308 lines
40 KiB
XML
308 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B08FE5AE23C5D5B5AF998ADB0BF4774C">Phylogenetic relationships of Actinacantha Simon, Gasteracantha Sundevall, Macracantha Hasselt and Thelacantha Simon spiny orbweavers (Araneae: Araneidae) in Peninsular Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C20A5A4D5FBD8651B6A274AB1CC5ABDF">Tan, Ji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CACEB610C0A7D4A974A58D0DB79F3343">Chan, Zi Yang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E7BC6320985006C7F73821065269A075">Ong, Ching Ang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3843D814448F4A9C29F5EC2B3052F00C">Yong, Hoi Sen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="69596065F3D160B9D717B62EA4F8DD20">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="561D049105DB99C6F1233041958381BD">2019</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104E35218A99E7FD2429FA75" box="[907,1357,1408,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218A99E7FD2429FA75" blockId="14.[907,1357,1408,1465]" box="[907,1357,1408,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<heading id="4933F376104E35218A99E7FD2429FA75" bold="true" box="[907,1357,1408,1433]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218A99E7FD2429FA75" ID-CoL="3FC68" authority="Keyserling, 1864" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityYear="1864" box="[907,1357,1408,1433]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A99E7FD2429FA75" bold="true" box="[907,1357,1408,1433]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A99E7FD25E1FA74" bold="true" box="[907,1157,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Gasteracantha mengei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218D9CE7FD2429FA75" author="Keyserling E" box="[1166,1357,1408,1432]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="119 - 154" refId="ref11642" refString="Keyserling E (1864) Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 1863: 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling, 1864</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104E35218AF1E7DC2590FA54" box="[995,1268,1441,1465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218AF1E7DC2590FA54" blockId="14.[907,1357,1408,1465]" box="[995,1268,1441,1465]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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(
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<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218AF9E7DC2525FA54" box="[1003,1089,1441,1465]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,1294,1316]" captionTargetBox="[114,1451,190,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-420@6.[113,1451,189,1278]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General habitus. A, Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841), sub-female; B, Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835), female; C, G. diardi yellow morph, female; D, G. diardi white morph, sub-female; E, G. kuhli, female; F, Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837, female; G, Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793), female; H, Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857), female; I, G. mengei Keyserling, 1864, female. Photos by Tan Ji." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343182/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Figs. 1I</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218D5DE7DC253FFA54" box="[1103,1115,1441,1465]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,1605,1627]" captionTargetBox="[114,1452,191,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-208@12.[84,1516,172,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343206/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">9</figureCitation>
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A−F, 10A, B)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104E35218A3FE7A22598F9C3" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218A3FE7A2246FF9FC" blockId="14.[813,1369,1503,1583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104E35218A3FE7A2246FF9FC" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104E35218A3FE7A22584FA18" author="Keyserling E" box="[813,1248,1503,1525]" page="67" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" year="1864">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218A3FE7A22584FA18" ID-CoL="3FC68" authority="Keyserling, 1864: 67" authorityName="Keyserling" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1864" box="[813,1248,1503,1525]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A3FE7A2256CFA18" box="[813,1032,1503,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Gasteracantha mengei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218D02E7A22584FA18" author="Keyserling E" box="[1040,1248,1503,1525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="119 - 154" refId="ref11642" refString="Keyserling E (1864) Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 1863: 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling, 1864: 67</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 1, fig. 5
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||
<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104E35218A3FE781246FF9FC" author="Hasselt AWM van" box="[813,1291,1532,1554]" page="13" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" year="1882">
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<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218A3FE781246FF9FC" authority="van Hasselt, 1882: 13" authorityName="van Hasselt" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1882" box="[813,1291,1532,1554]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayensis">
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<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A3FE781254AF9FC" box="[813,1070,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Gasteracantha malayensis</emphasis>
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van
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<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218D72E781246FF9FC" author="Hasselt AWM van" box="[1120,1291,1532,1554]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref11461" refString="Hasselt AWM van (1882) Araneae. In: Veth PJ (ed.) Midden Sumatra IV. 3 de Aflev. Naturlijke Historie. Leiden, 11 A. Pp. 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1882">Hasselt, 1882: 13</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218A3FE4642598F9C3" blockId="14.[813,1369,1503,1583]" box="[813,1276,1561,1583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="32D46334104E35218A3FE4642598F9C3" box="[813,1276,1561,1583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<treatmentCitation id="9365620B104E35218A3FE46425D5F9C3" author="Dahl F" box="[813,1201,1561,1583]" page="270" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" year="1914">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218A3FE46425D5F9C3" ID-CoL="3FC68" authority="Dahl, 1914: 270" authorityName="Dahl" authorityPageNumber="270" authorityYear="1914" box="[813,1201,1561,1583]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
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||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A3FE464256CF9C3" box="[813,1032,1561,1582]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Gasteracantha mengei</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218D02E46425D5F9C3" author="Dahl F" box="[1040,1201,1561,1583]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="235 - 301" refId="ref10831" refString="Dahl F (1914) Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 7: 235 - 301." type="journal article" year="1914">Dahl, 1914: 270</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, fig. 10
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104E35218A3FE42A22A0F8C2" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218A3FE42A22E0F942" blockId="14.[811,1451,1623,1711]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A3FE42A2563F982" bold="true" box="[813,1031,1623,1647]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="A2AC4E47104E35218D19E42A22E0F942" collectorName="Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection" country="Malaysia" determinerName="Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection" location="Malaysia" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="CD7FFAB8104E35218D19E42A2509F982" box="[1035,1133,1623,1647]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
– female, Malacca, Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104E35218A39E40A22F5F962" box="[811,913,1655,1679]" name="Malaysia" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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, “
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||
<determinerName id="E7A7A8DE104E35218ABBE40A245CF962" box="[937,1336,1655,1680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<collectorName id="BF3121CC104E35218ABBE40A245CF962" box="[937,1336,1655,1680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection</collectorName>
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</determinerName>
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”, no date, BMNH.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="127B441A104E35218A3FE4AA22A0F8C2" blockId="14.[813,1452,1751,1839]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
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<materialsCitation id="A2AC4E47104E35218A3FE4AA22A4F8C2" collectionCode="GMEN" collectorName="Tan J & Chan ZY" location="Kedah" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" specimenCode="GMEN1" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Kedah">
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||
Others:
|
||
<specimenCount id="04C28F93104E35218A9AE4AA228EF902" box="[904,1002,1751,1775]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
(damaged abdomen) (reg. UIR270615-
|
||
<specimenCode id="4262EC61104E35218A3FE48A22E9F8E2" box="[813,909,1783,1807]" collectionCode="GMEN" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">GMEN1</specimenCode>
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), Sungai Sedim,
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||
<collectingRegion id="D0008AF8104E35218D56E48A25E8F8E2" box="[1092,1164,1783,1807]" country="Malaysia" name="Kedah" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Kedah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104E35218DDDE485246EF8E2" box="[1231,1290,1784,1807]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Tan J</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="BF3121CC104E35218C53E48A24C3F8E2" box="[1345,1447,1783,1807]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Chan ZY</collectorName>
|
||
, 27 June.2015
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104E35208A3FE52A2029FE98" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="127B441A104E35208A3FE52A2341FF18" blockId="14.[813,1453,1879,2095]" lastBlockId="15.[136,775,189,245]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218A3FE52A22CAF882" bold="true" box="[813,942,1879,1903]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Female individuals of
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||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218DC6E52A2435F882" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1914" box="[1236,1361,1879,1903]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218DC6E52A2435F882" box="[1236,1361,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
can be differentiated from female
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||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218D7BE50A25B0F862" authorityName="Kolosvary, 1931:" authorityYear="1057" box="[1129,1236,1911,1935]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218D7BE50A25B0F862" box="[1129,1236,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">G. diardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104E35218C00E50A2218F842" authority="Thorell" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1887" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diadesmia">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104E35218C00E50A24CFF862" box="[1298,1451,1911,1935]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">G. diadesmia</emphasis>
|
||
Thorell
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218AA8E5EA2299F842" box="[954,1021,1943,1967]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[115,150,1281,1303]" captionTargetBox="[115,1451,190,1271]" captionTargetId="figure-402@8.[99,1463,177,1275]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 4. Bayesian tree based on the CO1 dataset of Actinacantha, Gasteracantha, Macracantha and Thelacantha. Numeric values at nodes arranged in an order of Ultrafast ML bootstrap support/MP bootstrap support/Bayesian posterior probability." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343190/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, p.
|
||
<quantity id="D53CE9FF104E35218D0CE5EA253DF842" box="[1054,1113,1943,1967]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.382" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="33.0">33 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218D70E5E52471F842" author="Roy TK & Saha S & Raychaudhuri D" box="[1122,1301,1943,1968]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref12412" refString="Roy TK, Saha S & Raychaudhuri D (2017) On the araneid fauna (Araneae: Araneidae) of the tea estates of Dooars, West Bengal, India. World Scientific News, 67 (1): 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="2017">Roy et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="D53CE9FF104E35218C91E5EA2226F822" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5620999999999998" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" unit="in" value="615.0">615 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104E35218A59E5CA229DF822" author="Sen S & Dhali DC & Saha S & Raychaudhuri D" box="[843,1017,1975,1999]" pageId="14" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 339" refId="ref12496" refString="Sen S, Dhali DC, Saha S & Raychaudhuri D (2015) Spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) of Reserve Forests of Dooars: Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary and Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary. World Scientific News, 20: 1 - 339." type="journal article" year="2015">Sen et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by the somewhat parallel arrangement of its anterior and median spines in dorsal view as well as the inconspicuous posterior spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218DABE58A246BF7E2" box="[1209,1295,2039,2063]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[113,148,1294,1316]" captionTargetBox="[114,1451,190,1277]" captionTargetId="figure-420@6.[113,1451,189,1278]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General habitus. A, Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841), sub-female; B, Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835), female; C, G. diardi yellow morph, female; D, G. diardi white morph, sub-female; E, G. kuhli, female; F, Gasteracantha hasselti C. L. Koch, 1837, female; G, Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793), female; H, Thelacantha brevispina (Doleschall, 1857), female; I, G. mengei Keyserling, 1864, female. Photos by Tan Ji." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343182/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">Figs. 1I</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218C0DE58A2426F7E2" box="[1311,1346,2039,2063]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,1605,1627]" captionTargetBox="[114,1452,191,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-208@12.[84,1516,172,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343206/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">9A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104E35218C42E58A24E6F7E2" box="[1360,1410,2039,2063]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,506,528]" captionTargetBox="[117,1505,156,557]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[117,1505,156,510]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Holotype sample of Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. A, Dorsal view of abdomen; B, Posteroventral view of epigyne. Scale not available. (Photo reproduced with permission from Joseph Koh)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343210/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="46">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In terms of epigynal structure, the protruding Y-shaped structure of the epigyne in posterior view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F352088EFE2C02330FF38" box="[509,596,189,213]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,1605,1627]" captionTargetBox="[114,1452,191,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-208@12.[84,1516,172,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343206/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
|
||
) can be used to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208814E2A32011FF18" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1914" box="[262,373,222,245]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208814E2A32011FF18" box="[262,373,222,245]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F352088AFE2A3237AFF18" authorityName="Kolosvary, 1931:" authorityYear="1057" box="[445,542,221,245]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F352088AFE2A3237AFF18" box="[445,542,221,245]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. diardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE3602029FE98" blockId="15.[136,775,285,373]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE360205BFED8" bold="true" box="[136,319,285,309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
One female individual was collected from a large web (~
|
||
<quantity id="D53CE9FF104F35208827E3402006FEB8" box="[309,354,317,341]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
) built across two trees near a river in a disturbed forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F3520899AE3E02398FE58" box="[136,764,413,437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE3E02398FE58" blockId="15.[136,764,413,437]" box="[136,764,413,437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE3E0207EFE58" bold="true" box="[136,282,413,437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208831E3E020E1FE58" box="[291,389,413,437]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208883E3E02091FE58" box="[401,501,413,437]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208B10E3E0230AFE58" box="[514,622,413,437]" name="Singapore" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Borneo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5ADE1791104F3520899AE3A02263F9B8" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="127B441A104F3520899AE3A02263F9B8" blockId="15.[135,778,477,1621]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE3A0219DFE18" bold="true" box="[136,249,477,501]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208811E3A32013FE18" authorityName="Dahl" authorityYear="1914" box="[259,375,478,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208811E3A32013FE18" box="[259,375,478,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208B6CE3A32382FE18" authorityName="Kolosvary, 1931:" authorityYear="1057" box="[638,742,477,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208B6CE3A32382FE18" box="[638,742,477,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. diardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the females are similar in terms of size, appearance and geographical distribution. Despite the failure to obtain any DNA data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208838E043209EFDB8" authority="GMEN" authorityName="GMEN" box="[298,506,573,597]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208838E04320FFFDB8" box="[298,411,574,597]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
GMEN
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1, a cross-check with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CD7FFAB8104F3520899AE0202181FD98" box="[136,229,605,629]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F35208871E02020D6FD98" box="[355,434,605,629]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,506,528]" captionTargetBox="[117,1505,156,557]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[117,1505,156,510]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Holotype sample of Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. A, Dorsal view of abdomen; B, Posteroventral view of epigyne. Scale not available. (Photo reproduced with permission from Joseph Koh)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343210/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) clearly showed that these two species are different. It is worth noting that the four tiny posterior sigilla (arrow in
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F35208889E0E02082FD58" box="[411,486,669,693]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,506,528]" captionTargetBox="[117,1505,156,557]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[117,1505,156,510]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Holotype sample of Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. A, Dorsal view of abdomen; B, Posteroventral view of epigyne. Scale not available. (Photo reproduced with permission from Joseph Koh)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343210/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) observed in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208B88E0E32263FD58" box="[666,775,670,693]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208B88E0E32263FD58" box="[666,775,670,693]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="CD7FFAB8104F3520899AE0C02181FD38" box="[136,229,701,725]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(then ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520883DE0C320F3FD38" box="[303,407,702,725]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengii">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520883DE0C320F3FD38" box="[303,407,702,725]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, labelled ‘Det. N. Scharff Ex. Dry Collection’ from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F3520885BE0A020C3FD18" box="[329,423,733,757]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Malacca</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208B22E0A023F0FD18" box="[560,660,733,757]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) were not illustrated or described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F3520888EE0802306FCF8" author="Keyserling E" box="[412,610,765,789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="119 - 154" refId="ref11642" refString="Keyserling E (1864) Beschreibungen neuer und wenig bekannter Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund. Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Isis in Dresden, 1863: 63 - 98, 119 - 154." type="journal article" year="1864">Keyserling (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This may have led to the incorrect synonymy of two morphologically similar species, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208826E14320C4FCB8" box="[308,416,830,853]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208826E14320C4FCB8" box="[308,416,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F352088C3E1432263FCB8" authority="(Simon, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[465,775,829,853]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F352088C3E143230CFCB8" box="[465,616,829,853]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208B67E1402264FCB8" author="Simon E" box="[629,768,829,853]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref12544" refString="Simon E (1864) Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp." type="book" year="1864">Simon, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the subsequent authors, i.e.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352088C7E1202333FC98" author="Dahl F" box="[469,599,861,885]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="235 - 301" refId="ref10831" refString="Dahl F (1914) Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 7: 235 - 301." type="journal article" year="1914">Dahl (1914)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208BAAE12021ABFC78" author="Hasselt AWM van" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 56" refId="ref11461" refString="Hasselt AWM van (1882) Araneae. In: Veth PJ (ed.) Midden Sumatra IV. 3 de Aflev. Naturlijke Historie. Leiden, 11 A. Pp. 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1882">Hasselt (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
often relied on illustrations for identification. Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520899AE1E020E6FC58" box="[136,386,925,949]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520899AE1E0204DFC58" box="[136,297,925,949]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Gasteracantha</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were also coincidentally from the same type locality of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208879E1C020ADFC38" box="[363,457,957,981]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Malacca</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These two species are unique within the genus as they both lack conspicuous posterior abdominal spines. However, they can be distinguished based on the presence of the row of four posterior sigilla as well as the angle and position of the median and posterior spines. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208832E62020DDFB98" author="Simon E" box="[288,441,1117,1141]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref12544" refString="Simon E (1864) Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp." type="book" year="1864">Simon (1864)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the two pairs of spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208BFFE623219BFB78" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208BFFE623219BFB78" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ‘straight and parallel’ (p. 285 and Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="D53CE9FF104F35208BCDE60021F9FB58" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3019999999999996" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" unit="in" value="130.0">130 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352089B6E6E02056FB58" author="Simon E" box="[164,306,1181,1205]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref12544" refString="Simon E (1864) Histoire naturelle des araignees (araneides). Paris, 540 pp." type="book" year="1864">Simon, 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), unlike the abdominal spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208B8AE6E32263FB58" box="[664,775,1182,1205]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208B8AE6E32263FB58" box="[664,775,1182,1205]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are slightly angled towards the posterior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F35208BB2E6C02267FB38" box="[672,771,1213,1237]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[113,148,1605,1627]" captionTargetBox="[114,1452,191,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-208@12.[84,1516,172,1617]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 9. Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864. A, Dorsal habitus; B−E, Epigynal structure. A, Ventral view; B, Posterior view; C, Lateral view; D, Dorsal view; E, Anterior view. Scale A = 5 mm; B−E = 100 µm. S = Spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343206" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343206/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Figs. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="8AFF589F104F3520899AE6A021DEFB18" box="[136,186,1245,1269]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[136,171,506,528]" captionTargetBox="[117,1505,156,557]" captionTargetId="figure-8@13.[117,1505,156,510]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 10. Holotype sample of Gasteracantha mengei Keyserling, 1864 deposited in the Natural History Museum, London. A, Dorsal view of abdomen; B, Posteroventral view of epigyne. Scale not available. (Photo reproduced with permission from Joseph Koh)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5343210" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5343210/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These morphological characters also distinguish the females of these two species from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208B5CE68320D7FAD8" authority="O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1879" authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208B5CE6832262FAF8" box="[590,774,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. quadrispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
O.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352089B5E76020D7FAD8" author="Pickard-Cambridge O" box="[167,435,1309,1333]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="279 - 293" refId="ref12250" refString="Pickard-Cambridge O (1879) On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 47 (2): 279 - 293." type="journal article" year="1879">Pickard-Cambridge, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F352088FDE760232BFAD8" box="[495,591,1309,1333]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208BA7E7602267FAD8" box="[693,771,1309,1333]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a species thought to be conspecific with the former two due to the lack of information on abdominal colors at that time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352089DAE7002087FA78" author="Pickard-Cambridge O" box="[200,483,1405,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="279 - 293" refId="ref12250" refString="Pickard-Cambridge O (1879) On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 47 (2): 279 - 293." type="journal article" year="1879">Pickard-Cambridge, 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352088E3E700230AFA78" author="Dahl F" box="[497,622,1405,1429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="235 - 301" refId="ref10831" refString="Dahl F (1914) Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 7: 235 - 301." type="journal article" year="1914">Dahl, 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F35208B69E70021A4FA58" author="Chrysanthus P" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref10731" refString="Chrysanthus P (1971) Further notes on the spiders of New Guinea I (Argyopidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 113: 1 - 52." type="journal article" year="1971">Chrysanthus, 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352089DDE7E0236FFA58" author="World Spider Catalog" box="[207,523,1437,1461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" refId="ref13178" refString="World Spider Catalog (2018) World Spider Catalog. Natural Museum Bern, version 18.5. http: // wsc. nmbe. ch. (Accessed 19 December 2017)." type="url" year="2018">World Spider Catalog, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Photographic records suggest that both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F3520885FE7C32083FA38" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1864" box="[333,487,1469,1493]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malayensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F3520885FE7C32083FA38" box="[333,487,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. malayensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D5C43F99104F35208B33E7C323F6FA38" box="[545,658,1470,1493]" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="20B09808104F35208B33E7C323F6FA38" box="[545,658,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">G. mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are extant in Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6AD3048A104F35208833E7A020E7FA18" box="[289,387,1501,1525]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="47">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and more sampling is required for validation, considering the possibility of ethanol preservation affecting not only the color but also the natural direction of the spines as pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="765539EB104F352088F2E4402267F9B8" author="Pickard-Cambridge O" box="[480,771,1597,1621]" pageId="15" pageNumber="47" pagination="279 - 293" refId="ref12250" refString="Pickard-Cambridge O (1879) On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 47 (2): 279 - 293." type="journal article" year="1879">Pickard-Cambridge (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |