189 lines
16 KiB
XML
189 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.140.1930" ID-GBIF-Dataset="73d7967a-2dd1-4c5f-8796-f0047f2b4709" ID-PMC="PMC3208516" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-140-1" ID-PubMed="22144857" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-140-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 140" ModsDocTitle="Black-tie dress code: two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae)" checkinTime="1451249755131" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mengual, Ximo" docDate="2011" docId="5E9F5644D603338847C99C7F365D2894" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 140: 1-26" docOrigin="ZooKeys 140" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.140.1930" docTitle="Toxomerus dispar" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFC7666CFF856156FFBDFFB6FFE09539" masterDocTitle="Black-tie dress code: two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae)" masterLastPageNumber="26" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1668152445511" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Black-tie dress code: two new species of the genus Toxomerus (Diptera, Syrphidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mengual, Ximo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>140</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>26</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.140.1930</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.140.1930</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-140-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152031655" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E9F5644D603338847C99C7F365D2894" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E9F5644D603338847C99C7F365D2894" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Toxomerus_dispar" authority="Fabricius" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Toxomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxomerus dispar" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Toxomerus dispar (Fabricius)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 1-8
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrphus dispar" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Syrphus dispar</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fabricius 1794</bibRefCitation>
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: 309. Type locality: "Americae meridionalis" restricted to Virgin Islands, St. Croix (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, FC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 200" title="The flower flies of the West Indies (Diptera: Syrphidae)." volume="9" year="1981">Thompson 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 86) [ST ♂ ♀, ZMUC, destroyed, see
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, FC" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 200" title="The flower flies of the West Indies (Diptera: Syrphidae)." volume="9" year="1981">Thompson 1981</bibRefCitation>
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: 86].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrphus basilaris" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilaris">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">Syrphus</pageBreakToken>
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basilaris
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wiedemann 1830</bibRefCitation>
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: 143. Type locality: Brazil [HT ♂, SMF].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrphus vicinus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vicinus">Syrphus vicinus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Macquart 1846</bibRefCitation>
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: 264. Type locality: Brazil [HT ♀, OUMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma soror" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">Mesogramma soror</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Schiner 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 350. Type locality:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“America”">"America"</normalizedToken>
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[HT ♂, NMW]; Thompson et al., 1976: 48 (cat.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrphus tridentatus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tridentatus">Syrphus tridentatus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Rondani, C" journalOrPublisher="Annuario della Societa dei Naturalisti di Modena" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="24 - 40" title="Diptera aliqua in America meridionali lecta a Prof. P. Strobel annis 1866 - 67 distincta et annotata, novis aliquibus descriptis." volume="3" year="1868">Rondani 1868</bibRefCitation>
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: 24. Type locality: Argentina, Patagonia [HT ♂, unknown].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syrphus melanogaster" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanogaster">Syrphus melanogaster</taxonomicName>
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Thomson 1869: 495. Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro [HT ♀, NHRS].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesograpta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesograpta variabilis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variabilis">Mesograpta variabilis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wulp 1883</bibRefCitation>
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: 6. Type locality: Guadeloupe, Delaunay [HT ♂, IRSNB].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Melanostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanostoma annulifera" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">Melanostoma annulifera</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bigot 1884b</bibRefCitation>
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: 84. Type locality: Mexico [HT ♀, OUMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesograpta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesograpta trilobata" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilobata">Mesograpta trilobata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bigot 1884b</bibRefCitation>
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: 109. Type locality: Mexico [HT ♂, OUMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Orthonevra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthonevra annulifera" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulifera">Orthonevra annulifera</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bigot 1884a</bibRefCitation>
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: 556. Type locality: Brazil [HT ♀, OUMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Paragus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paragus ruficaudatus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruficaudatus">Paragus ruficaudatus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bigot 1884a</bibRefCitation>
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: 541. Type locality: Brazil [HT ♂, BMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesogramma</taxonomicName>
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-? (bidentata)
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Williston 1891</bibRefCitation>
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: 25. Type locality: Mexico, Acaguizotla, Chilpancingo, Tepetlapa, Medellin near Vera Cruz, Teapa in Tabasco, Orizaba [ST ♂ ♀, unknown].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma bidentatum" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bidentatum">Mesogramma bidentatum</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Giglio-Tos 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 49. Type locality: Mexico, Acaguizotla, Chilpancingo, Tetetlapa, Medellin presso Vera Cruz, Orizaba, Tampico [ST 6♂ 3♀, MRSN].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma imperialis" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">Mesogramma imperialis</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Curran 1926</bibRefCitation>
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: 103. Type locality: Jamaica, Blue Castle [HT ♀, BMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma lutzi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutzi">Mesogramma lutzi</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Curran, CH" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 14" title="New Diptera belonging to the genus Mesogramma Loew (Syrphidae)." volume="405" year="1930">Curran 1930</bibRefCitation>
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: 7. Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Grijoles [HT ♀, AMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma basilaris" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilaris">Mesogramma basilaris</taxonomicName>
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var. flavocuneus
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<bibRefCitation author="Hull, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="432 - 434" title="Some new species of Syrphidae." volume="30" year="1940">Hull 1940</bibRefCitation>
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: 433. Type locality: Honduras, Salada River, near Ceiba [HT ♀, CNC].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma triangulata" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangulata">Mesogramma triangulata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hull, FM" journalOrPublisher="Psyche" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="84 - 107" title="New species of Syrphidae from the Neotropical region." volume="49" year="1942 a">Hull 1942a</bibRefCitation>
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: 104. Type locality: Paraguay, Villarica [HT ♀, AMNH].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma basilaris" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilaris">Mesogramma basilaris</taxonomicName>
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var. bifida
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hull 1943</bibRefCitation>
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: 26. Type locality: Ecuador,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Baños">Banos</normalizedToken>
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[HT ♂, CNC].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma basilaris" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basilaris">Mesogramma basilaris</taxonomicName>
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var. neotropica
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<bibRefCitation pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hull 1943</bibRefCitation>
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: 36.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Mesogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mesogramma lutzi" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lutzi">Mesogramma lutzi</taxonomicName>
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var. fasciata
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<bibRefCitation author="Hull, FM" journalOrPublisher="Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="6 - 10" title="Venezuelan syrphid flies." volume="7" year="1948">Hull 1948</bibRefCitation>
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: 8. Type locality: Venezuela. San Esteban [HT ♀, USNM].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Male has yellow face, females a medial broad black vitta continuing along frons and ending at vertex. Scutum black, bronze pollinose wit a medial whitish pollinose vitta and two submedial brown vittae; scutum black laterally except postpronotum yellow, at least on posterior half. Scutellum black, sometimes with apical margin yellow, pale pilose. Wing partly bare basally.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Toxomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxomerus dispar" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Toxomerus dispar</taxonomicName>
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has the abdominal pattern very variable, from almost entirely yellow to entirely black (see Figs 1-5), and this is the main reason to have such a high number of synonyms.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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Species very similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Toxomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxomerus" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Toxomerus</taxonomicName>
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sp. 3, but
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Toxomerus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxomerus dispar" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dispar">Toxomerus dispar</taxonomicName>
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has pro- and mesotibiae yellow, postanal process of male genitalia long, more than half as long as surstylus and
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">female</pageBreakToken>
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has metaepisternum partly or entirely yellow. The present key only works for dark forms of this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="length">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Length</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">(5): body, 6.4-7.1 (6.7) mm; wing, 5.1-5.4 (5.3) mm.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Widespread in the New World, from USA to Argentina.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">More than 100 specimens from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela and Brazil.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |