402 lines
47 KiB
XML
402 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="AA1C28F02F3BCCC29089F46CE6CDAF0A" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.1" ID-CLB-Dataset="38978" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ec3a9bac-0c79-4210-9574-43ec31ba805f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="266257" ID-ZooBank="4274F17E-D096-4B30-8FD2-E66769F49708" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464589271069" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dantas, Galileu P. S., Hamada, Neusa & Mendes, Humberto F." docDate="2016" docId="03E32D3551273229FF04C881F563F83D" docLanguage="en" docName="data.FBCC20389D2703C13D1E6568A51EC59F.cached" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4117 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFDA554D510F3202FF93CD34F645FFA8" masterDocTitle="Contribution to the knowledge of Stenochironomus Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Brazil: seven new species and description of females and immatures of some previously known species" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="41" updateTime="1698662639758" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="223E693BE3827E1EC311DD1D2A7F3CA6">
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<mods:title id="61E756F25618C9F556916E71674AEB1D">Contribution to the knowledge of Stenochironomus Kieffer (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Brazil: seven new species and description of females and immatures of some previously known species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="236BDDE6BFDFD813EAFAED75BAB0ACB0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D42024E3C5767CE5A77FF49B823F1B8E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6EFB9B374D7FF6265EC9DD0D89B208A8">Dantas, Galileu P. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="797B7714D891B2EC55B7DA06007E77FC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0A29178793D9FBDF1BD4256C2E21A538">Hamada, Neusa</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9CDE95D23663B3CA8301367E433FF732" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BA6EDB2825255DA65108A05E52736129">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C0784749F77CFA6A6076C84910868016">Mendes, Humberto F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="ABDE864463470C53C4F8774D0021B703">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3A5D601B4A93191948024A61AAF5B4A9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BBA3450CC514303D4B0A4401ABAB26B7">
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<mods:date id="9F2B050DABB26D657E419100AB28EBC7">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9E6310337ED27174D99C36FC1300D5C9">4117</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="50712F59D8BFF49301890B844EC01923" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4117.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E32D3551273229FF04C881F563F83D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6073956" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120733283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6073956" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E32D3551273229FF04C881F563F83D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E32D3551273229FF04C881F563F83D" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<subSubSection id="C350CFA85127322AFF04C881F76BFA59" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF04C881F40DFA67" blockId="40.[151,584,1461,1521]" box="[151,584,1461,1487]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<heading id="D0BD2B4F5127322AFF04C881F40DFA67" bold="true" box="[151,584,1461,1487]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A05127322AFF04C881F40DFA67" ID-CoL="4ZWSK" authority="Borkent" authorityName="Borkent" box="[151,584,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFF04C881F40DFA67" bold="true" box="[151,584,1461,1487]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFF04C881F79FFA67" bold="true" box="[151,474,1461,1487]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Stenochironomus zonarius</emphasis>
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Borkent
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF04C8ECF76BFA59" blockId="40.[151,584,1461,1521]" box="[151,302,1496,1521]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137180A65127322AFF0CC8ECF763FA59" box="[159,294,1496,1521]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 31" captionStart-1="FIGURE 32" captionStartId-0="41.[151,250,1748,1770]" captionStartId-1="42.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox-0="[177,1381,964,1727]" captionTargetBox-1="[240,1350,204,1933]" captionTargetId-0="figure@41.[151,1436,958,1743]" captionTargetId-1="figure@42.[218,1361,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId-0="41" captionTargetPageId-1="42" captionText-0="FIGURE 31. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, adult female. A, genitalia, dorsal view. B, genitalia, ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURE 32. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I – V. D, tergites VI – IX. E, spur on S VIII." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/266288/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Figs. 31–32</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350CFA85127322AFF04CB14F531F89C" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF04CB14F484F929" blockId="40.[151,1436,1568,2025]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFF04CB14F7C3F991" bold="true" box="[151,390,1568,1593]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Examined material.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F35DDCB35127322AFE1CCB14F793F991" box="[399,470,1568,1593]" name="Brazil" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Amazonas state: Itacoatiara, Madeireira Mil, 0
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7EFAE45127322AFC68CB15F2E3F991" box="[1019,1190,1569,1593]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-2.79225">2 º 47’32,1’’ S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7EFAE45127322AFB25CB14F33CF990" box="[1206,1401,1568,1593]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" precision="1" value="-58.461777">58 º 27’42,4’’ W</geoCoordinate>
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, in decayed wood, G.P.S. Dantas, S.C. Escarpinati (
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<collectionCode id="ED5B04E65127322AFD2ECB71F547F9F5" box="[701,770,1605,1629]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">INPA</collectionCode>
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),
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<specimenCount id="9D4C57AA5127322AFC84CB71F520F9F5" box="[791,869,1604,1629]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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with pupal exuviae,
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<date id="FFF4BAE35127322AFBCACB70F2F3F9F5" box="[1113,1206,1604,1629]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2009-04-08">08.iv.09</date>
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;
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<specimenCount id="9D4C57AA5127322AFB56CB71F350F9F5" box="[1221,1301,1604,1629]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
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,
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<date id="FFF4BAE35127322AFAB0CB70F3C5F9F5" box="[1315,1408,1604,1629]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2009-04-23">23.iv.09</date>
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;
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<specimenCount id="9D4C57AA5127322AFA1DCB71F6A6F929" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
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with pupal and larval exuviae,
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<date id="FFF4BAE35127322AFDD0CB5CF4F8F929" box="[579,701,1640,1665]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" value="2009-04-28">28.iv.2009</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF54CBB8F531F89C" blockId="40.[151,1436,1568,2025]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFF54CBB8F45BF90D" bold="true" box="[199,542,1676,1701]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Diagnostic characters. Male:</emphasis>
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lateral vitta with anterior mark extending medially, so that a transverse stripe is present across scutum; pigmentation on postnotum restricted to dorsum; pigmentation on T II extending from anterior to posterior margins (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D25127322AFE71CBE0F4C2F945" author="Borkent" box="[482,647,1748,1773]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Borkent, A. (1984) The systematics and phylogeny of the Stenochironomus complex (Xestochironomus, Harrisius, and Stenochironomus) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 128, 1 - 269. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 116128 fv" type="journal article" year="1984">Borkent, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFD09CBE0F4BFF945" bold="true" box="[666,762,1748,1773]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Female:</emphasis>
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thorax with a dark dorsolateral stripe, covering the posterior half of the medial
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFEF7CBCDF7D3F8B8" box="[356,406,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">vitta</emphasis>
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and anterior half of the lateral
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFD63CBCDF567F8B8" box="[752,802,1785,1808]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">vitta</emphasis>
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; post-genital plate truncated at apex.
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFB56CBCCF348F8B9" bold="true" box="[1221,1293,1784,1809]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pupa:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFA87CBCCF3D9F8B8" box="[1300,1436,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">pedes spurii</emphasis>
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B present on T II; S II with 3 L setae and S III–IV with 4 L setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C350CFA851273229FF54CA74F704FD2D" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF54CA74F73DF8F1" blockId="40.[151,1436,1568,2025]" box="[199,376,1856,1881]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFF54CA74F75BF8F1" bold="true" box="[199,286,1856,1881]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Female</emphasis>
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(n = 1).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322AFF54CA50F68AF809" blockId="40.[151,1436,1568,2025]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Total length
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<quantity id="4CB231C65127322AFEC6CA50F7F9F8D4" box="[341,444,1892,1917]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.01" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="5.01">5.01 mm</quantity>
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. Wing length
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<quantity id="4CB231C65127322AFDCACA51F484F8D4" box="[601,705,1893,1917]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.34">3.34 mm</quantity>
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. Total length/ wing length 1.50. Wing length/ length of profemur 1.42.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235127322BFF54CA98F50AFF7D" blockId="40.[151,1436,1568,2025]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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Coloration–Thorax: postnotum completely pigmented, except for a small median band; a dark stripe along the thorax, covering the posterior half of the medial
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFD52CAE5F4B6F840" box="[705,755,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">vitta</emphasis>
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and anterior half of the lateral
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<emphasis id="B93E40315127322AFBCBCAE5F2CFF840" box="[1112,1162,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">vitta</emphasis>
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. Legs: anterior leg with apical ⅓ of femur, tibia and tarsus light brown; median and hind legs yellowish. Abdomen: T I completely pigmented; T II with distal ½ pigmented. Eyes metallic green.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CDEBF57CFEE8" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Head. Flagellomere lengths (in µm): 180; 178; 167; 150; 215. Longest seta 539 µm long. AR 0.30. Temporals 13. Clypeus with 58 setae. Tentorium 222 µm long; 26 µm wide at posterior tentorial pit. Stipes 274 µm long; 10 µm wide. Palpomere lengths (in µm): 69; 93; 391; 236; 413.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CC78F491FE2F" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Thorax. Acrostichals 8 (extending until anterior margin of scutum); dorsocentrals
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<quantity id="4CB231C65126322BFBF4CC78F2E5FECD" box="[1127,1184,332,357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
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single row; prealars
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<quantity id="4CB231C65126322BFA1DCC78F6E8FE20" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
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single row. Scutellum with 13 setae in two rows.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CCA0F43BFE7A" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Wing. VR 1.05. Brachiolum with 6 setae. R with 70; R1 with 95; R4+5 with 83; RM with 2; M with setae 8; remaining veins
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<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A05126322BFEC2CC8EF7C0FE7B" box="[337,389,442,467]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bare">bare</taxonomicName>
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. Squama with 7 setae.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CCD4F401FD97" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Legs. Scale of front tibia 69 µm long; spurs of middle tibia 48 µm and 51 µm long; spurs of hind tibia 48 µm and 52 µm long. Apex of fore tibia 87 µm wide, of mid tibia 95 µm wide, of hind tibia 107 µm wide. Lengths (µm) and proportions of legs as in
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<tableCitation id="C6C8A9985126322BFE4FCF12F405FD97" box="[476,576,550,575]" captionStart="TABLE 10" captionStartId="39.[151,239,296,319]" captionTargetBox="[159,1369,348,505]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="TABLE 10. Lengths (in µm) and proportions of leg segments of Stenochironomus suzanae sp. nov., adult male (n = 1)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35CCAB51283225FF04CC1CF3C8FE97" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" tableUuid="DF35CCAB51283225FF04CC1CF3C8FE97">Table 10</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CF7EF220FD2F" blockId="41.[151,1436,151,648]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Genitalia (
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<figureCitation id="137180A65126322BFEADCF7EF7CAFDCB" box="[318,399,586,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1748,1770]" captionTargetBox="[177,1381,964,1727]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[151,1436,958,1743]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 31. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, adult female. A, genitalia, dorsal view. B, genitalia, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266288/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
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A, 31B): Tergite IX with 64 setae; gonocoxite IX with 8 setae. Cercus 197 µm long. Notum 265 µm long. Coxosternapodeme IX 242 µm long. Post-genital plate truncated at apex.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF35CCAB5126322BFF04CF80F3D9FD63" ID-Table-UUID="DF35CCAB5126322BFF04CF80F3D9FD63" box="[151,1436,691,715]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF35CCAB5126322BFF04CF80F3D9FD63" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[159,1366,742,900]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="41">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF04CF80F3D9FD63" blockId="41.[151,1436,691,715]" box="[151,1436,691,715]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315126322BFF04CF80F751FD63" bold="true" box="[151,276,692,715]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">TABLE 11.</emphasis>
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Lengths (in µm) and proportions of leg segments of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A05126322BFCD1CF87F2FFFD63" authority="Borkent" authorityName="Borkent" box="[834,1210,691,715]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
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<emphasis id="B93E40315126322BFCD1CF87F21EFD63" box="[834,1115,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Stenochironomus zonarius</emphasis>
|
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Borkent
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</taxonomicName>
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, adult female (n = 1).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF4CCFD2F311FC28" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<table id="F94A6E835126CDFDFF0CCFD2F313FC2C" box="[159,1366,742,900]" gridcols="11" gridrows="4" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<tr id="357A9E615126CDFDFF0CCFD2F313FCA8" box="[159,1366,742,768]" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFF0CCFD2F757FCA8" box="[159,274,742,768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">fe</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFEDFCFD2F73AFCA8" box="[332,383,742,768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ti</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFE2FCFD2F7B5FCA8" box="[444,496,742,768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ta1</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFDBFCFD2F41AFCA8" box="[556,607,742,768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ta2</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFD08CFD2F48BFCA8" box="[667,718,742,768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ta3</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC9ACFD2F57EFCA8" box="[777,827,742,768]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ta4</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFCEBCFD2F5DBFCA8" box="[888,926,742,768]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">ta5</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC74CFD2F256FCA8" box="[999,1043,742,768]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">LR</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFBC5CFD2F2C7FCA8" box="[1110,1154,742,768]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">BV</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFB56CFD2F2B4FCA8" box="[1221,1265,742,768]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">SV</th>
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFAA7CFD2F313FCA8" box="[1332,1366,742,768]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">BR</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A9E615126CDFDFF0CCE26F313FC84" box="[159,1366,786,812]" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFF0CCE26F757FC84" box="[159,274,786,812]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P1 2349</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFEDFCE26F73AFC84" box="[332,383,786,812]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">2130</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFE2FCE26F7B5FC84" box="[444,496,786,812]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">3005</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFDBFCE26F41AFC84" box="[556,607,786,812]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1602</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFD08CE26F48BFC84" box="[667,718,786,812]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1360</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC9ACE26F57EFC84" box="[777,827,786,812]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1100</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFCEBCE26F5DBFC84" box="[888,926,786,812]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">384</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC74CE26F256FC84" box="[999,1043,786,812]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1.41</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFBC5CE26F2C7FC84" box="[1110,1154,786,812]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFB56CE26F2B4FC84" box="[1221,1265,786,812]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1.49</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFAA7CE26F313FC84" box="[1332,1366,786,812]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">4.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A9E615126CDFDFF0CCE0AF313FCF0" box="[159,1366,830,856]" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFF0CCE0AF757FCF0" box="[159,274,830,856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P2 1952</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFEDFCE0AF73AFCF0" box="[332,383,830,856]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1640</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFE2FCE0AF7B5FCF0" box="[444,496,830,856]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1129</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFDBFCE0AF41AFCF0" box="[556,607,830,856]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">579</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFD08CE0AF48BFCF0" box="[667,718,830,856]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">461</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC9ACE0AF57EFCF0" box="[777,827,830,856]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">244</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFCEBCE0AF5DBFCF0" box="[888,926,830,856]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">140</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC74CE0AF256FCF0" box="[999,1043,830,856]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">0.69</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFBC5CE0AF2C7FCF0" box="[1110,1154,830,856]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">3.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFB56CE0AF2B4FCF0" box="[1221,1265,830,856]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">3.18</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFAA7CE0AF313FCF0" box="[1332,1366,830,856]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">3.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357A9E615126CDFDFF0CCE5EF313FC2C" box="[159,1366,874,900]" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<th id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFF0CCE5EF757FC2C" box="[159,274,874,900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P3 2258</th>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFEDFCE5EF73AFC2C" box="[332,383,874,900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1974</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFE2FCE5EF7B5FC2C" box="[444,496,874,900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">1497</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFDBFCE5EF41AFC2C" box="[556,607,874,900]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">834</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFD08CE5EF48BFC2C" box="[667,718,874,900]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">699</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC9ACE5EF57EFC2C" box="[777,827,874,900]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">365</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFCEBCE5EF5DBFC2C" box="[888,926,874,900]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">148</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFC74CE5EF256FC2C" box="[999,1043,874,900]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">0.76</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFBC5CE5EF2C7FC2C" box="[1110,1154,874,900]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">2.80</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFB56CE5EF2B4FC2C" box="[1221,1265,874,900]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">2.83</td>
|
||
<td id="76ABF71D5126CDFDFAA7CE5EF313FC2C" box="[1332,1366,874,900]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">3.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35CCAB5126322BFF04CBE0F36DF942" box="[151,1320,1748,1770]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266288/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" targetBox="[177,1381,964,1727]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF04CBE0F36DF942" blockId="41.[151,1320,1748,1770]" box="[151,1320,1748,1770]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E40315126322BFF04CBE0F75AF941" bold="true" box="[151,287,1748,1770]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A05126322BFEB6CBE0F4CEF942" authority="Borkent" authorityName="Borkent" box="[293,651,1748,1770]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E40315126322BFEB6CBE0F474F942" box="[293,561,1748,1770]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Stenochironomus zonarius</emphasis>
|
||
Borkent
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, adult female. A, genitalia, dorsal view. B, genitalia, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CA23F41AF887" blockId="41.[151,1437,1815,2027]" box="[199,607,1815,1840]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E40315126322BFF54CA23F743F898" bold="true" box="[199,262,1815,1840]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
(n = 1). Total length
|
||
<quantity id="4CB231C65126322BFE60CA23F41FF887" box="[499,602,1815,1839]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.79" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="8.79">8.79 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C235126322BFF54CA0FF4CFF84E" blockId="41.[151,1437,1815,2027]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Coloration: cephalothorax and abdomen light-brownish; lateral margin from distal half of TIV to TVIII of abdomen brownish. Anal lobe with a large transverse band extending posteriorly on lateral margin until anal lobes. Cephalothorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137180A65126322BFE10CAB7F7A2F833" box="[387,487,1923,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,204,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[218,1361,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 32. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I – V. D, tergites VI – IX. E, spur on S VIII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figs. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
A, 32B) Frontal apotome elongated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137180A65126322BFC39CAB7F240F833" box="[938,1029,1923,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,204,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[218,1361,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 32. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I – V. D, tergites VI – IX. E, spur on S VIII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Precorneal setae 68 µm long. Dorsocentrals (Dc) 101 µm long. Distance between Dc1 and Dc2 7 µm; between Dc2 and Dc3 325 (1) µm; between Dc3 and Dc4 6 µm. Median suture granulose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF35CCAB51253228FF04CA8DF7AEF845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[240,1350,204,1933]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351253228FF04CA8DF7AEF845" blockId="42.[151,1435,1977,2029]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151253228FF04CA8DF765F866" bold="true" box="[151,288,1977,1999]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051253228FEB4CA8DF4CAF867" authority="Borkent" authorityName="Borkent" box="[295,655,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151253228FEB4CA8DF476F867" box="[295,563,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Stenochironomus zonarius</emphasis>
|
||
Borkent
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I–V. D, tergites VI–IX. E, spur on S VIII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CDA3F42CFE05" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Abdomen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137180A651243229FED5CDA3F7E1FF18" box="[326,420,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,204,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[218,1361,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 32. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I – V. D, tergites VI – IX. E, spur on S VIII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Figs. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
C, 32D). T I
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FDA4CDA3F42EFF18" box="[567,619,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bare">bare</taxonomicName>
|
||
; T II–V with median, large field of shagreen; VI with a anterior field of fine shagreen T-shaped and a posterior field of thick shagreen; T VII–VIII with small anterolateral fields of scattered spinules (difficult to see); anal segment with an anterior pair of shagreen patches. T II–IV with fine shagreen on paratergites. T II with posterior row of hooklets extending to lateral margin of tergite, divided medially into two groups. Abdominal setation: S I without L setae; S II with 3 L setae; S III–IV with 4 L setae; S V–VII with 4 LS setae; S VIII with 5 LS setae.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD8ECC78F4EDFECC" box="[541,680,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Pedes spurii</emphasis>
|
||
B present on segment II. Spur on S VIII with 6 brownish teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137180A651243229FAFCCC78F6F0FE20" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="42.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[240,1350,204,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@42.[218,1361,193,1949]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="FIGURE 32. Stenochironomus zonarius Borkent, pupa. A, part of frontal apotome. B, thorax, lateral view. C, tergites I – V. D, tergites VI – IX. E, spur on S VIII." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/266289/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Genital sac 596 µm long, extending posteriorly beyond anal lobe by 74 µm; anal lobe 535 µm long, rounded at apex, with fringe of about 140 filament
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CC83F408FDBF" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FF54CC83F7FFFE78" bold="true" box="[199,442,439,464]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Systematic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D251243229FE52CC83F429FE78" author="Borkent" box="[449,620,439,464]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Borkent, A. (1984) The systematics and phylogeny of the Stenochironomus complex (Xestochironomus, Harrisius, and Stenochironomus) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 128, 1 - 269. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 116128 fv" type="journal article" year="1984">Borkent (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not include the species in either of the two subgenera proposed since the immature and their substract were not known. The specimens analyzed here were obtained from submerged wood collected in black-water streams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CF10F704FD2D" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FF54CF10F44EFD95" bold="true" box="[199,523,548,573]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Notes on biology of species.</emphasis>
|
||
The stream where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FD72CF10F518FD94" box="[737,861,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD72CF10F518FD94" box="[737,861,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. zonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected is similar to that described to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FADDCF10F3D9FD94" box="[1358,1436,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bare" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FADDCF10F3D9FD94" box="[1358,1436,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. bare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20DFD4A51243229FF04CF73F6B0FDC8" box="[151,245,583,608]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FF04CF73F6B0FDC8" bold="true" box="[151,245,583,608]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A wood-mining larva was associated with a pupa and an adult, but it is very damaged and was not described here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C350CFA851243229FF54CFBBF563F83D" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CFBBF55AFC90" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FF54CFBBF77EFD00" bold="true" box="[199,315,655,680]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In this study, 11
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FE6ACFA4F4FCFD00" box="[505,697,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FE6ACFA4F4FCFD00" box="[505,697,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were analyzed. We describe the female, pupa and larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FF04CF80F769FD64" box="[151,300,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FF04CF80F769FD64" box="[151,300,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. impendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FD8FCF80F4DFFD64" box="[540,666,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD8FCF80F4DFFD64" box="[540,666,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. zonarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the pupa and larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FC33CF80F24AFD64" box="[928,1039,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jubatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FC33CF80F24AFD64" box="[928,1039,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. jubatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FB29CF80F333FD64" box="[1210,1398,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palliaculeatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FB29CF80F333FD64" box="[1210,1398,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. palliaculeatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In addition, seven new species were described; six of them had their pupae described and three had their larvae described. Thus, the number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FE6ECFC8F4F8FCBC" box="[509,701,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FE6ECFC8F4F8FCBC" box="[509,701,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from the Neotropical region increased from 29 to 36, for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35DDCB351243229FF04CE2BF69EFC90" box="[151,219,799,824]" name="Brazil" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
from 21 to 28 and from the Amazon from 18 to 25.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CE70F21AFBB8" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Taking into account the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FDDCCE70F54AFCF4" box="[591,783,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FDDCCE70F54AFCF4" box="[591,783,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described, it is noted that the pupal and adult stages have stable and marked characteristics to distinguish the species of this genus. At the larval stage, however, it is not easy to distinguish species, since they are morphologically very similar. The larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FBBECEB8F2D7FC0C" box="[1069,1170,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roquei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FBBECEB8F2D7FC0C" box="[1069,1170,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. roquei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FB5ACEB8F37CFC0C" box="[1225,1337,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jubatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FB5ACEB8F37CFC0C" box="[1225,1337,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. jubatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very similar, with labrum and mentum almost identical. The larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FCF5CE84F5BEFC60" box="[870,1019,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impendens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FCF5CE84F5BEFC60" box="[870,1019,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. impendens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FB59CE84F315FC60" box="[1226,1360,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bacrionis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FB59CE84F315FC60" box="[1226,1360,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. bacrionis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FA14CE84F74FFC44" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manauara" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FA14CE84F74FFC44" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. manauara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20DFD4A51243229FE81CEE0F729FC45" box="[274,364,980,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FE81CEE0F729FC45" bold="true" box="[274,364,980,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
An exception is the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FD25CEE0F512FC44" box="[694,855,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD25CEE0F512FC44" box="[694,855,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. amazonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20DFD4A51243229FCCCCEE0F5FFFC45" box="[863,954,980,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FCCCCEE0F5FFFC45" bold="true" box="[863,954,980,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
which is quite different from the larvae of all other described species of the genus, with the teeth of mentum and mandible fused.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54C928F440FBD5" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Regarding the color pattern of the adults, was observed that in some species there is sexual dimorphism in this character, with females and males exhibiting a different pattern, a fact that makes difficult the association of males and females of the same species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54C9B3F22AFB40" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D251243229FF54C9B3F736FB08" author="Borkent" box="[199,371,1159,1184]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Borkent, A. (1984) The systematics and phylogeny of the Stenochironomus complex (Xestochironomus, Harrisius, and Stenochironomus) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 128, 1 - 269. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 116128 fv" type="journal article" year="1984">Borkent (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a larger number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FD0EC9BCF51BFB08" box="[669,862,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD0EC9BCF51BFB08" box="[669,862,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and specimens in wood that no longer had the bark. However, in the present study
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FDF5C998F563FB6C" box="[614,806,1196,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FDF5C998F563FB6C" box="[614,806,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae were not found in wood without the bark; they were mostly found mining just below the bark, but also in deep mines in the wood core.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54C9C1F77AF985" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
In laboratory, it was observed that the life cycle of leaf-mining species is considerably shorter than that of the wood-mining species. Adults of the leaf miners emerged at most 20 days after collection in the field, while in adults of wood miners this time can exceed one year, as observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FC0DC808F27AFAFC" box="[926,1087,1340,1364]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FC0DC808F27AFAFC" box="[926,1087,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. amazonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20DFD4A51243229FBD5C808F2E4FAFD" box="[1094,1185,1340,1365]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FBD5C808F2E4FAFD" bold="true" box="[1094,1185,1340,1365]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
In general, the adults, pupae and larvae of leaf miners are considerably smaller than those of wood miners. This pattern is expected since the leaf is a substrate that is degraded more rapidly, and species that use this habitat therefore need to synchronize their life cycle to complete it before the leaves are completely degraded. Wood is a more stable substrate and remains available for a considerably longer time than leaves.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D251243229FCC5C8F8F2F8FA4C" author="Anderson" box="[854,1213,1484,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Anderson, N. H. & Cummins, K. W. (1979) Influences of diet on the life-histories of aquatic insects. Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36, 335 - 342. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 79 - 052" type="journal article" year="1979">Anderson and Cummins (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that a long life cycle with low metabolic activity is one of the adaptations of xylophagous aquatic insects to the low nutritional value of wood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CB03F491F8AD" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The immature stages, especially the larvae, of Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FCC9CB0CF25EF9F8" box="[858,1051,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FCC9CB0CF25EF9F8" box="[858,1051,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are still poorly known. Of the 36 described species for the Neotropical region (including those described here), less than 64% (n=23) are known as pupae and about 47% (n=17) are known as larvae. The description of these stages is essential to our understanding of the biology and ecology of the species in this genus. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D251243229FBDBCB90F328F914" author="Cranston" box="[1096,1389,1700,1725]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Cranston, P. S. & Oliver, D. R. (1988) Aquatic xylophagous Orthocladiinae - systematics and ecology. Spixiana Supplement, 14, 143 - 154." type="journal article" year="1988">Cranston & Oliver (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the major impediment to understanding the role of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FCBFCBF3F589F948" box="[812,972,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the decomposition of woody debris is lack of taxonomic information on immature stages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF59C2351243229FF54CA25F563F83D" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Future studies on the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4AE7A051243229FD99CA24F48EF880" box="[522,715,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FD99CA24F48EF880" box="[522,715,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must focus effort on describing the immature stages of known species and on discovering or confirming the larval habitat of these species. As emphasized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDBE1D251243229FB50CA00F3D2F8E5" box="[1219,1431,1844,1869]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Pinho, L. C., Mendes, H. F. & Marcondes, C. B. (2005) A new Brazilian species of Stenochironomus Kieffer mining decayed leaves in bromeliads (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 1046, 37 - 47." type="journal article">
|
||
Pinho
|
||
<emphasis id="B93E403151243229FA98CA01F379F8E4" box="[1291,1340,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as long as most of the immature stages of Neotropical species remain unknown, caution is needed with respect to any discussion of the division of the genus into subgenera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |