421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,428,447]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,455,474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,482,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[146,1441,508,634]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<th box="[146,230,508,634]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis box="[146,230,508,527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. dorylas</emphasis>
</th>
<td box="[286,367,508,634]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">COI BAPSdo1 BAPSdo2 BAPSdo3 wingless</td>
<td box="[424,488,508,634]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">105 65 6 34 44 (22)</td>
<td box="[544,566,508,634]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">13 6 3 4 11</td>
<td box="[622,661,508,634]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.64 0.15 0.60 0.66 0.69</td>
<td box="[717,739,508,634]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">17 6 9 3 9</td>
<td box="[795,867,508,634]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">0.00237 0.00039 0.00686 0.00146 0.0038</td>
<td box="[923,984,508,634]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–1.755 –2.010 –0.214 0.234 –1.331</td>
<td box="[1038,1174,508,634]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
0.10&gt; 
<emphasis box="[1100,1112,508,527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.05 *, 
<emphasis box="[1059,1071,535,554]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,562,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,588,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1038,1050,615,634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
</td>
<td box="[1230,1290,508,634]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">–3.158 –3.338 –0.092 –0.302 –0.386</td>
<td box="[1346,1441,508,634]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
*, 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,508,527]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 *, 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,535,554]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,562,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,588,607]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10 
<emphasis box="[1367,1379,615,634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&gt; 0.10
</td>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="8.[167,1229,670,688]" lastBlockId="8.[146,771,1861,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
No., number of sequences; H, number of haplotypes; Hd, haplotype diversity; S, number of segregating sites; π, nucleotide diversity. 176 cells in DE (
<bibRefCitation author="Reinhardt, R. &amp; A. Harpke &amp; S. Caspari &amp; M. Dolek &amp; E. Kuhn &amp; M. Musche &amp; R. Trusch &amp; M. Wiemers &amp; J. Settele" box="[303,499,1861,1881]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref18364" refString="Reinhardt, R., A. Harpke, S. Caspari, M. Dolek, E. Kuhn, M. Musche, R. Trusch, M. Wiemers, and J. Settele. 2020. Verbreitungsatlas der tagfalter und widderchen deutschlands. Ulmer Eugen Verlag, Stuttgart." type="book" year="2020">Reinhardt et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). After 2000, the distribution shrank to a handful of mutually isolated sites (CZ 2002–2013: 5 cells; DE 34 cells), and the decline continues, e.g., in DE to less than 20 cells now. In AT outside of the Alps, a maximum of four small populations inhabits small isolated reserves or disappeared recently.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[146,173,1766,1783]" targetBox="[154,1434,748,1729]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[146,1441,1766,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[146,195,1766,1783]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Genetic landscapes for three steppe butterflies, (a) 
<taxonomicName box="[623,698,1766,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chazara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briseis">
<emphasis box="[623,698,1766,1783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C. briseis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (b) 
<taxonomicName box="[736,811,1766,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damon">
<emphasis box="[736,811,1766,1783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. damon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (c) 
<taxonomicName box="[846,924,1766,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorylas">
<emphasis box="[846,924,1766,1783]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P. dorylas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on residual COI genetic distances.Warmer colors show higher genetic distances among neighboring populations (barriers).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="8.[818,1442,1861,1998]" lastBlockId="10.[146,771,148,1635]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
In 
<collectingRegion box="[876,949,1861,1881]" country="Germany" name="Bayern" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bavaria</collectingRegion>
, the butterfly declined from 24 grid cells after 1990 to five after 2015. An inventory of 38 localities in 2012–2013 revealed only twelve as still occupied. Out of three populations in the Rhön Mts, where 50– 
<specimenCount box="[1094,1194,1949,1969]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="adult">130 adults</specimenCount>
were observable per visit (
<bibRefCitation author="Geyer, A." box="[825,939,1978,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref15074" refString="Geyer, A. 2013. Artenhilfsprogramm (AHP) fur den Streifenblauling (Polyommatus damon L.) im Lkr. Rhon-Grabfeld (Ufr.). Report to Bayerisches Landesamt fur Umwelt (LfU), Augsburg." type="book" year="2013">Geyer 2013</bibRefCitation>
), only one site remains with&gt; 
<specimenCount box="[1259,1351,1978,1998]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="adult">10 adults</specimenCount>
seen per visits. A further two colonies and four sites with single observations exist in the Rhön Mts and one in the Frankenalb. In BadenWürttemberg, 10 grid cells were occupied after 2000, only six after 2015, two cells containing a metapopulation in Ostalb, and four cells in the middle Schwäbische Alb (Swabian 
<collectingRegion box="[586,629,265,285]" country="Hungary" name="Gyor" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Jura</collectingRegion>
). In 
<collectingRegion box="[671,766,265,285]" country="Germany" name="Thueringen" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thuringia</collectingRegion>
, 13 grid cells were occupied after 1990, 10 after 2000, and four after 2015. A former 
<taxonomicName box="[351,440,324,344]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damon">
<emphasis box="[351,440,324,344]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. damon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stronghold in the Thuringian part of the Rhön Mts is close to extinction, with only single records in 2016 and 2018. The last larger population survives at an active MTA (Ohrdruf) and its surroundings.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[146,173,1781,1798]" targetBox="[154,1434,149,1744]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[146,1442,1781,1924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[146,195,1781,1798]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
Species Distribution Models (MaxEnt) for three steppe butterflies, (a) 
<taxonomicName box="[773,849,1781,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chazara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="briseis">
<emphasis box="[773,849,1781,1798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C. briseis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (b) 
<taxonomicName box="[886,961,1781,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damon">
<emphasis box="[886,961,1781,1798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. damon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (c) 
<taxonomicName box="[996,1074,1781,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Polyommatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dorylas">
<emphasis box="[996,1074,1781,1798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">P. dorylas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Diagrams show BIOCLIM variables selected by jackknife procedure and their contribution to the model (explained variation) (
<emphasis box="[810,820,1806,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">x</emphasis>
-axes: the value of the variable, 
<emphasis box="[1082,1092,1806,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">y</emphasis>
-axes: predicted values).The climatic niche is modelled for the last interglacial period (–130 ky), the glacial maximum (–21 ky),Younger Dryas (–12 ky), mid Holocene (–6 ky), current situation, and the future (2050) with an RCP4.5 climate change scenario.Purple colors show the suitability,including the least suitable training record (minimum training presence threshold), and orange colors the suitability of 90% of the training data (tenth percentile training presence threshold).The glacial sheet was adopted after 
<bibRefCitation author="Ehlers, J. &amp; P. L. Gibbard &amp; P. D. Hughes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14638" refString="Ehlers, J., P. L. Gibbard, and P. D. Hughes. 2011. Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology, Vol. 15. Elsevier, Amsterdam." type="book" year="2011">Ehlers et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="10.[146,771,148,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In CZ, two disjoint occupied areas existed after 2010: south-eastern 
<collectingRegion box="[280,362,471,491]" country="Czech Republic" name="Jihomoravsky" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moravia</collectingRegion>
(4 sites; three of them close to each other) and České středohoří (2 nearby sites). The most abundant locality in 
<collectingRegion box="[169,253,529,549]" country="Czech Republic" name="Jihomoravsky" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Moravia</collectingRegion>
, Kamenný vrch near Kurdějov, declined from hundreds recorded per visit and total estimates of several hundred in 2000– 2007, to only five individuals seen in 2018 (
<bibRefCitation author="Andres, M. &amp; P. Skala" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref12969" refString="Andres, M., and P. Skala. 2019. Regionalni akcni plan pro modraska ligrusoveho (Polyommantus damon). Agentura ochrany prirody a krajiny CR, Sprava CHKO Ceske stredohori, Praha." type="book" year="2019">Andres and Skala 2019</bibRefCitation>
) and a single egg found in 2019. In the nearby Na Adamcích reserve, the last three individuals were observed in 2018. In České středohoří, only 
<specimenCount box="[305,418,676,696]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="adult">three adults</specimenCount>
were recorded in 2019. In 2020, no adults were recorded in the country (
<bibRefCitation author="Skala, P. &amp; M. Andres &amp; V. Kopecky &amp; P. Moravec" box="[500,660,705,725]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref18941" refString="Skala, P., M. Andres, V. Kopecky, and P. Moravec. 2020. Zprava o realizaci Regionalniho akcniho planu pro modraska ligrusoveho (Polyommatus damon) v roce 2020. Agentura ochrany prirody a krajiny CR, Sprava CHKO Ceske stredohori, Prague." type="book" year="2020">Skala et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[146,771,148,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
In lowland AT, the largest population persists in Leithagebirge (Grosshöflein), where only a small reserve (&lt;5 ha) is actively managed, whereas its environs are succumbing to shrubs succession (
<bibRefCitation author="Hottinger, H." box="[153,296,823,843]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="31 - 50" refId="ref15923" refString="Hottinger, H. 2008. Schutz von Tagfalter Charakterarten auf Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen im Leithagebirge, Burgenland (ostliches Osterreich). Beitrage zur Entomofaunistik. 9: 31 - 50." type="journal article" year="2008">Höttinger 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[146,771,148,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Outside the Alps, typical Central European localities were calcareous xeric grasslands on deeper soils, often on loess or clay substrates, with taller but sparse forb-rich sward. This species is affected by grassland abandonment relatively lately, as pre-hibernation larvae utilize blooming and senescing 
<taxonomicName box="[437,546,969,989]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Onobrychis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[437,546,969,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Onobrychis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
host plants (
<bibRefCitation author="Slancarova, J. &amp; B. Bednarova &amp; J. Benes &amp; M. Konvicka" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1175 - 1185" refId="ref18992" refString="Slancarova, J., B. Bednarova, J. Benes, and M. Konvicka. 2012. How life history affects threat status: requirements of two Onobrychis - feeding lycaenid butterflies, Polyommatus damon and Polyommatus thersites, in the Czech Republic. Biologia. 67: 1175 - 1185." type="journal article" year="2012">Slancarova et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, the plants mainly grow at spots that were heavily disturbed in the past (old cart tracks, quarries, roadsides), implying that such spots are needed for their germination. Some local colonies (e.g., Kamenný vrch, CZ) were destroyed by conservation management based on grazing by sheep, who preferentially consume legumes (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kudrna, O." box="[400,523,1145,1165]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref16862" refString="Kudrna, O. 1998. Die Tagfalterfauna der Rhon. Oedippus. 15: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1998">Kudrna 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Gradually, such methods as patchy mowing or grazing with temporary exclosures were proposed (
<bibRefCitation author="Andres, M. &amp; P. Skala" box="[212,427,1204,1224]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref12969" refString="Andres, M., and P. Skala. 2019. Regionalni akcni plan pro modraska ligrusoveho (Polyommantus damon). Agentura ochrany prirody a krajiny CR, Sprava CHKO Ceske stredohori, Praha." type="book" year="2019">Andres and Skala 2019</bibRefCitation>
). In DE, the managers strive to graze when most individuals are pupated and thus not exposed to direct damage, but precise timing varies with inter-annual phenology variation. Local extinctions of the host plant pose another problem. 
<taxonomicName box="[146,255,1321,1341]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Onobrychis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[146,255,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Onobrychis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seedlings do not survive extreme droughts and the mature plants do not bloom in extremely dry years, thus failing to produce suitable oviposition sites. In CZ, the exceptionally dry years 2015–2018 caused premature desiccation of the host plants at sites with targeted management.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[146,771,148,1635]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis box="[178,246,1469,1487]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ex situ</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectionCode="CZ" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-egg="6">
breeding was attempted during the extremely dry seasons, with stock from České středohoří (
<collectionCode box="[513,545,1497,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">CZ</collectionCode>
) (2018: 
<specimenCount box="[622,679,1497,1517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="egg">6 eggs</specimenCount>
collected, 
<specimenCount box="[146,218,1527,1547]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
obtained; 2019: 20 of 30 field-located eggs collected, 
<specimenCount box="[706,769,1527,1547]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="adult">1 adult</specimenCount>
obtained). The larvae did not display cannibalism and despite facultative myrmecophily (
<bibRefCitation author="Fiedler, K." box="[347,462,1585,1605]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="239 - 257" refId="ref14718" refString="Fiedler, K. 1989. European and North West African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) and their associations with ants. J. Res. Lepidoptera. 28: 239 - 257." type="journal article" year="1989">Fiedler 1989</bibRefCitation>
), developed without the presence of ants. Currently, no stock for breeding exists in the entire country
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>