582 lines
57 KiB
XML
582 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7af4869b-4824-4d5e-8388-910aa42ad6f9" ID-PMC="PMC6367311" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-821-85" ID-PubMed="30740021" ID-ZBK="ECFCCAF68D99457BB9F82443089D0182" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-821-85" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 821" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" checkinTime="1548974240430" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Nakahara, Shinichi, Lamas, Gerardo, Tyler, Stephanie, Marin, Mario Alejandro, Huertas, Blanca, Willmott, Keith R., Mielke, Olaf H. H. & Espeland, Marianne" docDate="2019" docId="DC8AE518ECE2EE4C9F49DDDD761194CC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 821: 85-152" docOrigin="ZooKeys 821" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782" docTitle="Amiga arnaca subsp. arnaca Fabricius 1776, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="99" masterDocId="525EB410FFCCFF93FF90FFF24C2EFFA5" masterDocTitle="A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="85" pageNumber="94" updateTime="1668166885032" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the new genus Amiga Nakahara, Willmott & Espeland, gen. n., described for Papilioarnaca Fabricius, 1776 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Nakahara, Shinichi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lamas, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tyler, Stephanie</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marin, Mario Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Huertas, Blanca</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Willmott, Keith R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mielke, Olaf H. H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Espeland, Marianne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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||
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>821</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>85</mods:start>
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<mods:end>152</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.821.31782</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-821-85</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">ECFCCAF68D99457BB9F82443089D0182</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">ECFCCAF68D99457BB9F82443089D0182</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154125620" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DC8AE518ECE2EE4C9F49DDDD761194CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DC8AE518ECE2EE4C9F49DDDD761194CC" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Fabricius, 1776" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1776" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="arnaca">Amiga arnaca arnaca (Fabricius, 1776)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="94">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Figs 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–h">a-h</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 3, 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="a–d">a-d</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="f–k">f-k</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5, 6
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio arnaca" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Papilio arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chilonii, Mich. Friedr. Bartsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Genera insectorvm eorvmqve characteres natvrales secvndvm nvmervm, figvram, sitvm et proportionem omnivm partivm oris adiecta mantissa speciervm nvper detectarvm." year="1776">Fabricius (1776</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 260-261). Type locality: Suriname. Neotype ♂ (here designated): // Suriname Brokopondo Brownsberg, rainforest km 6-12, 30.1.1982, Olle Pellmyr // USNMENT 00913953 // (USNM) [examined]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio ebusa" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebusa">Papilio ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer (1780: 9; pl. CCXCII: figs F, G). Type locality: Suriname. Neotype ♂ (here designated): Suriname Brokopondo Brownsberg, rainforest km 6-12, 30.1.1982, Olle Pellmyr // USNMENT 00913953 // (USNM) [examined]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
=
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Euptychia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" form="priamis" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form">form priamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, R" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, R. Friedlaender & Sohn" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Melanges lepidopterologiques. Etudes sur les lepidopteres du Bresil." year="1922">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 99). Type locality:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Três">Tres</normalizedToken>
|
||
Rios,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacarepaguá">Jacarepagua</normalizedToken>
|
||
[Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro (state), Brazil]. Holotype ♂: // Euptychia ar-naea priamis
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Alm">d'Alm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. 1922. ♂ //
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacarépaguá">Jacarepagua</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Tres-Rios. Rio, 19.. ♂ // HOLOTIPO// Coll.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
// No 5630 // DZ 34.684// (DZUP) [examined]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Papilio arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Carl Ernest Bohn, Hamburgii et Kilonii" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 494" title="Species insectorvm exhibentes eorvm differentias specificas, synonyma avctorvm, loca natalia, metamorphosin adiectis observationibvs, descriptionibvs." volume="2" year="1781">Fabricius 1781</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 85;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Christian Gottlieb Proft, Hafniae, 2" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Mantissa insectorvm sistens species nvper detectas adiectis synonymis, observationibvs, descriptionibvs, emendationibvs." year="1787">Fabricius 1787</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 37;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirby, WF" journalOrPublisher="John Van Voorst, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera." year="1871">Kirby 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 53; Butler and Druce 1874: 337; Butler 1876: 489;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kaye, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="159 - 224" title="A catalogue of the LepidopteraRhopalocera of Trinidad." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1904.tb02744.x" volume="1904" year="1904">Kaye 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 181;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, A" journalOrPublisher="Agricultural Journal of British Guiana" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="25 - 41" title="Catalogue of the LepidopteraRhopalocera (butterflies) of British Guiana." volume="10" year="1939">Hall 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 34.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio aranea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranea">Papilio aranea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher=", Hafniae, 3 (1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Fil. et Soc." year="1793">Fabricius 1793</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 97.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Satyrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Satyrus aranea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranea">Satyrus aranea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Godart [1824]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 492;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="458 - 504" title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc." volume="1866" year="1867">Butler 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 489.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia ebusa" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebusa">Euptychia ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="458 - 504" title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc." volume="1866" year="1867">Butler 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 489;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moeschler, HB" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koeniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="293 - 352" title="Beitraege zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam." volume="26" year="1877">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möschler">Moeschler</normalizedToken>
|
||
1877
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 323; Kirby 1879: 135;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Godman and Salvin 1880-1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88-89;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="139 - 350" title="Report on the Lepidoptera of the Smithsonian Biological Survey of the Panama Canal Zone." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00963801.47-2050.139" volume="47" year="1914">Dyar 1914</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 143.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Euptychia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirby, WF" journalOrPublisher="John Van Voorst, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera." year="1871">Kirby 1871</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 53; Butler and Druce 1874: 337;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology)" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="116 - 128" title="On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1877.tb02375.x" volume="13" year="1877">Butler 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 122;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moeschler, HB" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koeniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="293 - 352" title="Beitraege zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam." volume="26" year="1877">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Möschler">Moeschler</normalizedToken>
|
||
1877
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 323;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Godman and Salvin 1880-1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 88-89;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sharpe, EMB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="552 - 577" title="On a collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. Edmund Reynolds on the rivers Tocantins and Araguaya and in the province of Goyaz, Brazil." volume="1890" year="1890">Sharpe 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 569;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kaye, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="159 - 224" title="A catalogue of the LepidopteraRhopalocera of Trinidad." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1904.tb02744.x" volume="1904" year="1904">Kaye 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 181;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Weymer, G" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Kernen (Stuttgart)" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="173 - 192" title="4. Familie: Satyridae." volume="5" volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. A." year="1911">Weymer 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 219, pl. 49d;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, A" journalOrPublisher="Agricultural Journal of British Guiana" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="25 - 41" title="Catalogue of the LepidopteraRhopalocera (butterflies) of British Guiana." volume="10" year="1939">Hall 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 34;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whittaker, PL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="106 - 114" title="Notes on the satyrid butterfly populations of Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica." volume="37" year="1983">Whittaker 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(misspelled as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“arneae”">"arneae"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in figs 1, 2);
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Abrera">D'Abrera</normalizedToken>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 770-771;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Emmel, TC" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 12" title="The tropical rain forest butterfly fauna of Rondonia, Brazil: species diversity and conservation." volume="1" year="1990">Emmel and Austin 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 10;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mielke, OHH" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="175 - 210" title="Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea e Hesperioidea coletados na Ilha de Maraca, Alto Alegre, Roraima, parte do projeto Maraca, com uma lista complementar de Hesperiidae de Roraima." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921991211210" volume="21" year="1991">Mielke and Casagrande 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 181;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cock, MJW" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" title="An updated and annoted checklist of the larger butterflies (Papilionoidea) of Trinidad, West Indies: Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae." volume="0353" year="2014">Cock 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Euptychia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" form="priamis" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form">form priamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, RF" journalOrPublisher="Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="235 - 298" title="Excursao scientifica aos rios Cumina e Trombetas." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761937000200008" volume="32" year="1937">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
1937
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 254;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="40 - 51" title="An annotated entomological bibliography of Romualdo Ferreira d'Almeida (1891 - 1969)." volume="29" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 41.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnea">Euptychia arnea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Gaede 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 439;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barcant, M" journalOrPublisher="Collins, London" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" title="Butterflies of Trinidad and Tobago." year="1970">Barcant 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 143, pl. 13, fig. 18.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnea">Euptychia arnea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina var. priamis" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" variety="priamis">var. priamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Gaede 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 439.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnaca" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="arnaca">Euptychia arnaca arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bryk, VF" journalOrPublisher="Arkiv foer Zoologi" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 269" title="Lepidoptera aus dem Amazonasgebiete und aus Peru gesammelt von Dr. Douglas Melin und Dr. Abraham Roman." volume="5" year="1953">Bryk 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 63.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chloreuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloreuptychia arnea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnea">Chloreuptychia arnea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forster, W" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen der zoologischen, Staatssammlung Muenchen" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="51 - 188" title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX Lepidoptera III. Satyridae." volume="8" year="1964">Forster 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 120, fig. 131.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chloreuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloreuptychia arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Chloreuptychia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="DeVries, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae." year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:271, pl. 48 figs 18, 19; 261, figs B, C;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ramos, FA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="29 - 41" title="Nymphalid butterfly communities in an amazonian forest fragment." volume="35" year="1996">Ramos 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 40;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Brown and Freitas 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cissia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cissia arnaea" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Cissia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Singer and Ehrlich 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
251, fig. 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chloreuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloreuptychia arnaca" order="Nymphalidae" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Chloreuptychia arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Lamas 1994: 165;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamas, G" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Entomologia" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="55 - 61" title="Mariposas de la Cordillera del Sira, Peru." volume="39" year="1996">Lamas and Grados 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 58;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamas, G" journalOrPublisher="Revista Peruana de Entomologia" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="63 - 74" title="Mariposas del alto Rio Napo, Loreto, Peru." volume="39" year="1996">Lamas et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 65; Lamas et al. 1999: 10;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 218;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beccaloni, GW" journalOrPublisher="Monografias del Tercer Milenio, Zaragoza, Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 536" title="Catalogue of the hostplants of the Neotropical butterflies. Catalogo de las plantas huesped de las mariposas neotropicales." volume="8" year="2008">Beccaloni et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 328;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brévignon">Brevignon</normalizedToken>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Marin, MA" journalOrPublisher="Boletin del Museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="22 - 32" title="Actualizacion sobre Euptychiina (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) representadas en la coleccion del Museo Entomologico Francisco Luis Gallego." volume="1" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Marín">Marin</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Uribe 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 24;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pena, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologica Scripta" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="243 - 258" title="Biogeographic history of the butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00421.x" volume="39" year="2010">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 246;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Francini, RB" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Entomologia" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="55 - 68" title="Butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the " Baixada Santista " region, coastal Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262011000100010" volume="55" year="2011">Francini et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 65;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paluch, M" journalOrPublisher="Biota Neotropica" pageId="22" pageNumber="107" pagination="230 - 238" title="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Parque Ecologico Joao Vasconcelos Sobrinho, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil." volume="11" year="2011">Paluch et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 235;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brévignon">Brevignon</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Benmesbah 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 52;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cock, MJW" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Mundi" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" title="An updated and annoted checklist of the larger butterflies (Papilionoidea) of Trinidad, West Indies: Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae." volume="0353" year="2014">Cock 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 11;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Freitas et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 320; Paluch et al. 2016: 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" type="identification and taxonomy">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="94">Identification and taxonomy.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="9" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Papilio arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fabricius, 1776 was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from Suriname, in Johann Dominicus Schulze's collection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chilonii, Mich. Friedr. Bartsch" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Genera insectorvm eorvmqve characteres natvrales secvndvm nvmervm, figvram, sitvm et proportionem omnivm partivm oris adiecta mantissa speciervm nvper detectarvm." year="1776">Fabricius 1776</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fabricius' description was not accompanied by any illustration of this species, and he did not specify either the sex nor the number of specimens he examined. However, his Latin description is somewhat precise and the identity of the species may be guessed from the description, given the mention of the following wing pattern characters: "forewing, towards the apex there are three ocelli: the distalmost ("exteriori") bi-pupilled"; "hindwings bluish; under surface with five ocelli"; "Hindwings bluish above, iridescent; below bluish with two oblique dark stripes. Submargin with five ocelli, the first and fourth the largest and black, the remainder dark". The mention of multiple ocelli on the (ventral) forewing excludes the possibility of this specimen being other "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chloreuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloreuptychia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chloreuptychia</taxonomicName>
|
||
" species, which also possess bluish iridescent coloration, but have only a single ocellus on the ventral forewing.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabricius, JC" journalOrPublisher=", Hafniae, 3 (1)" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Christian Gottlieb Proft, Fil. et Soc." year="1793">Fabricius (1793)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lea" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" rank="species" species="lea">P. lea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer, 1777 and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="9" pageNumber="94" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
as probably being conspecific, and these two names were associated by some subsequent authors (e.g., God
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="95" start="start">man</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and Salvin 1880-1881), although the mention of five ventral hindwing ocelli for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
is inconsistent with the six ocelli on the ventral hindwing of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lea" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="lea">P. lea</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neonympha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neonympha iris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iris">Neonympha iris</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia tricolor" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">Euptychia tricolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hewitson, 1850, two species now placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Magneuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magneuptychia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Magneuptychia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Forster, 1964, also match the aforementioned wing pattern characters provided in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fabricius’">Fabricius'</normalizedToken>
|
||
original description. These two species do occur in Suriname, and based on the description provided for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is difficult to exclude the possibility of Fabricius having examined one of these two species. Regardless of this fact, the name arnaca has been applied in numerous publications and collections to the species as it is identified here (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whittaker, PL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="106 - 114" title="Notes on the satyrid butterfly populations of Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica." volume="37" year="1983">Whittaker 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considering this situation, stabilizing the nomenclature as currently perceived by many others is crucial regarding the specific epithet arnaca and a neotype is therefore designated for this name below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="10" pageNumber="95">
|
||
A worn specimen (whose sex cannot be confidently determined) in William
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hunter’s">Hunter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
entomological collection is at the UMG, and it was photographed by GL as a potential type specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="10" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Warren, AD" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" url="http://www.butterfliesofamerica.com" year="2018">Warren et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). GL assumed that William Hunter may have received a "duplicate" from Schulze through Fabricius, who did in
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="96" start="start">deed</pageBreakToken>
|
||
supply Hunter with duplicates, resulting in many Fabrician type specimens being found in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hunter’s">Hunter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
insect collection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="96">Hancock 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tuxen, SL" journalOrPublisher="Annual Review of Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 15" title="The entomologist, J. C. Fabricius." url="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.12.010167.000245" volume="12" year="1967">Tuxen 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, we have found no evidence to support that this specimen was originally in Johann Dominicus Schulze's collection, and the Surinamese provenance of the specimen is questionable given its rather narrow ventral bands, which are typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">A. arnaca indianacristoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. n. rather than of specimens from Suriname. The specimen in Glasgow is missing its head and abdomen, in addition to having worn and faded wings, thus somewhat obscuring its true identity. Given this situation, combined with the fact that no authentic Schulze specimens appear to be in existence (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Benmesbah, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="115 - 145" title="Taxonomic notes on Papilioocypete Fabricius, 1776 and Papiliohelle Cramer, 1779 with description of two new similar species from South America (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4425.1.7" volume="4425" year="2018">Benmesbah et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in addition to the explanation above, we therefore designate a male specimen from Suriname (type locality) as a neotype for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
following Article 75.3 of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoang, DT" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" url="http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp" year="1999">ICZN (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(neotype designation): //Suriname Brokopondo Brownsberg, rainforest km 6-12, 30.1.1982, Olle Pellmyr // USNMENT 00913953// (USNM). (Fig. 2a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figure 2.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Amiga arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. specimens spanning its range (dorsal on left, ventral on right): a nominotypical subspecies from Suriname, neotype male (USNM) b nominotypical subspecies from Guyana, female (FLMNH-MGCL 263373) c nominotypical subspecies from E Ecuador, male (FLMNH-MGCL 257121) d nominotypical subspecies from Peru, female (FLMNH-MGCL 262953); e nominotypical subspecies from N Brazil, male (FLMNH-MGCL1036223) f Nominotypical subspecies from N Brazil, female (FLMNH-MGCL 207984) g Nominotypical subspecies from SE Brazil, male (FLMNH-MGCL 1036213); h nominotypical subspecies from SE Brazil, female (FLMNH-MGCL 1036218) i
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="adela">A. arnaca adela</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Costa Rica, male (FLMNH-MGCL 207991) j
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="adela">A. arnaca adela</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Costa Rica, female (FLMNH-MGCL 207992) k
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="adela">A. arnaca adela</taxonomicName>
|
||
from W Ecuador, holotype male (FLMNH-MGCL 151127) l
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="adela">A. arnaca adela</taxonomicName>
|
||
from W Ecuador, female (FLMNH-MGCL 257087) m
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="sericeella">A. arnaca sericeella</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male from Mexico (FLMNH-MGCL 207900) n
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="sericeella">A. arnaca sericeella</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mexico, female (FLMNH-MGCL 207896) o
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">A. arnaca indianacristoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from NW Venezuela, paratype male (FLMNH-MGCL 263107) p
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">A. arnaca indianacristoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from N Venezuela, paratype female (FLMNH-MGCL 1036235).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figure 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="arnaca">Amiga arnaca arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. n. wing venation: a male (FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257164) b female (FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257166).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figure 4.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="arnaca">Amiga arnaca arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. n. abdomen and genitalia (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="adela">A. arnaca adela</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. n. for Fig. 4e): a male abdomen terminal sclerites in lateral view b male terminal tergites in dorsal view c male genitalia in lateral view d male genitalia in dorsal view e uncus in lateral view, based on KW-15-73 (FLMNH-MGCL Specimen 207904) f phallus in lateral view g phallus in dorsal view h female abdomen terminal sclerites in lateral view, based on SN-17-235 (FLMNH-MGCL Specimen 263371) i female genitalia in dorsal view j lamella antevaginalis in ventral view k signa. Illustrated genitalia: SN-17-148 for male (FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257164); SN-17-150 for female (FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257166), unless indicated otherwise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Figure 5.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="arnaca">Amiga arnaca arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. n. appendages: a male palpus with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Reuter’s">Reuter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
sensitive patch and Vom Raths organ indicated by dots b female palpus with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Reuter’s">Reuter's</normalizedToken>
|
||
sensitive patch and Vom
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rath’s">Rath's</normalizedToken>
|
||
organ indicated by dots c male foreleg d female foreleg (illustration: FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257163 for male; FLMNH-MGCL specimen 257167 for female).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
After introducing this species to science, the specific epithet was misspelled as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Arnaea”">"Arnaea"</normalizedToken>
|
||
by Fabricius himself in 1781 and 1787, and as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Aranea”">"Aranea"</normalizedToken>
|
||
in 1793. Subsequently, the specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been erroneously spelled in various ways in a disturbingly high number of publications (e.g., Butler and Druce 1874;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology)" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="116 - 128" title="On new species of the genus Euptychia, with a tabular view of those hitherto recorded." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1877.tb02375.x" volume="13" year="1877">Butler 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="96">Godman and Salvin 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sharpe, EMB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="552 - 577" title="On a collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. Edmund Reynolds on the rivers Tocantins and Araguaya and in the province of Goyaz, Brazil." volume="1890" year="1890">Sharpe 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kaye, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="159 - 224" title="A catalogue of the LepidopteraRhopalocera of Trinidad." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1904.tb02744.x" volume="1904" year="1904">Kaye 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Weymer, G" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Kernen (Stuttgart)" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="173 - 192" title="4. Familie: Satyridae." volume="5" volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. A." year="1911">Weymer 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, R" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, R. Friedlaender & Sohn" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Melanges lepidopterologiques. Etudes sur les lepidopteres du Bresil." year="1922">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="96">Gaede 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forster, W" journalOrPublisher="Veroeffentlichungen der zoologischen, Staatssammlung Muenchen" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" pagination="51 - 188" title="Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX Lepidoptera III. Satyridae." volume="8" year="1964">Forster 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, FM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="40 - 51" title="An annotated entomological bibliography of Romualdo Ferreira d'Almeida (1891 - 1969)." volume="29" year="1975">Brown 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whittaker, PL" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="106 - 114" title="Notes on the satyrid butterfly populations of Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica." volume="37" year="1983">Whittaker 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="DeVries, PJ" journalOrPublisher="Princeton University Press, Princeton" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae." year="1987">DeVries 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also above), including some influential works on the classification of this group. This confusion surrounding its species-group name adds a special urgency for a neotype designation for this common butterfly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="11" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio ebusa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ebusa">Papilio ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer, 1780 was described in Pieter
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cramer’s">Cramer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. The original description describes the bluish-lilac reflection on both wing surfaces, although no further description of any wing element was provided in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cramer’s">Cramer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Dutch and French description. Instead, Cramer compared
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. junia" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="junia">P. junia</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer, 1780, an immediately preceding species described and named in Cramer (1780), but regarded as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. lea" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="lea">P. lea</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer, 1777 by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="11" pageNumber="96">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Evidently,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. junia" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="junia">P. junia</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not conspecific judging from the illustrations in Cramer (1780: 9; pl. CCXCII: figs
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–G">D-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
), and the illustrations of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
combined with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cramer’s">Cramer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
description enable this taxon to be confidently identified.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio chloris" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chloris">Papilio chloris</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cramer, 1780 (now known as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chloreuptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chloreuptychia chlorimene" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chlorimene">Chloreuptychia chlorimene</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, [1819])), is perhaps the only taxon known from Suriname which might have resulted in a similar illustration; however, the illustration of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. chloris" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="chloris">P. chloris</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by Cramer (1780: CCXCIII: figs A, B) excludes this possibility. Based on the Dutch and French description provided for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Cramer based his illustration on what he thought was a female specimen, although the illustration of the dorsal surface (Fig. F) showing the bluish-lilac reflection only on the hindwing indicates that this illustrated specimen is likely to be a male (but see also above for further information). In addition, whether the original description was based on a single specimen or several specimens cannot be unambiguously determined. During our attempt to locate syntype(s) of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="11" pageNumber="96" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two specimens with rounded labels indicating "[Johan] Calkoen" with the locality
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Brasilia”">"Brasilia"</normalizedToken>
|
||
were found
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="97" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
|
||
RMNH. Along with the collection of Joan Raye Heer van Breukelerwaard, Johan
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calkoen’s">Calkoen's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection includes Cramer types, although given the locality
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Brasilia”">"Brasilia"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, these two specimens are most likely not syntypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="12" pageNumber="97" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering that we were unable to find any additional possible syntype(s) of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="12" pageNumber="97" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we here designate a neotype for this name. Although treated as a valid species in the past (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="20" pageNumber="105" pagination="458 - 504" title="A monograph of the genus Euptychia, a numerous race of butterflies belonging to the family Satyridae; with descriptions of sixty species new to science, and notes to their affinities, etc." volume="1866" year="1867">Butler 1867</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="12" pageNumber="97">Godman and Salvin 1880-1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in order to maintain its status as a junior synonym
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="13" pageNumber="98" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
, first recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirby, WF" journalOrPublisher="John Van Voorst, London" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera." year="1871">Kirby (1871)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and followed by most subsequent authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Weymer, G" editor="Seitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Kernen (Stuttgart)" pageId="23" pageNumber="108" pagination="173 - 192" title="4. Familie: Satyridae." volume="5" volumeTitle="Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. A." year="1911">Weymer 1911</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="98">Gaede 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="98">Lamas 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we designate the specimen designated as the neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. arnaca" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" rank="species" species="arnaca">P. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. ebusa" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" rank="species" species="ebusa">P. ebusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well and retain its synonymy as a junior objective synonym (neotype designation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="99" pageId="13" pageNumber="98">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, R" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, R. Friedlaender & Sohn" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Melanges lepidopterologiques. Etudes sur les lepidopteres du Bresil." year="1922">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1922)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Euptychia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychia arnaea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaea">Euptychia arnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic]
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" form="priamis" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="form" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form">form priamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a single male from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Três">Tres</normalizedToken>
|
||
Rios,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jacarepaguá">Jacarepagua</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, currently housed at the DZUP. Following Article 73.1.2. of the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoang, DT" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" url="http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp" year="1999">ICZN (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we consider this male specimen to be the holotype fixed by monotypy based on the statement of "one male collected at the type locality" provided in the original description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, R" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, R. Friedlaender & Sohn" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Melanges lepidopterologiques. Etudes sur les lepidopteres du Bresil." year="1922">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida">D'Almeida</normalizedToken>
|
||
1922
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="13" pageNumber="98">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded this taxon as a junior subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Papilio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Papilio arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Papilio arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
without providing any justification.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D'Almeida, R" journalOrPublisher="Berlin, R. Friedlaender & Sohn" pageId="21" pageNumber="106" title="Melanges lepidopterologiques. Etudes sur les lepidopteres du Bresil." year="1922">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Almeida’s">D'Almeida's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1922)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original description provides some wing pattern characters which he considered to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" form="priamis" genus="Euptychiina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="f." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euptychiina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="form">f. priamis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely "Underside, feeble pearly reflections extending from the base to the line of ocelli"; "Underside, the two rays in the middle are narrow". These two wing pattern characters are seen in the holotype male, and indeed, the overall phenotype of specimens from the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo, and Rio de Janeiro does look somewhat different compared to the neighbouring nominotypical subspecies. Although the feeble pearly reflection extending from the base of the ventral forewing is not seen in the nominotypical subspecies, a few specimens from the aforementioned states in southeastern Brazil appear to lack this reflection (e.g., FLMNH-MGCL-1036218). The narrow ventral bands of many specimens from southeastern Brazil resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="13" pageNumber="98" rank="subSpecies" species="arnaca" subSpecies="indianacristoi">A. arnaca indianacristoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp. n., although the ventral bands are slightly variable in width and a few specimens (e.g., FLMNH-MGCL-262982, 263014) possess bands that are similar in width to the nominotypical subspecies. Thus, the majority of the specimens from Minas Gerais,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo, and Rio de Janeiro are distinguishable
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="14" pageNumber="99" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
|
||
the nominotypical subspecies based on the aforementioned characters except for specimens from Bahia consistently possessing wider ventral bands and/or lacking the feeble pearly reflections on the ventral surface. Nevertheless, we decided not to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. arnaca" pageId="14" pageNumber="99" rank="species" species="arnaca">A. arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Minas Gerais,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo, and Rio de Janeiro as a distinct subspecies because, based on molecular data, this taxonomy would result in the nominotypical subspecies being paraphyletic. Whether subspecies should simply represent geographical variation or should also represent an evolutionary unit (i.e. a monophyletic group) is not a focus of this study and this question merits further in-depth discussion and more data. To be consistent in terms of the subspecies concept used in this study, we consider that subspecies should ideally represent clades, unless there is a strong counter-argument, and thus retain the synonymy introduced in
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="14" pageNumber="99">Lamas (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="99" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="99">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="99">(Fig. 6). The nominotypical subspecies occurs from eastern Colombia south to Bolivia, and in Brazil, southern Venezuela and the Guianas, where it is typically common and widespread in lowland to submontane forest.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="14" pageNumber="99">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="99">
|
||
Figure 6. Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Amiga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amiga arnaca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnaca">Amiga arnaca</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="99" type="examined specimens">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="99">Examined specimens</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="14" pageNumber="99">(718 ♂, 207 ♀). See Appendix for the data of these specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |