147 lines
18 KiB
XML
147 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="AD7E88FAB82E8E4C62F06381F20435DB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.210378" ID-GBIF-Dataset="79309026-26b8-49e2-b833-39a654314ff8" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="210378" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460506560865" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hechinger, Ryan F." docDate="2012" docId="A872878DFFF0FFE1FF733D54FE42FEB0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03418p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3418" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Microphallus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="544BFFF5FFE0FFF0FFE43E10FFB4FFF0" masterDocTitle="Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698312768803" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="984EE22908B0851D4C1C4EE2D0C3CAF7">Faunal survey and identification key for the trematodes (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) infecting Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) as first intermediate host</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30408F98AA14614A4B5585030E33E398">Hechinger, Ryan F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="7A6FE7567B18A060818E97AEBB300D0F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="195D17F005738586E9E5AC4EAB601749">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6A3E45045AB272409530D718C89B54F3">3418</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A872878DFFF0FFE1FF733D54FE42FEB0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6166271" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119522658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6166271" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A872878DFFF0FFE1FF733D54FE42FEB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A872878DFFF0FFE1FF733D54FE42FEB0" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="68C16510FFF0FFE0FF733D54FD16FB8D" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF733D54FE67FCAD" blockId="16.[151,467,835,894]" box="[151,467,835,862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="7B2C81F7FFF0FFE0FF733D54FE67FCAD" bold="true" box="[151,467,835,862]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF733D54FE67FCAD" bold="true" box="[151,467,835,862]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="E7DB4D18FFF0FFE0FF733D54FE8EFCAE" ID-CoL="7PJD5" box="[151,314,836,862]" class="Trematoda" family="Microphallidae" genus="Microphallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF733D54FE8EFCAE" bold="true" box="[151,314,836,862]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microphallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. “livelyi”
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF733D76FED6FC8E" blockId="16.[151,467,835,894]" box="[151,354,870,894]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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(13. Mili;
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<figureCitation id="B8E02A1EFFF0FFE0FEED3D76FEEDFC8E" box="[265,345,870,894]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1191,1214]" captionTargetBox="[332,1255,375,1169]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[332,1255,375,1169]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 24. Microphallus sp. “ livelyi ”. Group of encysted metacercariae (scale bar = 100). Photo of samples collected by C. Lively in January 2012 from Lake Alexandrina, New Zealand." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210390/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF733DBEFD11FC36" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[151,677,942,967]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF733DBEFF5FFC37" bold="true" box="[151,235,942,967]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stages:</emphasis>
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embryonic and encysted metacercariae
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3DC3FDFFFC1B" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[201,587,979,1003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3DC3FEBEFC1B" bold="true" box="[201,266,979,1003]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Host:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="E7DB4D18FFF0FFE0FEF53DC4FDFFFC1B" box="[273,587,979,1003]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Potamopyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="antipodarum">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FEF53DC4FDFFFC1B" box="[273,587,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Potamopyrgus antipodarum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3DE6FAF0FBFE" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[201,1348,1014,1039]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3DE6FEE2FBFF" bold="true" box="[201,342,1014,1039]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Site in host:</emphasis>
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embryonic and encysted metacercariae in gonad, digestive gland, and basal visceral mass
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3A0DFBE3FBC5" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[201,1111,1050,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3A0DFE20FBC6" bold="true" box="[201,404,1053,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Voucher locality:</emphasis>
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Monowai Stream, South Island (-45.8067o lat, 167.5308o long)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3A52FE44FBA9" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[201,496,1089,1114]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3A52FEE0FBAA" bold="true" box="[201,340,1090,1114]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prevalence:</emphasis>
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7% (
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FE753A52FE2BFBA9" box="[401,415,1090,1113]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">n</emphasis>
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= 100)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3A75FD16FB8D" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" box="[201,674,1125,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3A75FE7DFB8E" bold="true" box="[201,457,1125,1150]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Specimens deposited:</emphasis>
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USNPC #: 105687
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68C16510FFF0FFE0FF2D3A99FA8FFAFD" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3A99FA8FFAFD" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3A99FEF1FB52" bold="true" box="[201,325,1161,1186]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Parthenitae not-present. Cercariae not present. Initial infection with hundreds of germ balls and embryonic metacercariae that appear to develop directly to encysted metacercariae that fill most of distal visceral mass (gonad and digestive gland region) and much of basal visceral mass. Developed encysted metacercaria spherical to ovoid, ~100–120 diameter, with developing vitelline follicles apparent as two dark brown blotches.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68C16510FFF0FFE0FF2D3B0AFE7EF9F9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3B0AFE7EF9F9" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3B0AFE8BFAC2" bold="true" box="[201,319,1306,1330]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks:</emphasis>
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This species corresponds to Winterbourn’s Metacercaria A. I never detected daughter sporocysts for these infections, including in very early-stage infections. As mentioned by other workers (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FB113B2DFF67FA89" author="Krist" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Krist, A. C. & Lively, C. M. (1998) Experimental exposure of juvenile snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) to infection by trematode larvae (Microphallus sp.): infectivity, fecundity compensation and growth. Oecologia, 116, 575 - 582." type="journal article" year="1998">Krist & Lively 1998</bibRefCitation>
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), developing infections progress from only having unencysted germinal balls and embryos, to having an increasing proportion of well-developed, fully-encysted metacercariae. All stages appear to develop freely in snail tissues or hemocoelomic spaces. Future histological work could confirm whether this species truly lacks daughter sporocysts. My colleagues and I are currently maintaining this species in the laboratory, and I am working to resolve its specific identity.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="68C16510FFF0FFE1FF2D3806FE42FEB0" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D3806FD38F969" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="E7DB4D18FFF0FFE0FF2D3806FEEBF9DE" ID-CoL="7PJD5" box="[201,351,1558,1582]" class="Trematoda" family="Microphallidae" genus="Microphallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FF2D3806FEEBF9DE" box="[201,351,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microphallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. “livelyi” possesses an evolutionarily modified lifecycle, using the first intermediate host as second intermediate host. Hence, it is a “trophically transmitted parasitic castrator,” sensu
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FB273829FF51F985" author="Lafferty" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Lafferty, K. D. & Kuris, A. M. (2002) Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 507 - 513." type="journal article" year="2002">Lafferty and Kuris (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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. Adults use birds, particularly ducks, as final hosts (
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FCC8384DFB96F985" author="Osnas" box="[812,1058,1629,1653]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Osnas, E. E. & Lively, C. M. (2011) Using definitive host faeces to infect experimental intermediate host populations: waterfowl hosts for New Zealand trematodes. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 38, 83 - 90." type="journal article" year="2011">Osnas & Lively 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). Domestic mice serve as suitable laboratory hosts (
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FEBD3891FDCBF969" author="Lively" box="[345,639,1665,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Lively, C. M. & McKenzie, J. C. (1991) Experimental infection of a freshwater snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, with a digenetic trematode, Microphallus sp. New Zealand Natural Sciences, 18, 59 - 62." type="journal article" year="1991">Lively & McKenzie 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE0FF2D38B5FBA7F8BD" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Other microphallids that have similar lifecycles wherein the first intermediate host individual also serves as second intermediate host. For such species, metacercaria embryos have variously been termed “blastocercariae” (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FF3338FDFEC3F8F5" author="Deblock" box="[215,375,1773,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Deblock, S. (1974) Contribution a l'etude des Microphallidae Travassos, 1920 (Trematoda). XXVIII - Microphallus abortivus n. sp. espece a cycle evolutif abrege originaire d'Oleron. Annales de Parasitologie, 49, 175 - 184." type="journal article" year="1974">Deblock 1974</bibRefCitation>
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) or “cryptocercariae” (
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF0FFE0FD9D38FDFBB7F8F5" author="Galaktionov" box="[633,1027,1773,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Galaktionov, K. V. & Dobrovolskij, A. A. (2003) The biology and evolution of trematodes: an essay on the biology, morphology, life cycles, transmission, and evolution of digenetic trematodes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; Boston, 592 pp." type="book" year="2003">Galaktionov & Dobrovolskij 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). However, those embryos appear to always form within sporocysts. If
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<taxonomicName id="E7DB4D18FFF0FFE0FDF03901FD1EF8D9" ID-CoL="7PJD5" box="[532,682,1809,1833]" class="Trematoda" family="Microphallidae" genus="Microphallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FDF03901FD1EF8D9" box="[532,682,1809,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microphallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. “livelyi” (or its ancestor) has indeed lost daughter sporocysts, it represents a variation on the theme characterizing these abbreviated live cycles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2064369BFFF0FFE1FF2D3949FE42FEB0" blockId="16.[151,1436,942,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Explaining my working name, this is the “
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<taxonomicName id="E7DB4D18FFF0FFE0FD2C3949FCEAF881" ID-CoL="7PJD5" box="[712,862,1881,1905]" class="Trematoda" family="Microphallidae" genus="Microphallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF0FFE0FD2C3949FCEAF881" box="[712,862,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Microphallus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp.” extensively worked on by Curt Lively and colleagues (e.g., Mark Dybdahl, Jukka Jokela, Ed Levri, Kayla King). This research, using this trematode-snail host interaction, includes classic empirical evidence for parasitism underlying the evolutionary maintenance of sexual reproduction, local adaptation of parasite host specificity, and coevolutionary cycling of hosts and parasites (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FF3E3E87FE41FF5F" author="Dybdahl" box="[218,501,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Dybdahl, M. F. & Lively, C. M. (1998) Host-parasite coevolution: evidence for rare advantage and time-lagged selection in a natural population. Evolution, 52, 1057 - 1066." type="journal article" year="1998">Dybdahl & Lively 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FDE13E87FCB2FF5F" author="Jokela" box="[517,774,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Jokela, J. & Lively, C. M. (1995) Parasites, sex, and early reproduction in a mixed population of freshwater snails. Evolution, 49, 1268 - 1271." type="journal article" year="1995">Jokela & Lively 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FCF23E87FC11FF5F" author="Lively" box="[790,933,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Lively, C. M. (1987) Evidence from a New Zealand snail for the maintenance of sex by parasitism. Nature, 328, 519 - 521." type="journal article" year="1987">Lively 1987</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FC503E87FBF0FF5F" author="Lively" box="[948,1092,151,175]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Lively, C. M. (1989) Adaptation by a parasitic trematode to local populations of its snail host. Evolution, 43, 1663 - 1671." type="journal article" year="1989">Lively 1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Additionally, this trematode appears to adaptively modify the behavior of infected snails to increase trophic transmission to final host birds (e.g., see
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<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FEEC3ECFFE3DFF07" author="Levri" box="[264,393,223,247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Levri, E. P. (1999) Parasite-induced change in host behavior of a freshwater snail: parasitic manipulation or byproduct of infection? Behavioral Ecology, 10, 234 - 241." type="journal article" year="1999">Levri 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FE7C3ECFFD3AFF07" author="Levri" box="[408,654,223,247]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Levri, E. P. & Lively, C. M. (1996) The effects of size, reproductive condition, and parasitism on foraging behaviour in a freshwater snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Animal Behaviour, 51, 891 - 901." type="journal article" year="1996">Levri & Lively 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Infection also decreases growth in juvenile snails (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FB0B3ECFFF64FEEC" author="Krist" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Krist, A. C. & Lively, C. M. (1998) Experimental exposure of juvenile snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) to infection by trematode larvae (Microphallus sp.): infectivity, fecundity compensation and growth. Oecologia, 116, 575 - 582." type="journal article" year="1998">Krist & Lively 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and is also related to shell shape and defense morphology (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="444A4B6AFFF1FFE1FC8B3F14FB9BFEEC" author="Levri" box="[879,1071,260,284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Levri, E. P., Dillard, J. & Martin, T. (2005) Trematode infection correlates with shell shape and defence morphology in a freshwater snail. Parasitology, 130, 699 - 708." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Levri
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<emphasis id="12AFEA89FFF1FFE1FC503F15FC50FEEC" box="[948,996,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al</emphasis>
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. 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Please consult the literature for additional work on this system.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |