328 lines
39 KiB
XML
328 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f37895dc-7316-48e6-ac3e-901aa5f79eeb" ID-PMC="PMC4982377" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-608-1" ID-PubMed="27559303" ID-ZBK="F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-608-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 608" ModsDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" checkinTime="1470408253360" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borowiec, Marek L." docDate="2016" docId="4C18DFED707CDF415F6D750256BBE62D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 608: 1-280" docOrigin="ZooKeys 608" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427" docTitle="Zasphinctus Wheeler, W. M. 1918, gen. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="189" masterDocId="D563FF93FFEAD163FF9A3E6FFFDDF937" masterDocTitle="Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="280" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="185" updateTime="1668163389984" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dorylinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Borowiec, Marek L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>608</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>280</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.608.9427</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-608-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F865473C03374FD2915A0E3DD2299E66</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127875745" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C18DFED707CDF415F6D750256BBE62D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C18DFED707CDF415F6D750256BBE62D" lastPageId="188" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<subSubSection pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Formicidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1918" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus Wheeler, W. M., 1918</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="184" pageNumber="185">gen. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aethiopopone" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aethiopopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Aethiopopone</taxonomicName>
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Santschi, 1930, syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Nothosphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nothosphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Nothosphinctus</taxonomicName>
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Wheeler, W. M. 1918, syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="type-species">
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Type-species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex turneri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">Sphinctomyrmex turneri</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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is a moderately speciose lineage of specialized ant predators, most prominent in Australia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="185" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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Worker. The workers of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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are ants of variable size, color, and sculpturation, but always possessing conspicuous girdling constrictions between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI. The eyes absent in most species.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from other lineages with pronounced abdominal constrictions by highly-positioned propodeal spiracles, propodeal lobes present, pygidium large and armed with modified setae, and pronotomesopleural Pronotomesopleural suture fused. See also diagnoses of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="185" lastPageNumber="186" pageId="184" pageNumber="185">
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Male. The males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="184" pageNumber="185" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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also possess the characteristic abdominal constrictions between abdominal segments IV, V, and VI and can be recognized by a combi
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<pageBreakToken pageId="185" pageNumber="186" start="start">nation</pageBreakToken>
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of costal vein (C) absent from the fore wing, submarginal cell (SMC) closed by Rs·f2-f3, vein 2rs-m absent, pronotum not marginate anterodorsally, and antennae 13-segmented. This venation is similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lividopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lividopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lividopone</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
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but
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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can be recognized by the presence of abdominal constrictions and different appearance of abdominal sternite IX (subgenital plate). In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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, the sternite is abruptly constricted proximal to where spines arise and is much wider at midlength. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lividopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lividopone" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lividopone</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
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in contrast, the sternite IX is usually gradually narrowing to the point of bifurcation. The males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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have similar abdominal constrictions but the former has 12-segmented antennae and the latter has different wing venation with costal vein present.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="185" pageNumber="186">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="186" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="185" pageNumber="186">
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Worker.Head: Antennae with 11 or 12 segments. Apical antennal segment conspicuously enlarged, much broader than and longer than two preceding segments combined. Clypeus with cuticular apron. Lateroclypeal teeth absent or present.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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absent or reduced. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Antennal scrobes absent. Labrum with median notch or concavity. Proximal face of stipes not projecting beyond inner margin of sclerite, prementum exposed when mouthparts fully closed. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, with teeth or edentate. Eyes absent or present, composed of more than 20 ommatidia. Ocelli absent. Head capsule with differentiated vertical posterior surface above occipital foramen. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Posterior head corners dorsolaterally immarginate. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally present. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange separated from collar by distinct ridge or not. Promesonotal connection with Pronotomesopleural suture completely fused.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Pronotomesopleural" lsidName="Pronotomesopleural suture" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="suture">Pronotomesopleural suture</taxonomicName>
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completely fused.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Mesometapleural" lsidName="Mesometapleural groove" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">Mesometapleural groove</taxonomicName>
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not impressed or weakly impressed. Transverse
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron absent or present. Pleural endophragmal pit concavity present. Mesosoma dorsolaterally immarginate. Metanotal depression or
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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on mesosoma absent. Propodeal spiracle situated low on sclerite. Propodeal declivity with distinct dorsal edge or margin and rectangular in posterior view. Metapleural gland without bulla visible through cuticle. Propodeal lobes present, well developed. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally marginate or immarginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate or rarely immarginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at posttergite and helcium axial, occasionally slightly supraaxial. Prora simple, not delimited by carina. Prora forming a U-shaped margin with median ridge. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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circular. Abdominal segment III anterodorsally immarginate and dorsolaterally immarginate. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV, which is weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV not impressed. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal tergite IV not folding over sternite, and anterior portions of sternite and tergite equally well visible in lateral view. Girdling constriction between pre- and posttergites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Girdling constriction between pre- and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="186" pageNumber="187" start="start">poststernites</pageBreakToken>
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of abdominal segments V and VI present. Pygidium large, with impressed medial field, and armed with modified setae, sometimes notched. Hypopygium armed with modified setae. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind basitarsus not widening distally, circular in cross-section. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland absent or an oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal gland absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Polymorphism: Monomorphic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="187" lastPageNumber="188" pageId="186" pageNumber="187">
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Male.Head: Antennae with 12 or 13 segments. Clypeus with cuticular apron.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Parafrontal" lsidName="Parafrontal ridges" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridges">Parafrontal ridges</taxonomicName>
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absent. Torulo-posttorular complex vertical. Maxillary palps 3-segmented. Labial palps 3-segmented. Mandibles triangular, edentate to falcate. Ventrolateral margins of head without lamella or ridge extending towards mandibles and beyond carina surrounding occipital foramen. Carina surrounding occipital foramen ventrally present. Mesosoma: Pronotal flange separated from collar by distinct ridge.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Notauli" lsidName="Notauli" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Notauli</taxonomicName>
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present or, more rarely, absent. Transverse
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" lsidName="groove" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="groove">groove</taxonomicName>
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dividing mesopleuron present. Propodeal declivity with distinct dorsal edge or margin. Metapleural gland opening absent. Propodeal lobes present. Metasoma: Petiole anterodorsally marginate, dorsolaterally immarginate, and laterally above spiracle marginate. Helcium in relation to tergosternal Pronotomesopleural suture placed at Pronotomesopleural suture and axial. Prora forming a V-shaped protrusion. Spiracle openings of abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="IV–VI">IV-VI</normalizedToken>
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circular. Abdominal segment III more than half size of succeeding segment IV; latter weakly constricted at presegmental portion (uninodal waist). Girdling constriction of segment IV present, i.e. pre- and postsclerites distinct. Cinctus of abdominal segment IV gutter-like, not sculptured. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of abdominal segments V and VI present. Abdominal segment IV not conspicuously largest segment. Abdominal sternite VII simple. Abdominal sternite IX distally armed with two spines curved dorsally at apices, with lateral apodemes shorter than or about as long as medial apodeme, directed anteriorly (towards head); all apodemes long. Genitalia: Cupula long relative to rest of genital capsule and shorter ventrally than dorsally. Basimere broadly fused to telomere, with sulcus discernable at junction, and ventrally with left and right arms abutting. Telomere gradually tapering toward apex.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mytilidae" genus="Volsella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Volsella" order="Mytilida" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Volsella</taxonomicName>
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laterally flattened, at apex with dorsal lobe and hooked ventrally. Penisvalva laterally compressed, rounded at apex. Legs: Mid tibia with single pectinate spur. Hind tibia with single pectinate spur. Posterior flange of hind coxa not produced as raised lamella. Metatibial gland present as oval patch of whitish cuticle. Metabasitarsal glands absent. Hind pretarsal claws simple. Wings: Tegula present, broad, demiovate in shape. Vein C in fore wing absent. Pterostigma broad. Abscissa R·f3 absent. Abscissae Rs·f2-3 present, connecting with Rs+M&M·f2 or disconnected from Rs+M. Cross-vein 2r-rs present, differentiated from Rs·f4 by presence of Rs·f2-3. Abscissae Rs·f4-5 present, fused in absence of 2rs-m. Abscissa M·f2 in fore wing present, separated from Rs+M by Rs·f2. Abscissa M·f4 in fore wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1m-cu in fore wing present. Cross-vein cu-a in fore wing present, arising from M+Cu and proximal to M·f1 or near M·f1. Vein Cu in fore wing present, with only Cu1 branch prominent. Vein A in fore wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present. Vein C in hind wing absent.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="187" pageNumber="188" start="start">Vein</pageBreakToken>
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R in hind wing absent. Vein Sc+R in hind wing absent. Abscissa Rs·f1 in hind wing not differentiated in absence of Sc+R. Abscissa Rs·f2 in hind wing present, not reaching wing margin. Cross-vein 1rs-m in hind wing fused with M·f1. Vein M+Cu in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f1 in hind wing present. Abscissa M·f2 in hind wing absent. Cross-vein cu-a in hind wing present. Vein Cu in hind wing present. Vein A in hind wing with abscissae A·f1 and A·f2 present; The latter a stub.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
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Gyne. Alate, ergatoid, or subdichthadiigyne. Alate gynes are known in an undescribed species from Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
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) and in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus occidentalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Zasphinctus occidentalis</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="72 - 89" title="Australian Formicidae." volume="9" year="1924">Clark 1924</bibRefCitation>
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a). In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus asper" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">Zasphinctus asper</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus duchaussoyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duchaussoyi">Zasphinctus duchaussoyi</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus steinheili" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">Zasphinctus steinheili</taxonomicName>
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known gyne specimens are wingless ergatoids that possess eyes and ocelli. The gyne of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus imbecilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imbecilis">Zasphinctus imbecilis</taxonomicName>
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can be considered a
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘subdichthadiigyne’">'subdichthadiigyne'</normalizedToken>
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; it possesses only vestigial eyes and one or no ocelli in addition to enlarged gaster. Descriptions and extensive discussions of gyne morphology in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
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can be found in
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Clark, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="72 - 89" title="Australian Formicidae." volume="9" year="1924">Clark (1924</bibRefCitation>
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a), and
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Wheeler, WM" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" pageId="218" pageNumber="219" pagination="215 - 265" title="The Australian ants of the ponerine tribe Cerapachyini." url="10.2307/25129989" volume="53" year="1918">Wheeler (1918)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Larva. Cocoons present.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
The twenty described species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distributed throughout Australasia, including New Caledonia and New Guinea, and the Afrotropics. Most species are known from Australia, with only three taxa described from Africa. Recently a species has been described from Thailand (Jaitrong et al. 2016), and unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
males are also known from Myanmar (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
|
||
unpublished observations).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="taxonomy and phylogeny">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Taxonomy and phylogeny.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
This name is here revived from synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For a brief account of taxonomic history and justification see under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eusphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eusphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eusphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, WL" journalOrPublisher="Agriculture (Ithaca, New York)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="1 - 115" title="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini. Search." volume="5" year="1975">Brown (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave a preliminary key to Indomalayan and Australasian species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
The position of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
within dorylines appears to be well established as the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it is reasonably certain that this lineage was derived independently from the Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 1;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brady, SG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" title="The rise of army ants and their relatives: diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants." url="10.1186/1471-2148-14-93" volume="14" year="2014">Brady et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Borowiec, in prep.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
Wilson provided notes on the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus caledonicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caledonicus">Zasphinctus caledonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from New Caledonia and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus steinheili" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">Zasphinctus steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Australia. The former was observed raiding a nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Stigmacros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stigmacros" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stigmacros</taxonomicName>
|
||
ants in the field, and the latter was feeding on ant brood of several species in the laboratory. Both were reported to have colonies containing multiple ergatoid gynes and synchronized brood.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Buschinger, A" journalOrPublisher="Psyche (Cambridge)" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="287 - 300" title="Life-pattern studies of an Australian Sphinctomyrmex (Formicidae: Ponerinae; Cerapachyini): functional polygyny, brood periodicity and raiding behavior." url="10.1155/1989/13614" volume="96" year="1990">Buschinger et al. (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied a species related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus steinheili" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">Zasphinctus steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
||
in more detail under laboratory conditions. They largely confirmed
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wilson’s">Wilson's</normalizedToken>
|
||
preliminary observations and further demonstrated functional polygyny, since most dissected queens were fertilized with well-developed ovaries. The ants would indeed take brood of several ant species, including European forms, but the colonies ceased producing new eggs after two brood cycles were completed and thereafter slowly declined.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Briese, DT" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Entomology" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="167 - 168" title="Interactions between a myrmecophagous ant and a prey species." url="10.1111/j.1440-6055.1984.tb01936.x" volume="23" year="1984">Briese (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a nest evacuation response in a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Monomorium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monomorium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monomorium</taxonomicName>
|
||
species raided by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Australia.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoelldobler, B" journalOrPublisher="Zoomorphology (Berlin)" pageId="202" pageNumber="203" pagination="157 - 167" title="Comparative study of the metatibial gland in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." url="10.1007/BF02527156" volume="116" year="1996">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hölldobler">Hoelldobler</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the metatibial gland of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus steinheili" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">Zasphinctus steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="188" lastPageNumber="189" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" type="species of zasphinctus">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Zasphinctus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="187" pageNumber="188">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus asper" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="asper">Zasphinctus asper</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brown, 1975): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus caledonicus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caledonicus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="188" pageNumber="189" start="start">Zasphinctus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
caledonicus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Wilson, 1957): New Caledonia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus cedaris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cedaris">Zasphinctus cedaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1915): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus chariensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chariensis">Zasphinctus chariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1915): Chad, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus clarus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarus">Zasphinctus clarus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1893b): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus cribratus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribratus">Zasphinctus cribratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Emery, 1897): Papua New Guinea, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus duchaussoyi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duchaussoyi">Zasphinctus duchaussoyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="André">Andre</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1905): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus emeryi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Zasphinctus emeryi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1893b): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus froggatti" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="froggatti">Zasphinctus froggatti</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1900a): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus imbecilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imbecilis">Zasphinctus imbecilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1907c): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus mjobergi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mjobergi">Zasphinctus mjobergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1915): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus myops" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myops">Zasphinctus myops</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1895b): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus nigricans" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">Zasphinctus nigricans</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clark, 1926): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus occidentalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">Zasphinctus occidentalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clark, 1924a): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus rufiventris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufiventris">Zasphinctus rufiventris</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Santschi, 1915): Benin, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus septentrionalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">Zasphinctus septentrionalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Crawley, 1925): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus siamensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siamensis">Zasphinctus siamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jaitrong, 2016): Thailand, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus steinheili" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steinheili">Zasphinctus steinheili</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1900a): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus trux" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trux">Zasphinctus trux</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Brown, 1975): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="188" pageNumber="189">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Zasphinctus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zasphinctus turneri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turneri">Zasphinctus turneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forel, 1900a): Australia, comb. n.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |