328 lines
44 KiB
XML
328 lines
44 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A44B140F5CFA53C25295CE98B1304EFF">A review of the genus Trichogorgia (Cnidaria, Octocorallia), including descriptions of new species</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A8282D258538B3E129510F5E7CB8B908" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0DECFCCED227C1DA325125362581693B">Cordeiro, Ralf T. S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="20FF1275EA40FF6A679A9670BCE80E4E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7E24716B86775036903CC0E28D902606">
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<mods:date id="1D222F06D09412BD48F9A3A7EAE7C61A">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FA16DA6B8EFFC6946B23F40F39C05CE0">4706</mods:number>
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE482E0FF53FDA380FB" blockId="3.[151,521,153,215]" box="[151,521,153,180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE482E0FF53FDA380FB" bold="true" box="[151,521,153,180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B28FFE482E0FF53FE0E80FC" authority="Cordeiro, 2019" authorityName="Cordeiro" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,420,153,180]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utinomii" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE482E0FF53FE0E80FC" bold="true" box="[151,420,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Trichogorgia utinomii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="87FA66285B28FFE483DCFF50FDA380FB" box="[427,521,154,180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B28FFE482E0FF77FF558098" box="[151,255,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="description">
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE482E0FF77FF558098" blockId="3.[151,521,153,215]" box="[151,255,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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<figureCitation id="36861BC45B28FFE482E0FF77FF558098" box="[151,255,189,215]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1922,1947]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox-0="[158,1433,205,1803]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,196,1815]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Forms and distribution of the genus Trichogorgia. A: four common colony shapes in the genus (left to right): lyrate, flabellate, slender planar and bushy, respectively; B: comparison between bathymetric ranges of Trichogorgia species; C: distribution map for the genus. Depth given in meters (m)." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616837" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3616837/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B28FFE482E0FEC8FC958176" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE482E0FEC8FBB08155" blockId="3.[151,1050,257,313]" box="[151,1050,257,282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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Not
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B28FFE482B3FEC8FD048155" authority="Hickson 1904: 226 - 227" authorityName="Hickson" authorityPageNumber="226" authorityYear="1904" box="[196,686,257,282]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE482B3FEC8FE1B8156" box="[196,433,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Malacogorgia capensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B28FFE483C0FECBFD048155" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[439,686,257,282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson 1904: 226–227</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. VII, fig. 5, pl. VIII, figs. 10–11.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE482E0FEEAFC958176" blockId="3.[151,1050,257,313]" box="[151,831,288,313]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B28FFE482E0FEEAFE2F8177" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,389,288,312]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE482E0FEEAFE2F8177" box="[151,389,288,312]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Malacogorgia capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B28FFE483E6FEEAFD888176" author="Utinomi, H." box="[401,546,288,313]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref6897" refString="Utinomi, H. (1964) Some octocorals from the Antarctic waters off Prince Harald Coast. Japanese Antarctic Expedition Scientific Reports (E), 23, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1964">Utinomi 1964</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 9, fig. 5, pl. II, figs. 4–5.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<materialsCitation id="1ED50D1C5B28FFE482E0FEADFD1481E9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2467683364" collectingDate="1966-01-30" collectionCode="USAP" collectorName="Eltanin R" elevation="451" latitude="-54.133053" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="-52.208057" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" specimenCode="USNM 77385" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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:
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE48365FEADFECE81CE" box="[274,356,359,385]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Eltanin</emphasis>
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R
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</collectorName>
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/V,
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expedition, st. 1521,
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,
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(Scotia Sea),
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(
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, one colony and three fragments).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B28FFE482B0FE65FE958186" box="[199,319,431,457]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE4833BFE65FE348186" box="[332,414,431,457]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Eltanin</emphasis>
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R
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</collectorName>
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/V,
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<collectorName id="034862975B28FFE4805FFE65FD0C8186" box="[552,678,431,457]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Expedition</collectorName>
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, st. 428,
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<date id="DA0321815B28FFE486B1FE64FA968186" box="[1222,1340,430,457]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" value="1963-01-05">
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<collectingDate id="CA47D8695B28FFE486B1FE64FA968186" box="[1222,1340,430,457]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" value="1963-01-05">5 Jan 1963</collectingDate>
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(
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<specimenCode id="FE1BAF3A5B28FFE4873EFE65FF4A81A2" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="Museum">USNM 77374</specimenCode>
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, one colony and one fragment)
|
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</materialsCitation>
|
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;
|
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<materialsCitation id="1ED50D1C5B28FFE48027FE19FCB7825D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2556427138" collectingDate="1963-01-05" collectingDateMax="1966-01-30" collectingDateMin="1963-01-05" collectionCode="USAP" collectorName="Eltanin R & Expedition" elevation="891" latitude="-54.141945" longLatPrecision="17" longitude="-52.066944" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" specimenCode="USNM 77374, USNM 77384" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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<collectorName id="034862975B28FFE48027FE19FD1781A2" box="[592,701,467,493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
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<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE48027FE19FD0881A2" box="[592,674,467,493]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Eltanin</emphasis>
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R
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</collectorName>
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/V,
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<collectionCode id="C8AC9F845B28FFE48092FE19FC8681A2" box="[741,812,467,493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">USAP</collectionCode>
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<collectorName id="034862975B28FFE48143FE19FC1881A2" box="[820,946,467,493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Expedition</collectorName>
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, st. 1520,
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,
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,
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<quantity id="6945AAA45B28FFE48721FE19FF44825E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5074999999999998" metricValueMax="1.7710000000000001" metricValueMin="1.2440000000000002" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" unit="m" value="1507.5" valueMax="1771.0" valueMin="1244.0">
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,
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|
||
<collectingDate id="CA47D8695B28FFE4828DFE3DFE2B825E" box="[250,385,503,529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" value="1966-01-30">30 Jan 1966</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="FE1BAF3A5B28FFE483E7FE3DFD99825E" box="[400,563,503,529]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" type="Museum">USNM 77384</specimenCode>
|
||
, two small colonies)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE4816BFE3DFC8A825D" blockId="3.[151,1436,358,530]" box="[796,800,503,530]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="FAC257C95B28FFE482E0F84EFE6487AA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" startId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" targetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B28FFE482E0F84EFE6487AA" blockId="3.[151,1437,1924,2021]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE482E0F84EFEB887D2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1924,1949]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B28FFE483D1F84FFD2E87D2" authority="Cordeiro, 2019" authorityName="Cordeiro" authorityYear="2019" box="[422,644,1925,1949]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utinomii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE483D1F84FFD2E87D2" box="[422,644,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">Trichogorgia utinomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B28FFE480FDF84FFD7087D2" bold="true" box="[650,730,1925,1949]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="87FA66285B28FFE480FDF84FFD7087D2" box="[650,730,1925,1949]" pageId="3" pageNumber="520" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="FAC257C95B2FFFE382E0F846FB5F87A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3616843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616843/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" startId="4.[151,250,1932,1957]" targetBox="[151,1436,196,1869]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2FFFE382E0F846FB5F87A3" blockId="4.[151,1437,1932,2029]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2FFFE382E0F846FEB987EA" bold="true" box="[151,275,1932,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological details of the axis in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2FFFE380FFF846FCCD87EB" authority="Cordeiro, 2019" authorityName="Cordeiro" authorityYear="2019" box="[648,871,1932,1956]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utinomii" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2FFFE380FFF846FCCD87EB" box="[648,871,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">Trichogorgia utinomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2FFFE3811AF847FC1487EA" bold="true" box="[877,958,1933,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="87FA66285B2FFFE3811AF847FC1487EA" box="[877,958,1933,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="521" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, C: central core in cross-section with several longitudinal channel-like pores (arrows); B: cross-section of the axis, showing its circular form; D, F: lateral view of axes exposing their concentric lamellae; E: cross-section showing regular superposition of layers around the central core.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2EFFE282B0FF52FE9A83BF" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2EFFE282B0FF52FDEB8280" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282B0FF52FEFB80FC" bold="true" box="[199,337,152,179]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Description</emphasis>
|
||
: Uniplanar flabellate and dichotomously branched colonies, up to
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28634FF53FB2380FC" box="[1091,1161,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="cm" value="17.0">17 cm</quantity>
|
||
tall and
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE2869AFF53FA9980FC" box="[1261,1331,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="cm" value="13.0">13 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, all lacking holdfasts, which probably were attached to solid substrata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE281D5FF77FC428098" box="[930,1000,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Colonies quasi-bilaterally symmetrical and slightly concave. Main stem
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28003FF2BFCA080B4" box="[628,778,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="8.2" valueMax="12.7" valueMin="3.7">3.7–12.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE2810AFF2BFBAC80B4" box="[893,1030,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="1.65" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="0.7">0.7–2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter. Axis calcified, circular in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE28320FECFFE6C8150" box="[343,454,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1932,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphological details of the axis in Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. A, C: central core in cross-section with several longitudinal channel-like pores (arrows); B: cross-section of the axis, showing its circular form; D, F: lateral view of axes exposing their concentric lamellae; E: cross-section showing regular superposition of layers around the central core." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616843/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 3B,E</figureCitation>
|
||
), not undulated, with concentric layers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE281FAFECFFB878150" box="[909,1069,261,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1932,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphological details of the axis in Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. A, C: central core in cross-section with several longitudinal channel-like pores (arrows); B: cross-section of the axis, showing its circular form; D, F: lateral view of axes exposing their concentric lamellae; E: cross-section showing regular superposition of layers around the central core." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616843/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 3B,D,E,F</figureCitation>
|
||
) and inconspicuous longitudinal canals perforating its medular region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE2803FFEE3FD17810C" box="[584,701,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1932,1957]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,196,1869]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Morphological details of the axis in Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. A, C: central core in cross-section with several longitudinal channel-like pores (arrows); B: cross-section of the axis, showing its circular form; D, F: lateral view of axes exposing their concentric lamellae; E: cross-section showing regular superposition of layers around the central core." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616843" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616843/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 3A,C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Axis golden in basal parts, becoming pale iridescent to translucent towards branchlets. Branchlets arising up to the 5
|
||
<superScript id="59C8AA095B2EFFE28082FE86FCA88115" attach="left" box="[757,770,332,346]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">th</superScript>
|
||
order (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE28124FE87FC6D8128" box="[851,967,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Primary branchlets
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE286C2FE86FA9F8128" box="[1205,1333,332,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="9.25" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="5.5">5.5–13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and new branchlets distant
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE283EBFEBBFD8081C4" box="[412,554,369,395]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="16.6" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="11.2">11.2–22 mm</quantity>
|
||
from each other. Main stem and proximal branchlets usually shorter, stiff and oriented upwards, whereas distal branchlets are long and flexible. Terminal branches up to
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE286F9FE5FFB7981E0" box="[1166,1235,405,431]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. Polyps well separated, 0.78±
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28326FE72FE12819C" box="[337,440,440,467]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
from each other (n = 30), occurring on the entire coral, except on the main stem (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE28718FE73FF7E81B8" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2B,C</figureCitation>
|
||
), longitudinally arranged in two alternate rows on the branchlets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE281C6FE17FBA081B8" box="[945,1034,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
), slightly facing the concave face of the colony. Distally, polyps arranged in a single line. Each of the eight tentacles of polyps bears 8–15 pairs of pinnules (~
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28287FDEEFEFD8270" box="[240,343,548,575]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) on both sides (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE28031FDEFFD358270" box="[582,671,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Based on measurements of 30 zooids randomly chosen among the specimens, mean polyp length when fully expanded is 2.06±
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28135FD83FC03822C" box="[834,937,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and polyp width 0.89±
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE286C3FD83FAA4822C" box="[1204,1294,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. When completely contracted, polyps are 0.58±
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE28045FDA6FD2282C8" box="[562,648,620,647]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and 1.15±
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE2814BFDA6FC0E82C8" box="[828,932,620,647]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.29">0.29 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Coenenchyme transparent throughout colonies. Pharynx slightly darker than rest of soft tissues, visible through the polyp body wall. Polyps and coenenchyme completely devoid of sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2EFFE282B0FD12FE9A83BF" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282B0FD12FECC82BC" bold="true" box="[199,358,728,755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
: The new species differs from its congeners in having no sclerites at all, which would group it with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE282A5FD37FD0B8358" authority="Bayer & Muzik, 1976" authorityName="Bayer & Muzik" authorityYear="1976" box="[210,673,765,791]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lyra">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282A5FD37FE318358" box="[210,411,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Trichogorgia lyra</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2EFFE283D3FD37FD0B8358" author="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M." box="[420,673,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="65 - 90" refId="ref5949" refString="Bayer, F. M. & Muzik, K. M. (1976) New genera and species of the holaxonian family Chrysogorgiidae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea). Zoologische Mededelingen, 50 (5), 65 - 90." type="journal article" year="1976">Bayer & Muzik, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE280ACFD34FBB48358" authority="(Hickson, 1904)" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[731,1054,765,791]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE280ACFD34FCF38358" box="[731,857,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">T. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2EFFE2811DFD37FBBF8358" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[874,1045,765,791]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. I examined specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE28726FD34FA368358" authorityName="Bayer & Muzik" authorityYear="1976" box="[1361,1436,765,791]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lyra">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE28726FD34FA368358" box="[1361,1436,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">T. lyra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(including
|
||
<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B2EFFE28364FCEBFEFA8374" box="[275,336,801,827]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">types</typeStatus>
|
||
) and, contrary to expectations, most showed very rare translucent and fragile scales in the main stem coenenchyme (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE283F5FC8FFE77832F" box="[386,477,837,864]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1947,1972]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1442,1927]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,1442,1927]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 6. Scale-shaped sclerites under polarized light showing concentric extinction patterns. A: Stephanogorgia diomedea (USNM 75108); B: Trichogorgia lyra (USNM 52875); C: S. wainwrighti (USNM 1112682); D: T. muzikae sp. nov. (USNM 77155, holotype)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616853" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616853/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). According to Hickson’s description, fully expanded polyps in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE286C9FC8CFA968310" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1214,1340,838,863]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE286C9FC8CFA968310" box="[1214,1340,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">T. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are less than
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE282B8FCA3FEBB83CC" box="[207,273,873,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall (up to
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE283E7FCA2FE5383CC" box="[400,505,872,899]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE280F9FCA0FCAD83CC" authorityName="Cordeiro" authorityYear="2019" box="[654,775,874,899]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Trichogorgia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="utinomii">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE280F9FCA0FCAD83CC" box="[654,775,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">T. utinomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they often exceed
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE281A8FCA3FB8B83CC" box="[991,1057,873,899]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in similar colony sizes (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E33F32FA5B2EFFE28741FCA3FA2183CC" box="[1334,1419,873,899]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,590,616]" captionTargetBox="[165,2011,627,1099]" captionText="TABLE 1. Valid species of the genus Trichogorgia Hickson, 1904, their morphological characters and distribution.?unknown; -absent or rare." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FAC257C95B2CFFE082E0FD84F9228227" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" tableUuid="FAC257C95B2CFFE082E0FD84F9228227">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
), being opposite and alternately disposed, respectively (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2EFFE28159FC47FC7C83E8" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[814,982,909,935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">Hickson, 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. VII fig. 5 and pl. VIII figs. 10–11). Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE28365FC78FE278384" baseAuthorityName="Hickson" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[274,397,946,971]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE28365FC78FE278384" box="[274,397,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">T. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from depths <
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE280EAFC7BFD4F8384" box="[669,741,945,971]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
, in contrast with a much deeper range for the new species (see Distribution).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2EFFE282B0FC33FED184EC" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2EFFE282B0FC33FED184EC" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282B0FC33FE9E845C" bold="true" box="[199,308,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
: This species was first recorded by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2EFFE280BCFC33FCD1845B" author="Utinomi, H." box="[715,891,1017,1044]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref6897" refString="Utinomi, H. (1964) Some octocorals from the Antarctic waters off Prince Harald Coast. Japanese Antarctic Expedition Scientific Reports (E), 23, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1964">Utinomi (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="69BD7CC25B2EFFE281D6FC33FAFF845C" authority="Hickson, 1904" authorityName="Hickson" authorityYear="1904" box="[929,1365,1017,1043]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Malacogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
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||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE281D6FC33FB02845C" box="[929,1192,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Malacogorgia capensis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="CA2C7AB05B2EFFE286C6FC33FAFF845C" author="Hickson, S. J." box="[1201,1365,1017,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="211 - 239" refId="ref6552" refString="Hickson, S. J. (1904) The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II. Marine investigations in South Africa, 3, 211 - 239." type="journal article" year="1904">
|
||
Hickson,
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||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE2876AFC33FAFF845C" box="[1309,1365,1017,1043]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83616" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="in" value="1904.0">1904</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the Southern Ocean (
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|
||
). Our specimens were collected almost contemporarily with Utinomi’s, and there are no reports of new collections since then. Regarding ecological associations, several amphipods were found on branches of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B2EFFE2833CFBAFFE1B8430" box="[331,433,1125,1151]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
. Besides that, some polyps are oddly swollen in their proximal portion, indicating sexual maturation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="36861BC45B2EFFE28357FB43FED984EC" box="[288,371,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1924,1949]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,543,1866]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Specimens of Trichogorgia utinomii sp. nov. Colony view of the holotype (A, USNM 77385) and paratypes (B and C, USNM 77384 and 77374, respectively); D: detail of a terminal branch with several polyps clustered; E: polyp extended; F: reproductive contracted polyp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3616841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3616841/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2EFFE282B0FB67FE5A84A4" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2EFFE282B0FB67FE5A84A4" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282B0FB67FEE28488" bold="true" box="[199,328,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
: Named in honor to Dr. Huzio Utinomi, a prominent octocoral taxonomist, who first record this species in the Southern Ocean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E6A754CA5B2EFFE282B0FB3EFB938540" box="[199,1081,1268,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="AE0207415B2EFFE282B0FB3EFB938540" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1295]" box="[199,1081,1268,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
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||
<emphasis id="9CC9DB535B2EFFE282B0FB3EFEF38540" bold="true" box="[199,345,1268,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
: Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="7106B9E35B2EFFE28016FB3FFD3B8540" box="[609,657,1269,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the Scotia Sea,
|
||
<quantity id="6945AAA45B2EFFE281D2FB3FFB9F8540" box="[933,1077,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.315000000000001" metricValueMax="12.440000000000001" metricValueMin="4.1899999999999995" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" unit="m" value="831.5" valueMax="1244.0" valueMin="419.0">419–1244 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |