276 lines
35 KiB
XML
276 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="B10894B7244EC22305EE407ADF351D26" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2012.708452" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590828" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615293597861" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Kramer, Bernd, Bills, Roger, Skelton, Paul & Wink, Michael" docDate="2012" docId="038087B4FFA6FFD8A29DF9D8649730B9" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.46.35-36.2179-2258.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 46 (35 - 36)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.708452" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813.5:JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813" docStyleName="JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Petrocephalus tanensis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2249" masterDocId="FFB9FFCCFFE0FF90A279FFDA6003327D" masterDocTitle="A critical revision of the churchill snoutfish, genus Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Mormyridae), from southern and eastern Africa, with the recognition of Petrocephalus tanensis, and the description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="2258" masterPageNumber="2179" pageNumber="2247" updateTime="1698882054463" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="8FF0233823ACC695BB745EF3A3BC163F">A critical revision of the churchill snoutfish, genus Petrocephalus Marcusen, 1854 (Actinopterygii: Teleostei: Mormyridae), from southern and eastern Africa, with the recognition of Petrocephalus tanensis, and the description of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8FF1ABFFD15A2CDCCFB6F102206F98A1">Kramer, Bernd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F97EEBD634368DDB807A5ED68DBACAA1">Bills, Roger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BFC0EC2820E512CA81BA7C5A058EFDDD">Skelton, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="288F0A17AB56D562E19E5C27C3329B98">Wink, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="B24EC02AE825D6C3808333989452392D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="B2FB1B3D1959876F8DA0BE6A657C736D">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="687047B7489346BD6DB276F73DFF3BF9">
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<mods:date id="AE01E059A0F8C8635684399957B20536">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0AD81B6E2A3E4B67B4B998C3D6114B03">2012-09-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E32F218BC5E3FB96E7D757FC6C9EDDD9">46</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8948E379336F3DF586893729559A2EBF">35 - 36</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="37E5250CE64D5F14C4566F32403261D4">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.708452</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="141AC42DE6BABD11D05079A152919F2E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="275CF052795ABEEB808B1B3ECE1107BB" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2012.708452</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9F1E06D4F165150FF21993EF839ED911" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C3336529FFA6FFD6A29DF9D864803467" box="[228,1155,1538,1563]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA6FFD6A29DF9D864803467" blockId="70.[228,1155,1538,1594]" box="[228,1155,1538,1563]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">
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<heading id="D0DE81CEFFA6FFD6A29DF9D864803467" box="[228,1155,1538,1563]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" reason="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFA6FFD6A29DF9D863733467" ID-CoL="4FDYC" authority="(Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959)" baseAuthorityName="Whitehead and Greenwood" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[228,880,1538,1563]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanensis">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA6FFD6A29DF9D861DF3467" bold="true" box="[228,476,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">Petrocephalus tanensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA6FFD6A393F9D8636B3467" author="Whitehead PJ & Greenwood PH" box="[490,872,1538,1562]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref46804" refString="Whitehead PJ, Greenwood PH. 1959. Mormyrid fishes of the genus Petrocephalus in Eastern Africa, with a redescription of Petrocephalus gliroides (Vinc.). Rev Zool Bot Afr. 60: 283 - 295." type="journal article" year="1959">Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, elevated to species rank
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3336529FFA6FFD6A3ABF9F863973447" box="[466,916,1570,1594]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA6FFD6A3ABF9F863973447" blockId="70.[228,1155,1538,1594]" box="[466,916,1570,1594]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFA6FFD6A3A3F9F8623F3447" box="[474,572,1570,1594]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[143,210,1254,1276]" captionText="Figure 2(A–D). Photographs of members of southern and eastern African Petrocephalus species studied (numbers refer to localities given in Figures 1, 6 and 9). (1) P. catostoma (Günther, 1866), Lectotype, BMNH 1863.10.12.4, right side, SL 4.7 cm. (2) P. stuhlmanni Boulenger, 1909, holotype, BMNH 1907.12.3.1, SL 7.9 cm. (3) P. wesselsi Kramer and Van der Bank, 2000, right side, SL 9.7 cm, SAIAB 85922 (R1). (7) P. longicapitis sp. nov., SMF 28265 (R1), SL 9 cm. (9) P. okavangensis sp. nov., holotype, SAIAB 030046, right side, SL 6.1 cm. (10) P. catostoma tanensis Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959, holotype, BMNH 1963.11.29.1, right side, SL 6.7 cm. (10a) P. tanensis, field no. Ta05na, SL 8.7 cm, SAIAB 85907. (12) P. longianalis sp. nov., holotype, SL 8.2 cm, right side, SAIAB 76758. (21) P. petersi sp. nov., holotype, SAIAB 060846, right side, SL 6.4 cm. (23) P. magnoculis sp. nov., SL 8.9 cm, ZSM 38659. (24) P. haullevillii Boulenger, 1912, BMNH 1912.4.1.186–188 (R1), right side, SL 5.7 cm. (25) P. steindachneri Fowler 1958, syntype, NMW 55118:3, right side, SL 6.4 cm. (26) P. stuhlmanni congicus David and Poll, 1937, syntype, MRAC 30807-30808, SL 7.8 cm. (27) P. degeni Boulenger, 1906, BMNH 1906.5.30.84, right side, SL 8.12 cm. (28) P. catostoma, SAIAB 73894 (R1), right side, SL 6.4 cm. (31) P. magnitrunci sp. nov., SL 8.5 cm, SAIAB 67069 (R5, right side), see map Figure 6. Scale bar, 1 cm." pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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, nos 10, 10a; online
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<figureCitation id="13122A27FFA6FFD6A159F9F8638F3447" box="[800,908,1570,1594]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="52.[211,278,820,842]" captionTargetBox="[209,739,179,706]" captionTargetId="graphics-8@52.[209,737,179,718]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figure 13. Molecular phylogenetic analysis for Petrocephalus catostoma and three allopatric Petrocephalus species by Maximum Likelihood method. The evolutionary history was inferred by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Tamura–Nei model (Tamura and Nei 1993). The tree with the highest log likelihood (–1811.6564) is shown. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together is shown next to the branches. Initial tree(s) for the heuristic search were obtained automatically as follows. When the number of common sites was <100 or less than one-quarter of the total number of sites, the maximum parsimony method was used; otherwise BIONJ method with the maximum composite likelihood distance matrix was used. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. The analysis involved 23 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. There was a total of 477 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA5 (Tamura et al. 2011)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590860" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590860/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">Figure 13</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3336529FFA6FFD6A2AAF9B8626334E7" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA6FFD6A2AAF9B8626334E7" blockId="70.[211,1171,1634,1690]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB39118CFFA6FFD6A2AAF9B8626334E7" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8810B3FFA6FFD6A2AAF9B8643D3407" author="Whitehead PJ & Greenwood PH" box="[211,1086,1634,1658]" page="286" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" year="1959">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C294D21FFA6FFD6A2AAF9B8643D3407" ID-CoL="4FDYC" authority="Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959: 286" authorityName="Whitehead and Greenwood" authorityPageNumber="286" authorityYear="1959" box="[211,1086,1634,1658]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mormyridae" genus="Petrocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Osteoglossiformes" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="catostoma" subSpecies="tanensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA6FFD6A2AAF9B862553407" box="[211,598,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247">Petrocephalus catostoma tanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA6FFD6A01FF9B8643D3407" author="Whitehead PJ & Greenwood PH" box="[614,1086,1634,1658]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref46804" refString="Whitehead PJ, Greenwood PH. 1959. Mormyrid fishes of the genus Petrocephalus in Eastern Africa, with a redescription of Petrocephalus gliroides (Vinc.). Rev Zool Bot Afr. 60: 283 - 295." type="journal article" year="1959">Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959: 286</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
. Tanachurchill,
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8810B3FFA6FFD6A31DF958625F34E7" author="Seegers L & De Vos & Okeyo DO" box="[356,604,1666,1690]" page="29" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" year="2003">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA6FFD6A31DF958625F34E7" author="Seegers L & De Vos & Okeyo DO" box="[356,604,1666,1690]" pageId="70" pageNumber="2247" pagination="11 - 47" refId="ref46125" refString="Seegers L, De Vos L, Okeyo DO. 2003. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria). J East Afr nat Hist. 92: 11 - 47." type="journal article" year="2003">Seegers et al. 2003: 29</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3336529FFA7FFD8A2F6FF72649730B9" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="2249" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD7A2F6FF7262683282" blockId="71.[143,1103,167,255]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6FF72614B32C2" box="[143,328,168,191]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Type specimens.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B413CFFFFA7FFD7A336FF7D635B32A2" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Kenya" county="Lower" location="Kenya's Coast Province" municipality="Garsen" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" specimenCode="BMNH 1963.11" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tana River" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="54928800FFA7FFD7A336FF7D61BD32C2" box="[335,446,167,191]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
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||
<specimenCode id="DB8F9ED9FFA7FFD7A3B6FF72628D32C2" box="[463,654,167,191]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">BMNH 1963.11</specimenCode>
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.29.1 collected at
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<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFA7FFD7A11AFF7263AD32BD" box="[867,942,168,192]" name="Kenya" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCounty id="62F74E2EFFA7FFD7A1B9FF72640B32C2" box="[960,1032,168,191]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Lower</collectingCounty>
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||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA7FFD7A66FFF7260CD32A2" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Tana River</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BF2ACD8FFA7FFD7A29FFF1D613B32A2" box="[230,312,199,223]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Garsen</collectingMunicipality>
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||
(a settlement in
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFA7FFD7A05FFF1D635332A2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFA6FFD8A29DF9D8649730B9:8EF66079FFA7FFD7A05FFF1D635332A2" box="[550,848,199,223]" country="Kenya" county="Lower" municipality="Garsen" name="Kenya's Coast Province" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" stateProvince="Tana River">Kenya’s Coast Province</location>
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||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413CFFFFA7FFD7A117FF1262643282" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Kenya" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tana River" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus id="54928800FFA7FFD7A117FF1263E3329D" box="[878,992,200,224]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
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||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA7FFD7A18EFF12644C32A2" box="[1015,1103,200,223]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
1963.11.29.2–8 (eight specimens). Studied
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD7A2F6FEF46267333B" blockId="71.[143,612,301,326]" box="[143,612,301,326]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B413CFFFFA7FFD7A2F6FEF46263333B" box="[143,608,301,326]" country="Kenya" location="Garsen" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tana River" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6FEF46120333B" box="[143,291,302,326]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54928800FFA7FFD7A2F6FEF460C63338" box="[143,197,302,325]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Type</typeStatus>
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||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8EF66079FFA7FFD7A352FEF761833338" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087B4FFA6FFD8A29DF9D8649730B9:8EF66079FFA7FFD7A352FEF761833338" box="[299,384,301,325]" country="Kenya" name="Garsen" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" stateProvince="Tana River">Garsen</location>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA7FFD7A3F3FEF4620A3338" box="[394,521,301,325]" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Tana River</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33E7632FFA7FFD7A06DFEF46263333B" box="[532,608,302,326]" name="Kenya" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD7A2F6FEAE62F83157" blockId="71.[143,1104,371,810]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
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||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6FEAE610033F6" box="[143,259,372,395]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Distance dorsal fin origin to end of caudal peduncle, pD, mean 0.448 (range
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A2F6FE4960C833D6" box="[143,203,403,427]" degrees="0.427" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.427">0.427</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A2B5FE49611433D6" box="[204,279,403,427]" degrees="0.472" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.472">–0.472</geoCoordinate>
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||
) of SL; dorsal fin length, LD, mean 0.192 (range
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A14CFE49637233D6" box="[821,881,403,427]" degrees="0.167" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.167">0.167</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A10BFE4963BE33D6" box="[882,957,403,427]" degrees="0.222" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.222">–0.222</geoCoordinate>
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||
) of SL; number of dorsal fin rays, nD, median 24 (range 22–27); body depth,
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||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA7FFD7A1EAFE6E63BF33B6" box="[915,956,436,459]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">BD</collectionCode>
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||
, mean 0.299 (range
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A2A7FE0961193396" box="[222,282,467,491]" degrees="0.257" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.257">0.257</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A363FE0961673396" box="[282,356,467,491]" degrees="0.356" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.356">–0.356</geoCoordinate>
|
||
of SL; anal fin length, LA, mean 0.239 (range
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A10AFE0963B33396" box="[883,944,467,491]" degrees="0.214" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.214">0.214</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A1C8FE0963F83396" box="[945,1019,467,491]" degrees="0.257" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.257">–0.257</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) of SL; depth of caudal peduncle,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA7FFD7A3BAFE2961FD3076" box="[451,510,499,523]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">CPD</collectionCode>
|
||
, mean 0.346 (range
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A090FE2963263076" box="[745,805,499,523]" degrees="0.291" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.291">0.291</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A15CFE2963723076" box="[805,881,499,523]" degrees="0.439" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.439">–0.439</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA7FFD7A1DBFE2963D93076" box="[930,986,499,523]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">CPL</collectionCode>
|
||
, length of caudal peduncle; predorsal length,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA7FFD7A063FDCE62573056" box="[538,596,532,555]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">PDL</collectionCode>
|
||
, mean 0.612 (range
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A14FFDC963703056" box="[822,883,531,555]" degrees="0.574" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="0.574">0.574</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1D5065FFA7FFD7A10AFDC963BE3056" box="[883,957,531,555]" degrees="0.645" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248" precision="55" value="-0.645">–0.645</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) of SL; head length, HL, mean 32.9 (range 27.3–42.8) times Na, distance between the pair of nares of one side. EOD characteristics at 25
|
||
<superScript id="7C5C9BEAFFA7FFD7A038FD95624A301D" attach="right" box="[577,585,591,608]" fontSize="7" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">◦</superScript>
|
||
C and “2% threshold criterion” (see Material and methods): peak amplitude of P2 phase, P2amp, in males, mean 0.534 (range 0.435–0.69) of P1amp, peak amplitude of P1 phase; in females, mean 0.375 (range 0.021–0.74) of P1amp; duration of P2 phase, P2dur, mean 256 µs (range 105–510 µs); duration of P1 phase, P1dur, mean 130 µs (range 95–198 µs); duration of N phase, Ndur, 46 µs (range 31–191 µs), negative peak amplitude (absolute value) of N phase, Namp, mean – 3.1 (range – 2.382 to – 3.748) of P1amp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD7A2F6FC8364293470" blockId="71.[143,1104,856,1549]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6FC836115310D" box="[143,278,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body oval shape, dorsally deep and rounded, ventrally rather flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A27FFA7FFD7A2EEFCA260FF31ED" box="[151,252,888,912]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[143,210,1254,1276]" captionText="Figure 2(A–D). Photographs of members of southern and eastern African Petrocephalus species studied (numbers refer to localities given in Figures 1, 6 and 9). (1) P. catostoma (Günther, 1866), Lectotype, BMNH 1863.10.12.4, right side, SL 4.7 cm. (2) P. stuhlmanni Boulenger, 1909, holotype, BMNH 1907.12.3.1, SL 7.9 cm. (3) P. wesselsi Kramer and Van der Bank, 2000, right side, SL 9.7 cm, SAIAB 85922 (R1). (7) P. longicapitis sp. nov., SMF 28265 (R1), SL 9 cm. (9) P. okavangensis sp. nov., holotype, SAIAB 030046, right side, SL 6.1 cm. (10) P. catostoma tanensis Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959, holotype, BMNH 1963.11.29.1, right side, SL 6.7 cm. (10a) P. tanensis, field no. Ta05na, SL 8.7 cm, SAIAB 85907. (12) P. longianalis sp. nov., holotype, SL 8.2 cm, right side, SAIAB 76758. (21) P. petersi sp. nov., holotype, SAIAB 060846, right side, SL 6.4 cm. (23) P. magnoculis sp. nov., SL 8.9 cm, ZSM 38659. (24) P. haullevillii Boulenger, 1912, BMNH 1912.4.1.186–188 (R1), right side, SL 5.7 cm. (25) P. steindachneri Fowler 1958, syntype, NMW 55118:3, right side, SL 6.4 cm. (26) P. stuhlmanni congicus David and Poll, 1937, syntype, MRAC 30807-30808, SL 7.8 cm. (27) P. degeni Boulenger, 1906, BMNH 1906.5.30.84, right side, SL 8.12 cm. (28) P. catostoma, SAIAB 73894 (R1), right side, SL 6.4 cm. (31) P. magnitrunci sp. nov., SL 8.5 cm, SAIAB 67069 (R5, right side), see map Figure 6. Scale bar, 1 cm." pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
, no. 10). Head broadly rounded with a small ventrally positioned subterminal mouth, situated ventral to the eye; head and body dorsolaterally compressed. Dorsal fin (a) origin situated almost two-thirds of standard length from snout, (b) obliquely orientated, anteriorly higher and posteriorly lower, (c) distal margin crescentic with anterior two or three rays longer than posterior rays, and (d) number of rays 22 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A36FFBC261203652" box="[278,291,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1), 23 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A3D8FBC261AD3652" box="[417,430,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12), 24 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A040FBC262453652" box="[569,582,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 19), 25 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A0ABFBC262DC3652" box="[722,735,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 18), 26 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A113FBC263743652" box="[874,887,1048,1071]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). Anal fin (a) longer than dorsal fin, (b) opposite dorsal fin with slightly more anterior origin, (c) obliquely orientated, anteriorly lower and posteriorly higher, (d) anterior 10 or so rays longer than posterior ones, especially in males where they also appear stronger, (e) margin broadly rounded, (f) rays posterior to first 10 with distal margin straight, (g) number of rays 26 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A300FB62618536B2" box="[377,390,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1), 27 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A07FFB62621036B2" box="[518,531,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16), 28 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A0D8FB6262AD36B2" box="[673,686,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 24), 29 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A142FB62634B36B2" box="[827,840,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 13). Forked tail fin with rounded lobes. Scales cycloid with reticulate striae, scales extending anteriorly to operculum and pectoral fins (beyond pelvics). Scales in lateral series, 36 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A1B6FB2D63DF3773" box="[975,988,1271,1294]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 12), 37 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2E1FACD60A63753" box="[152,165,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 14), 38 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A352FACD613B3753" box="[299,312,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1). Scales on caudal peduncle circumference, 12 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A1E8FACD639D3753" box="[913,926,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 37), 13 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A65DFACD64323753" box="[1060,1073,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2), 14 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A29BFAED60EC3733" box="[226,239,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 14). Caudal peduncle slender, subcylindrical entire length, usually 22.3% (19.3–24.7%) of SL (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6AB0319FFA7FFD7A304FA8C61D13713" box="[381,466,1366,1390]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="18.[58,113,442,464]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometrics of the southern and eastern African Petrocephalus species." pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Electric organ discharge a triphasic pulse with strong head-positive phase P1 followed by head-negative main phase N, and weaker headpositive P2 phase (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13122A27FFA7FFD7A326FA4C61CD37D3" box="[351,462,1430,1454]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="43.[143,210,932,954]" captionTargetBox="[153,1096,175,895]" captionTargetId="graphics-5@43.[570,1092,439,864]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figure 10. Differentiation within Petrocephalus wesselsi of different South African origins, studied using Principal Component (PCA) and Discriminant (DA) Analyses, as compared with another species (P. longicapitis sp. nov., Namibia, Upper Zambezi). Circles in DA, 95% confidence circles to contain true mean of group. (A) PCA and (B) DA on correlations among anatomical characters. (C) PCA and (D) DA same as (A) and (B), respectively, but for analyses on characters of Electric Organ Discharges (EODs). Green M symbols, specimens from Mokolo (Mogol) River (n = 48; 43, i.e. 48 for anatomy and 43 for EOD); blue-green N symbols, Nwanedzi River (n = 9; 0); orange B symbols, Blyde River (n = 5; 5); red S symbols, Sabie River (n = 44; 39); blue Z symbols, P. longicapitis sp. nov. from the Upper Zambezi (type locality Katima Mulilo; n = 38; 42); bluer shade of blue-green coloured U symbols, specimens from Mbuluzi River, Swaziland (n = 4; 0). Excluded from DA but shown on DA graphs: lilac G symbols, Groot Letaba River (n = 2; 2); sand-coloured L symbols, Lepalala River (n = 2;1); redder shade of lilac P symbol, Pongola River (n = 1; 1). The 15 anatomical characters included in the anatomical analyses were: PDL/SL, PAL/SL, LD/SL, LA/SL, pD/SL, CPL/SL, CPD/CPL, LSc/HL, LSo/HL, HL/Na, HL/SL, BD/SL, nD, nA, SPc. The characters used in the EOD analyses were: Namp, P2amp, P1dur, Ndur, P2dur, P1Nsep, P1P2sep, NP2sep, P1area, Narea, P2 area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590852/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); P2 phase stronger in males than in females of same size. Pulse duration, median 403 (312–735) µs in females (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A0A6FA6D62EF37B3" box="[735,748,1463,1486]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15), and shorter median, 307 (276–391) µs, in males (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A3EEFA0D61A73793" box="[407,420,1495,1518]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 1 5); 25
|
||
<superScript id="7C5C9BEAFFA7FFD7A06FFA08621D379E" attach="left" box="[534,542,1490,1507]" fontSize="7" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">◦</superScript>
|
||
C, 2% threshold criterion. Males with kink in anal fin base which is absent in juveniles and females where the anal fin base is straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD7A2F6F9E662183429" blockId="71.[143,539,1596,1620]" box="[143,539,1596,1620]" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6F9E661893429" box="[143,394,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Colour in preservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Light ochre.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA7FFD8A2F6F95863AF3282" blockId="71.[143,1007,1666,1690]" lastBlockId="72.[211,1171,167,256]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="2249" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA7FFD7A2F6F958612534E7" box="[143,294,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="2248">Colour in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Grey-silver, underside lighter, paired fins light and transparent.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA8FFD8A2AAFF72613132BD" box="[211,306,168,192]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite the dry season, the terminal section of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A101FF7263F532C2" box="[888,1014,167,191]" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Tana River</collectingRegion>
|
||
was a strongflowing river with steep and high borders accompanied by gallery forest. The water was muddy brown. Riparian reed vegetation not very prominent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA8FFD8A2AAFEF3647C33DC" blockId="72.[211,1172,297,417]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA8FFD8A2AAFEF36163333C" box="[211,352,297,321]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
“From Hola, Wema and Garsen,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A0A2FEF0635A333C" box="[731,857,297,321]" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Tana River</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Confined to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A66FFEF06490333C" box="[1046,1171,297,321]" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Tana River</collectingRegion>
|
||
and probably not occurring above
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A021FE9362AD331C" box="[600,686,329,353]" country="Kenya" name="Garissa" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Garissa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B47FFA8FFD8A0C4FE936315331C" box="[701,790,329,353]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" unit="ft" value="600.0">600 feet</quantity>
|
||
above sea level)” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA8FFD8A19FFE93619B33FC" author="Whitehead PJ & Greenwood PH" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref46804" refString="Whitehead PJ, Greenwood PH. 1959. Mormyrid fishes of the genus Petrocephalus in Eastern Africa, with a redescription of Petrocephalus gliroides (Vinc.). Rev Zool Bot Afr. 60: 283 - 295." type="journal article" year="1959">Whitehead and Greenwood 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); “apparently missing from the Athi” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA8FFD8A12BFEB3641333FC" author="Whitehead PJP" box="[850,1040,361,385]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" pagination="98 - 108" refId="ref46778" refString="Whitehead PJP. 1962. Two new river fishes from Eastern Kenya. Ann Mus civico Storia Nat Genova. 73: 98 - 108." type="journal article" year="1962">Whitehead 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A65AFEB3647A33FC" box="[1059,1145,361,385]" country="Kenya" name="Garissa" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Garissa</collectingRegion>
|
||
is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B47FFA8FFD8A362FE53616D33DC" box="[283,366,393,417]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" unit="km" value="250.0">250 km</quantity>
|
||
from the Indian Ocean, and the other localities within
|
||
<quantity id="4CD19B47FFA8FFD8A1A1FE53642F33DC" box="[984,1068,393,417]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" unit="km" value="130.0">130 km</quantity>
|
||
or less.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA8FFD8A2AAFE1162BA307F" blockId="72.[211,1172,458,514]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA8FFD8A2AAFE116152339E" box="[211,337,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A320FE116185339F" box="[345,390,459,482]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
explained by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B53FFA8FFD8A05EFE1063B2339F" author="Whitehead PJ & Greenwood PH" box="[551,945,458,482]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249" pagination="283 - 295" refId="ref46804" refString="Whitehead PJ, Greenwood PH. 1959. Mormyrid fishes of the genus Petrocephalus in Eastern Africa, with a redescription of Petrocephalus gliroides (Vinc.). Rev Zool Bot Afr. 60: 283 - 295." type="journal article" year="1959">Whitehead and Greenwood (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but clearly thought to be an endemic species to the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49EDF840FFA8FFD8A04CFE3162B7307F" box="[565,692,490,514]" country="Kenya" name="Tana River" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Tana River</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9636A2FFA8FFD8A2AAFDF7649730B9" blockId="72.[211,1172,556,708]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95DEAB0FFA8FFD8A2AAFDF7613E3038" box="[211,317,557,581]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Longest pD among all samples, very long LD, very high nD, and high values for
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA8FFD8A283FD9761203019" box="[250,291,589,612]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">BD</collectionCode>
|
||
, LA,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA8FFD8A31BFD9661983019" box="[354,411,588,612]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">CPD</collectionCode>
|
||
while those for
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED38AE67FFA8FFD8A035FD9762873019" box="[588,644,589,612]" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">PDL</collectionCode>
|
||
and Na low. EOD distinguished by very strong Namp (modal 3.17 times P1amp), strong P2amp (modal 0.47 times P1amp), and very short Ndur (modal 37 µs at 25
|
||
<superScript id="7C5C9BEAFFA8FFD8A046FD52624430E4" attach="right" box="[575,583,648,665]" fontSize="7" pageId="72" pageNumber="2249">◦</superScript>
|
||
C). EOD with strongest Namp in spite of shortest Ndur and smallest Narea, short P1dur, P1Nsep shortest, P1P2 shortest, NP2 shortest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |