treatments-xml/data/A1/B7/EF/A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6fd2433d-a10d-40d5-9a7c-8b5c14bd364e" ID-PMC="PMC8548288" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1063-49" ID-Pensoft-UUID="5298538BD85C59A69A5D81E54E499167" ID-PubMed="34744471" ID-ZooBank="2792B13CD577416CB83D1C8043701C78" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1063-49" checkinTime="1634632142747" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pivar, Robert J., Sinclair, Bradley J. &amp; Moulton, John K." docDate="2021" docId="A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1063: 49-104" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1063" docPubDate="2021-10-19" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180" docTitle="Niphta nudipennis" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="5298538BD85C59A69A5D81E54E499167" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="5298538BD85C59A69A5D81E54E499167" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genus Niphta (Diptera, Thaumaleidae) Theischinger of South America, with descriptions of nine new species and a new immature morphotype" masterLastPageNumber="104" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1668150984031" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Revision of the genus Niphta (Diptera, Thaumaleidae) Theischinger of South America, with descriptions of nine new species and a new immature morphotype</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Pivar, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>The University of Tennessee, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 2505 E. J. Chapman Drive, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sinclair, Bradley J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of Insects and Canadian Food Inspection Agency, K. W. Neatby Building, C. E. F., 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K 1 A 0 C 6</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Moulton, John K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8760-3274</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The University of Tennessee, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 2505 E. J. Chapman Drive, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johnkmoulton@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2021-10-19</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>1063</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>49</mods:start>
<mods:end>104</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180</mods:identifier>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="taxonomy">
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="189468640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName LSID="A1B7EFD2-5838-5CEB-B442-0F467047ADE0" authority="(Edwards)" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Niphta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphta nudipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">Niphta nudipennis (Edwards)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Left wing of Niphta nudipennis with arrows indicating three depigmented gaps. Abbreviations: C, costa; CuA, anterior branch of cubital vein; M, medial veins; m-cu, medial-cubital crossvein; R, radial veins; r-m, radial-medial crossvein; Sc, subcosta. Scale bar: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600670" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ventral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600674" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 5C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Lateral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600676" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 7C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Adult lateral habitus micrographs of the Niphta nudipennis group A N. bifurcata sp. nov. (♂) B N. brunnea sp. nov. (♂) C N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♀), abdomen dissected D N. daniellae sp. nov. (♂) E N. eurydactyla sp. nov. (♂) F N. bispinosa sp. nov. (♂), abdomen dissected G N. nudipennis (♂) H N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♂), inset with arrow indicating antealar ridge. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600678" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 9G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Adult dorsal habitus micrographs of the Niphta nudipennis group A N. bifurcata sp. nov. (♂) B N. brunnea sp. nov. (♂) C N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♀), abdomen dissected D N. daniellae sp. nov. (♂) E N. eurydactyla sp. nov. (♂) F N. bispinosa sp. nov. (♂), abdomen dissected G N. nudipennis (♂) Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600679" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 10G</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ventral views of female Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. bifurcata sp. nov. B N. courtneyi sp. nov. C N. bispinosa sp. nov. D N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; gen fk, genital fork; hyp pr, hypogynial protuberance; hyp vlv, hypogynial valve; hypct, hypoproct; lat arm crcl, lateral arm circle; lat arm cmplx, lateral arm complex; spthc p, spermathecal pump. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600680" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 11D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Lateral views of female Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. bifurcata sp. nov. B N. courtneyi sp. nov. C N. bispinosa sp. nov. D N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; gen fk, genital fork; hyp pr, hypogynial protuberance; hyp vlv, hypogynial valve; hypct, hypoproct; lat arm crcl, lateral arm circle; lat arm cmplx, lateral arm complex; S, sternite; spthc p, spermathecal pump; T, tergite. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600681" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 12D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Dorsal views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: resp org, respiratory organ. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600683" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 14B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Lateral views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: ad strct, adhesive structure; c tbr, caudal tubercle; resp org, respiratory organ. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600684" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 15B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Ventral views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: ad strct, adhesive structure; spr, spiracle. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600685" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 16B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Dorsal views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: A, abdominal segment; Hc, head capsule; Mst, mesothorax; Mtt, metathorax; Pt, prothorax; pro spr, prothoracic spiracle; prtb, protuberance; post spr pl, posterior spiracular plate. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600686" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 17B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Lateral views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: anl prl, anal proleg; pro prl, prothoracic proleg. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600687" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 18B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Ventral views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: A ad strct, abdominal adhesive structure; T ad strct, thoracic adhesive structure. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600688" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 19B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Niphta nudipennis group larval head capsules with setae and sensory pits numbered A anterior, N. brunnea sp. nov. B lateral, N. brunnea sp. nov. C anterior, N. nudipennis D lateral, N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: sp, sensory pit. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600690" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 21C, D</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Known distribution of Chilean Niphta A N. halteralis group B N. nudipennis group." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600693" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 24B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Habitat and immatures of members of the Niphta nudipennis group A type locality of N. brunnea sp. nov. and N. daniellae sp. nov., box indicating where plant stem in images B, C was taken from (38 ° 14 ' 20.6 &quot; S 71 ° 53 ' 46.6 &quot; W) B larvae of N. brunnea sp. nov. on plant stem from splash zone C close up of N. brunnea sp. nov. larva, adhesive structure visibly in contact with substrate D habitat of N. nudipennis, box indicating foliage in splash zone where immatures were found E pupa of N. nudipennis affixed to leaf with final instar larval exuviae visible." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600695" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 26D, E</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Examples of thaumaleid habitats in Chile A waterfalls where Niphta downesi sp. nov., N. eurydactyla sp. nov. and N. nudipennis were collected by sweeping adjacent foliage (40 ° 19 ' 58.7 &quot; S 72 ° 16 ' 54.8 &quot; W) B collection site of N. bispinosa sp. nov. (34 ° 59 ' 48.8 &quot; S 70 ° 48 ' 37.0 &quot; W) (after Pivar et al. 2020) C type locality of N. acus sp. nov., specimens were mainly collected from plants on left (37 ° 46 ' 30.8 &quot; S 71 ° 42 ' 03.9 &quot; W) D rock face seep, type locality of N. bispinosa sp. nov. (34 ° 59 ' 46.7 &quot; S 70 ° 49 ' 19.2 &quot; W) E Chiloe, N. nudipennis was collected at a small waterfall next to the larger Cascada Tocoihue, Pivar is shown for scale (42 ° 18 ' 20.3 &quot; S 73 ° 26 ' 08.9 &quot; W); F, Puente El Salto, N. halteralis was collected above the falls, Pivar is shown above the falls for scale (41 ° 31 ' 29.2 &quot; S 72 ° 17 ' 14.6 &quot; W)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600696" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">, 27A, E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Austrothaumalea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austrothaumalea nudipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">Austrothaumalea nudipennis</taxonomicName>
Edwards, 1930: 113. Stuardo, 1946: 42 (catalogue); Stone, 1966: 1 (catalogue); Arnaud, 1977: 284 (distribution).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Niphta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphta nudipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">Niphta nudipennis</taxonomicName>
(Edwards): 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.184" author="Theischinger, G" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Australian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 317" refId="B28" refString="Theischinger, G, 1986. Australian Thaumaleidae (Insecta: Diptera). Records of the Australian Museum 38: 291 - 317, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.184" title="Australian Thaumaleidae (Insecta: Diptera)." url="https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.38.1986.184" volume="38" year="1986">Theischinger 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 316 (new combination); 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1988.10422636" author="McLellan, ID" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" pagination="563 - 575" refId="B10" refString="McLellan, ID, 1988. A revision of New Zealand Thaumaleidae (Diptera: Nematocera) with descriptions of new species and a new genus. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 15: 563 - 575, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1988.10422636" title="A revision of New Zealand Thaumaleidae (Diptera: Nematocera) with descriptions of new species and a new genus." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1988.10422636" volume="15" year="1988">McLellan 1988</bibRefCitation>
: 563 (comments).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Type material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Holotype</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
♂, minuten pinned with abdomen mounted in resin, labelled: &quot;Ancud./ 17-19.xii.1926.&quot;; &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tonnoir.Two" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Austrothaumalea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austrothaumalea" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrothaumalea</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Austrothaumalea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Austrothaumalea nudipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">Austrothaumalea nudipennis</taxonomicName>
Edw./ F.W. Edwards/ det. 1930.&quot;; &quot;S. Chile:/ Chiloe I./ F. &amp; M. Edwards./ B.M. 1927 - 63.&quot;; &quot;HOLO-/ TYPE [white label with red margin]&quot;; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“NHMUK010210690”">&quot;NHMUK010210690&quot;</normalizedToken>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Allotype</emphasis>
: ♀, same label data as holotype (NHMUK). 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Paratypes</emphasis>
: same data as holotype (4♂, 4♀, NHMUK).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="recognition">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Recognition.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">This species is recognised by a long, narrow, finger-like projection on the gonostylus that has a medial bend.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="redescription">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
The adult and immature descriptions of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. nudipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="nudipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">N. nudipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from those of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. bifurcata" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="bifurcata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">N. bifurcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. brunnea" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="brunnea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">N. brunnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively in the following regards:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Male.</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">n</emphasis>
= 22.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Length</emphasis>
1.5-2.3 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Colouration</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Adult lateral habitus micrographs of the Niphta nudipennis group A N. bifurcata sp. nov. (♂) B N. brunnea sp. nov. (♂) C N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♀), abdomen dissected D N. daniellae sp. nov. (♂) E N. eurydactyla sp. nov. (♂) F N. bispinosa sp. nov. (♂), abdomen dissected G N. nudipennis (♂) H N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♂), inset with arrow indicating antealar ridge. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600678" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">9G</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Adult dorsal habitus micrographs of the Niphta nudipennis group A N. bifurcata sp. nov. (♂) B N. brunnea sp. nov. (♂) C N. courtneyi sp. nov. (♀), abdomen dissected D N. daniellae sp. nov. (♂) E N. eurydactyla sp. nov. (♂) F N. bispinosa sp. nov. (♂), abdomen dissected G N. nudipennis (♂) Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600679" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">10G</figureCitation>
). Postpronotal lobe and lateral margins of prescutum orangey-brown; scutum shiny with three distinct brown stripes, pleura orangey-brown (sometimes scutal stripes concolourous with pleura); postscutum orangey-brown, two lateral brown spots above scutoscutellar suture; scutellum shiny, yellowish brown; mediotergite shiny, anterior half yellowish brown, posterior half brown; katepisternum variable in colour, may be mostly brown with orange markings, or mostly yellowish brown with brown lateral markings above mid coxa; remaining pteropleuron mainly orangey-brown to yellowish brown with dispersed brown to light brown markings; base of halter pale yellow, turning brown, knob yellowish orange; terminalia light brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Head</emphasis>
. Flagellomere 1 subequal in length to 2 and 3 combined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Wing</emphasis>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Left wing of Niphta nudipennis with arrows indicating three depigmented gaps. Abbreviations: C, costa; CuA, anterior branch of cubital vein; M, medial veins; m-cu, medial-cubital crossvein; R, radial veins; r-m, radial-medial crossvein; Sc, subcosta. Scale bar: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600670" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">1</figureCitation>
). Wing length: 2.0-2.9 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Abdominal sternite 2 with a few setae restricted to laterad on posterior third; sternites 3-7 with setae restricted to posterior two-thirds; sternite 8 lacking setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Terminalia</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ventral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600674" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Lateral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600676" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7C</figureCitation>
). Epandrium quadrate in ventral view, posterior margin rounded, with narrow medial cleft; long, extended beyond gonostyli; without lobes or projections. Gonocoxites oblong, wider than long, large C-shaped scallop where gonostyli inserted; anterior margin rounded, somewhat expanded dorsally, not closely approximated, extended anteriorly toward sternite 8; anterior margin with stout spine-like projection; inner margin anterior to spine setose with short, fine setulae; margin around gonostylus setose. Gonostylus quadrate basally; with pointed, finger-like projection emerging from posterolateral corner, bent 45° at midpoint, bearing a few setae at base; inner anterior margin with small, rounded projection bearing a few fine setae; posterior margin with fringe of setae. Parameres medially fused, attached basally to gonocoxal plate; divided medially into dorsal parameral apodeme and ventral arm; ventral arm projected anteroventrally toward gonocoxal plate, strongly curved anteriorly, sickle-shaped, surface textured with tiny bumps, except for smooth apex; ventral arm extends posteroventrally presumably to aid in copulation (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ventral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600674" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">5D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Lateral views of male Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. daniellae sp. nov. B N. eurydactyla sp. nov. C N. nudipennis with parameres retracted D N. nudipennis with parameres extended. Arrows indicate range of motion of parameres. Abbreviations: aed gd, aedeagal guide; cerc, cercus; epand, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gcx pl, gonocoxal plate; gst, gonostylus; pm, paramere. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600676" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">7D</figureCitation>
); when retracted, rests ventrally between lateral margin of gonocoxal plate and gonostylus; when extended, gonostyli move inward, finger-like projections crossing and forming an 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘X’">'X'</normalizedToken>
allowing parameres to extend ventrally. Gonocoxal plate broad, well sclerotised; anterior margin rounded, basal margin cleft; pair of dorsal arms connected to parameres; with median expansion projected ventrally between gonostyli, weakly sclerotised. Cercus ovoid, slightly visible in lateral view; projected anteroventrally; situated within epandrial indentation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Female.</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">n</emphasis>
= 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
Similar to male except as follows: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Tergite 9 noticeably more sclerotised than preceding tergites; sternite 8 well sclerotised, with distinct blunt projection at base of hypogynial valve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Terminalia</emphasis>
(Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Ventral views of female Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. bifurcata sp. nov. B N. courtneyi sp. nov. C N. bispinosa sp. nov. D N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; gen fk, genital fork; hyp pr, hypogynial protuberance; hyp vlv, hypogynial valve; hypct, hypoproct; lat arm crcl, lateral arm circle; lat arm cmplx, lateral arm complex; spthc p, spermathecal pump. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600680" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">11D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Lateral views of female Niphta nudipennis group terminalia A N. bifurcata sp. nov. B N. courtneyi sp. nov. C N. bispinosa sp. nov. D N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: cerc, cercus; gen fk, genital fork; hyp pr, hypogynial protuberance; hyp vlv, hypogynial valve; hypct, hypoproct; lat arm crcl, lateral arm circle; lat arm cmplx, lateral arm complex; S, sternite; spthc p, spermathecal pump; T, tergite. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600681" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">12D</figureCitation>
). Hypogynial valve not projected beyond tergite 9; posterior margin deeply cleft in ventral view, forming two subquadrate lobes; lobes densely setose, with both stout, thickened setae and thinner, long setae with slight apical bend; elongate hypogynial protuberance between valves. Tergite 9 subquadrate in lateral view, 2 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as wide as tergite 8, lacking lateral projections. Hypoproct lightly sclerotised, narrow. Cercus quadrate, projected posteroventrally; bearing numerous setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Pupa.</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">n</emphasis>
= 4 (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Dorsal views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: resp org, respiratory organ. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600683" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">14B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Lateral views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: ad strct, adhesive structure; c tbr, caudal tubercle; resp org, respiratory organ. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600684" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">15B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Ventral views of Niphta pupae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: ad strct, adhesive structure; spr, spiracle. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600685" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">16B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Length</emphasis>
3.0-3.1 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Colouration</emphasis>
. Light brown; with black spot above eyes in developing adult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Thorax</emphasis>
. 1.25 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
wider than abdomen at widest point. Foreleg sheath projected straight, slightly shorter than wing sheaths; anterior half of midleg visible anterior to wing sheath, then hidden behind foreleg, apices visible, slightly longer than foreleg; hindleg concealed beneath wing sheath, only apex visible between apex of foreleg and wing sheath, longer than foreleg, extended slightly beyond wing sheath but not reaching hind margin of sternite 2. Wing sheaths not reaching posterior margin of abdominal sternite 2. Respiratory organ slightly longer than maxillary sheath, broadest subapically. Tubercle situated posterodorsally to respiratory organ, rounded, projected slightly posterolaterally; apex well separated from respiratory organ. Thorax devoid of setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Sternite 8 with small, indistinct lateral projection, directed slightly anterolaterally. Tergites 1-8 quadrate, devoid of setae, with pair of dorsolateral ridges (indistinct on tergites 1-6). Caudal sternite subquadrate, lacking medial lobes; posterior margin with medial longitudinal groove; without distinct caudal hooks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Larva.</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">n</emphasis>
= 27 (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Dorsal views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: A, abdominal segment; Hc, head capsule; Mst, mesothorax; Mtt, metathorax; Pt, prothorax; pro spr, prothoracic spiracle; prtb, protuberance; post spr pl, posterior spiracular plate. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600686" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">17B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Lateral views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: anl prl, anal proleg; pro prl, prothoracic proleg. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600687" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">18B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Ventral views of Niphta larvae A N. brunnea sp. nov. B N. nudipennis C N. acus sp. nov. Abbreviations: A ad strct, abdominal adhesive structure; T ad strct, thoracic adhesive structure. Scale bars: 1.0 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600688" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">19B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Length of final instar</emphasis>
4.7-5.4 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Colouration</emphasis>
. Head capsule pale brown (sometimes dark brown). Body creamy brown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Head capsule</emphasis>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 21" captionStartId="F21" captionText="Figure 21. Niphta nudipennis group larval head capsules with setae and sensory pits numbered A anterior, N. brunnea sp. nov. B lateral, N. brunnea sp. nov. C anterior, N. nudipennis D lateral, N. nudipennis. Abbreviations: sp, sensory pit. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure21" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600690" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">21C, D</figureCitation>
). Five pairs of tubercles outside of ecdysial lines (not including antennal and ocular tubercle), all smaller than ocular tubercle; 2 tubercles between ecdysial lines, upper tubercle larger than lower.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Thorax</emphasis>
. Spiracular protuberance bearing one pair of dorsal setae anterior to spiracle and single lateral seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Segments 1-7 with lateral adhesive structure inflatted bearing four setae, two midlateral, two basalateral. Terminal segment with pair of protuberances bearing pair of setae; four lateral setae, two long, two short and fine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-12-10" collectorName="Region X, Moulton, Pivar" country="Chile" elevation="32" latitude="-42.305637" location="Cascada Tocoihue" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-73.43581" municipality="Chiloe" specimenCount="6" specimenCount-female="4" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Los Lagos">
<collectingCountry name="Chile">Chile</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectorName>Region X</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion country="Chile" name="Los Lagos">Los Lagos</collectingRegion>
): 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiloé">
<collectingMunicipality>Chiloe</collectingMunicipality>
</normalizedToken>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0:AD874DBBF44E465EF3D3E07F3AEC7239" country="Chile" latitude="-42.305637" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-73.43581" municipality="Chiloe" name="Cascada Tocoihue" stateProvince="Los Lagos">Cascada Tocoihue</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="2016-12-10">10.xii.2016</collectingDate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="20.3" value="-42.305637">42°18'20.3&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="08.9" value="-73.43581">73°26'08.9&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="m" value="32.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" unit="m" value="32.0">32 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, smaller falls, J.K. 
<collectorName>Moulton</collectorName>
&amp; R.J. 
<collectorName>Pivar</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount type="female">4♀</specimenCount>
*)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1985-01-12" collectorName="Ensenada, Downes" country="Chile" location="Banos de Petrohue" specimenCount="15" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="13">
<collectorName>Ensenada</collectorName>
, nr. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0:8F527A112D01E1408002E1E44F3CEF7F" country="Chile" name="Banos de Petrohue">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Baños">Banos</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petrohué">Petrohue</normalizedToken>
</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1985-01-12">12.i.1985</collectingDate>
, J.A. 
<collectorName>Downes</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount type="male">13♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
, CNC)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-12-12" collectorName="Chiloe, Ancud, R. &amp; E. Shannon, J. K. Moulton, R. J. Pivar" country="Isla" elevation="129" latitude="-41.33097" location="Rte." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.41111" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-male="3">
<collectingCountry name="Iceland">Isla</collectingCountry>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chiloé">
<collectorName>Chiloe</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
, 
<collectorName>Ancud</collectorName>
, 12.1926, 
<collectorName>R. &amp; E. Shannon</collectorName>
, USNMENT01115824 (
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
, USNM) [Note: There is an additional USNM specimen identified as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. nudipennis" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="nudipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">N. nudipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this same collection event; however, abdomen is missing and species identification cannot be confirmed (USNMENT01115825)]; 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0:7F96F9D111E97E993D928026C53ACB3E" country="Isla" latitude="-41.33097" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.41111" name="Rte.">Rte.</location>
V-69, 
<collectingDate value="2016-12-12">12.xii.2016</collectingDate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="51.5" value="-41.33097">41°19'51.5&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="40.0" value="-72.41111">72°24'40.0&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" unit="m" value="129.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" unit="m" value="129.0">129 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, roadside seep, 
<collectorName>J.K. Moulton</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>R.J. Pivar</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount type="male">2♂</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-12-12" collectorName="J. K. Moulton, R. J. Pivar" country="Isla" elevation="39" latitude="-41.530224" location="Rte." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.292" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-male="5">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0:D72FD8515A49E7E639BC6AFD4E8A1B8F" country="Isla" latitude="-41.530224" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.292" name="Rte.">Rte.</location>
V-69, 
<collectingDate value="2016-12-12">12.xii.2016</collectingDate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="48.8" value="-41.530224">41°31'48.8&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="31.2" value="-72.292">72°17'31.2&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" unit="m" value="39.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" unit="m" value="39.0">39 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, trickling creek, 
<collectorName>J.K. Moulton</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>R.J. Pivar</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2016-12-13" collectorName="J. K. Moulton, R. J. Pivar" country="Isla" county="Region" elevation="145" latitude="-40.33297" location="Rte." longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.28189" municipality="Los Rios" specimenCount="32" specimenCount-larva="27" specimenCount-male="1" specimenCount-pupa="4">
same data as previous except, larvae/pupae on foliage in splash zone (
<specimenCount type="larva">27 larvae</specimenCount>
*, 
<specimenCount type="pupa">4 pupae</specimenCount>
, 3 pupal exuviae); 
<collectingCounty>Region</collectingCounty>
XIV (
<collectingMunicipality>
Los 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
</collectingMunicipality>
): 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A1B7EFD258385CEBB4420F467047ADE0:E748D80AE4D005E75833511F64BB12C9" country="Isla" county="Region" latitude="-40.33297" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.28189" municipality="Los Rios" name="Rte.">Rte.</location>
T-85, 
<collectingDate value="2016-12-13">13.xii.2016</collectingDate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="40" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="58.7" value="-40.33297">40°19'58.7&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="54.8" value="-72.28189">72°16'54.8&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" unit="m" value="145.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" unit="m" value="145.0">145 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, foliage around waterfalls, 
<collectorName>J.K. Moulton</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>R.J. Pivar</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount type="male">1♂</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
Known from both the Chilean Coastal Range and the Andes of southern Chile (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Known distribution of Chilean Niphta A N. halteralis group B N. nudipennis group." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600693" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">24B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="49" type="bionomics">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Bionomics.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Insecta" family="Thaumaleidae" genus="Niphta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Niphta nudipennis" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudipennis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">Niphta nudipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a low-elevation species inhabiting the Valdivian temperate rainforest. Adults were collected mainly from foliage around splash zones (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Habitat and immatures of members of the Niphta nudipennis group A type locality of N. brunnea sp. nov. and N. daniellae sp. nov., box indicating where plant stem in images B, C was taken from (38 ° 14 ' 20.6 &quot; S 71 ° 53 ' 46.6 &quot; W) B larvae of N. brunnea sp. nov. on plant stem from splash zone C close up of N. brunnea sp. nov. larva, adhesive structure visibly in contact with substrate D habitat of N. nudipennis, box indicating foliage in splash zone where immatures were found E pupa of N. nudipennis affixed to leaf with final instar larval exuviae visible." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600695" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">26D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 27" captionStartId="F27" captionText="Figure 27. Examples of thaumaleid habitats in Chile A waterfalls where Niphta downesi sp. nov., N. eurydactyla sp. nov. and N. nudipennis were collected by sweeping adjacent foliage (40 ° 19 ' 58.7 &quot; S 72 ° 16 ' 54.8 &quot; W) B collection site of N. bispinosa sp. nov. (34 ° 59 ' 48.8 &quot; S 70 ° 48 ' 37.0 &quot; W) (after Pivar et al. 2020) C type locality of N. acus sp. nov., specimens were mainly collected from plants on left (37 ° 46 ' 30.8 &quot; S 71 ° 42 ' 03.9 &quot; W) D rock face seep, type locality of N. bispinosa sp. nov. (34 ° 59 ' 46.7 &quot; S 70 ° 49 ' 19.2 &quot; W) E Chiloe, N. nudipennis was collected at a small waterfall next to the larger Cascada Tocoihue, Pivar is shown for scale (42 ° 18 ' 20.3 &quot; S 73 ° 26 ' 08.9 &quot; W); F, Puente El Salto, N. halteralis was collected above the falls, Pivar is shown above the falls for scale (41 ° 31 ' 29.2 &quot; S 72 ° 17 ' 14.6 &quot; W)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure27" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600696" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">27A, F</figureCitation>
). The larvae possess the ventral adhesive structures found in the 
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. halteralis" pageId="0" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="halteralis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">N. halteralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group; however, they were only collected from overhanging vegetation in the splash zone. Vegetation included both living and dead plant tissue, on textures spanning smooth leaf surfaces, to more textured fern fronds and herbaceous stems (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Habitat and immatures of members of the Niphta nudipennis group A type locality of N. brunnea sp. nov. and N. daniellae sp. nov., box indicating where plant stem in images B, C was taken from (38 ° 14 ' 20.6 &quot; S 71 ° 53 ' 46.6 &quot; W) B larvae of N. brunnea sp. nov. on plant stem from splash zone C close up of N. brunnea sp. nov. larva, adhesive structure visibly in contact with substrate D habitat of N. nudipennis, box indicating foliage in splash zone where immatures were found E pupa of N. nudipennis affixed to leaf with final instar larval exuviae visible." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1063.71180.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/600695" pageId="0" pageNumber="49">26E</figureCitation>
). Pupae were collected from the same habitats and also possess adhesive structures. The amount of water splashing on the vegetation appeared to be just enough to keep it damp enough to keep the immatures alive.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>