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214 lines
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c99b8956-06ae-4c2a-a6ff-bf1a8f2a176d" ID-PMC="PMC3520147" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-246-69" ID-PubMed="23275752" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-246-69" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 246" ModsDocTitle="Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific" checkinTime="1451247891266" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Reimer, James Davis, Irei, Yuka & Fujii, Takuma" docDate="2012" docId="B04868B616635C76ED7796ABED32293F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 246: 69-87" docOrigin="ZooKeys 246" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886" docTitle="Neozoanthus caleyi Reimer, Irei & Fujii, 2012, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="FFD9AC54D763FFC6E06AFF95FFE43C00" masterDocTitle="Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="87" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="71" updateTime="1668154974497" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species of Neozoanthus (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia, Zoantharia) from the Pacific</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reimer, James Davis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Irei, Yuka</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>246</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>69</mods:start>
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<mods:end>87</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.246.3886</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-246-69</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152039071" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3BD527A8-F3CC-4A09-A933-313EBAE6A45C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B04868B616635C76ED7796ABED32293F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3BD527A8-F3CC-4A09-A933-313EBAE6A45C" class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="71">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 235ATables 23S1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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Synonymy: "GBR clade" of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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"Neozoanthus sp. Australia" -
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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: 986, 989, fig. 4.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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Type specimens. Holotype, specimen number MTQ G65793. Colony in two pieces, 5 polyps on a 2.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.0 cm stone and 4 polyps on a 2.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.0 cm stone (originally one colony). Polyps approximately 2.3-5.0 mm in diameter, and approximately 2.5-3.0 mm in height from stoloniferous coenenchyme. Polyps and coenenchyme encrusted with irregularly sized and colored sand grains. There was no noticeable variation between holotype and other specimens. Preserved in 99.5% ethanol.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Paratype" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratype" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paratype</taxonomicName>
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(fromAustralia): Paratype 1. Specimen number NSMT Co1554. North West Reef, Queensland, at 10 m by JDR, November 17, 2009.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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Type locality.Australia, Queensland: Great Barrier Reef, Sykes Reef,
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-23.4322">23.4322°S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="152.0338">152.0338°E</geoCoordinate>
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, reef with coral rubble, at 4 m, 23 November 2009, JDR leg.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Other material (all from Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia; coll. JDR): Sykes Reef MISE HI-141 to 145 (n=5), 18-21 m, 18 November 2009; MISE HI-209, 28 m, 23 November 2009; MISE HI-214, 9 m, 23 November 2009; MISE HI101114-13, 29 m, 14 November 2010. Heron Island Channel, MISE HI-199 to 200 (n=2), 22-23 m, 22 November 2009; MISE HI-224 to 225, 227 (n=3), 25-26 m, 24 November 24 2009; MISE HI-231, 23 m, 24 November 2009 (see also Table 2).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="71">Size: Polyps in situ approximately 2-5 mm in diameter when open, and approximately 2-3 mm in height.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="2" pageNumber="71">
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Morphology:
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.has 28 to 40 (average 33
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.9, n=18 polyps on 8 colonies) conical tentacles. Tentacles are usually shorter than the expanded oral disk diameter (e.g. 50-80% of oral disk width). Tentacles may be grayish-blue, yellow, or transparent, often with black, white, or fluorescent blue bands or patterning (Figure 3). Well-developed, simple endodermal sphincter. No bractae are visible. All specimens are zooxanthellate. Polyps are externally heavily encrusted with sand and other particles of irregular sizes, excepting the oral end, which is free of encrustation and appears a bluish-gray similar to as seen in some
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="2" pageNumber="71" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Zoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species. When fully contracted, the sand-free oral end is often not visible, and polyps resemble small balls of sand. Polyps extend well clear of reduced or stoloniferous coenenchyme (Figure 3). Oral disks ma
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="72" start="start">y</pageBreakToken>
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be a variety of colors, including light gray-blue, white, or deep wine red. Occasionally, white, yellow, or light blue dots may be seen on the oral disk in regular circular patterns, and the oral opening (mouth) is often white in color. A
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“skirt”">"skirt"</normalizedToken>
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of different coloration (usually white or lighter coloration than remainder of oral disk) covering up to approximately 90 degrees of the oral disk is often seen in the area of the dorsal directive. Colonies consist of tens to <100 polyps, connected by stolons with no well-developed coenenchyme.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Cnidae: Basitrichs and microbases (often difficult to distinguish), holotrichs (large and small), spirocysts (see Table S1, Figure 5).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="differential diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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Herberts, 1972 and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. with regards to distribution (southern Great Barrier Reef as opposed to Madagascar and Ryukyu Archipelago, respectively), coloration (no yellow observed in any
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.), and tentacle count (
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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= 38 to 44 tentacles (n= 8 colonies; 18 polyps),
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. = average 38
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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3.0 tentacles, n= 9 colonies; 24 polyps). The two new
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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tentacle counts are statistically significant (t-test, p<0.001). The two new
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Neozoanthus</taxonomicName>
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species mt 16S rDNA sequences differ by three base pairs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. 2011a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Named for Dr. Julian Caley, the leader of the Australian Census of Coral Reef Ecosystems (CReefs) project. Dr.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Caley’s">Caley's</normalizedToken>
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acceptance of the first
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<normalizedToken originalValue="author’s">author's</normalizedToken>
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participation in CReefs led to the discovery of this species. Noun in genitive.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="habitat, ecology and distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Habitat, ecology and distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Specimens from the Great Barrier Reef were found at depths from 4 to 29 m. Despite repeated surveys, no
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. have been found further north around Lizard Island despite zoanthid-focused surveys (
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<bibRefCitation author="Burnett, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Coral Reefs" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="55 - 68" title="Zoanthids (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) from the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia: systematics, evolution and a key to species." url="10.1007/s003380050060" volume="16" year="1997">Burnett et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
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; J.D. Reimer & T. Fujii, unpublished data), and it may be that this species is limited to a subtropical distribution in the Great Barrier Reef.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., although not found at many locations surveyed, was locally common, particularly at locations that were characterized by strong currents and some sedimentation, with large coarse sand particles scattered over the bottom or rocks, for example on the bottom of Heron Channel. Preference for such environments may be related to its encrustation patterns. Colonies were never found in locations completely exposed to light, yet all colonies were zooxanthellate. Most colonies were relatively small, consisting of tens (not hundreds) of polyps, with polyps spread out and connected by thin stolons (Figure 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">This species can close its polyps much more rapidly than those of other zooxanthellate zoanthid genera (Reimer pers. obs).</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Table 3. Comparison of various features of
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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Herberts, 1972,
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp.n. and
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<table pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">Morphological character</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus tulearensis" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tulearensis">Neozoanthus tulearensis</taxonomicName>
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus uchina" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="uchina">Neozoanthus uchina</taxonomicName>
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sp. n
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</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">p</td>
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<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" rowspan="1">p</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Figure 3.
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<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Neozoanthidae" genus="Neozoanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neozoanthus caleyi" order="Zoantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="72" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="caleyi">Neozoanthus caleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. in situ around Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. A Specimen HI214 at Sykes Reef, depth=9 m, November 23, 2009 B Close-up of a single polyp showing yellow coloration at base of tentacles; specimen HI145 at Sykes Reef, depth=18 m, November 18, 2009 C Specimen HI231 at Heron Channel, depth=23 m, November 24, 2009 D Uncollected specimen at Heron Channel, depth=approximately 20 m, November 2011. Scales approximately 1 cm. A, B taken by JD Reimer, C, D taken by Gary Cranitch.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="72" type="dna sequences">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">DNA Sequences.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">
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Originally listed in Table S1 in
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<bibRefCitation author="Reimer, JD" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="77" pagination="983 - 993" title="The sands of time: Rediscovery of the genus Neozoanthus (Cnidaria: Hexacorallia) and evolutionary aspects of sand encrustation in brachycnemic zoanthids." url="10.1007/s00227-011-1624-8" volume="158" year="2011 a">Reimer et al. (2011a)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Cytochrome oxidase subunit I: HM991247-HM991257</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="72">Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA: HM991230-HM991242</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |