543 lines
64 KiB
XML
543 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="D12340F14849EEF8ED02D544A2174F26" ID-CLB-Dataset="7919" ID-DOI="10.1206/3726.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c50f5780-523a-40db-bade-2289eedfa11d" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565809" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614359498161" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rozen, Jerome G." docDate="2011" docId="B02DA82FDC2AAB53923FF9B1FD14FEED" docLanguage="en" docName="AmMusNovit.2011.3726.1-52.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2011 (3726)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3726.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Anthophorula (Anthophorula) completa" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="4C14D057DC3DAB4F9305FF93FFA5FFCC" masterDocTitle="Immatures of Exomalopsine Bees with Notes on Nesting Biology and a Tribal Key to Mature Larvae of Noncorbiculate, Nonparasitic Apinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae)" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698931365235" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="729466331B003DC789D0FF1D3DDB29F2">Immatures of Exomalopsine Bees with Notes on Nesting Biology and a Tribal Key to Mature Larvae of Noncorbiculate, Nonparasitic Apinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D1D327FFAF456E19F84086E4FAA04123">Rozen, Jerome G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="323E51EA00815499F98A8A95603A9EFD">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AA1EB98F6204BF4385E197FDD79FA67A">2011</mods:date>
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<treatment id="B02DA82FDC2AAB53923FF9B1FD14FEED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4574337" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179985016" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4574337" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B02DA82FDC2AAB53923FF9B1FD14FEED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B02DA82FDC2AAB53923FF9B1FD14FEED" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC2AAB58923FF9B1FBA3F9F0" box="[314,1030,1570,1596]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC2AAB58923FF9B1FBA3F9F0" blockId="23.[314,1030,1570,1596]" box="[314,1030,1570,1596]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="6373AE55DC2AAB58923FF9B1FBA3F9F0" allCaps="true" box="[314,1030,1570,1596]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC2AAB58923FF9B1FBA3F9F0" ID-CoL="5VFGW" authority="(COCKERELL)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[314,1030,1570,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa" subGenus="Anthophorula">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC2AAB58923FF9B1FE59F9F0" box="[314,508,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ANTHOPHORULA</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC2AAB58910BF9B1FD75F9F0" box="[526,720,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">ANTHOPHORULA</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC2AAB5891E6F9B1FCFBF9F0" box="[739,862,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">COMPLETA</emphasis>
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(COCKERELL)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC2AAB579173F9CAFBA0FBC7" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC2AAB589173F9CAFD6FF9B8" blockId="23.[630,714,1625,1652]" box="[630,714,1625,1652]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<tableCitation id="75062C82DC2AAB589173F9CAFD6FF9B8" box="[630,714,1625,1652]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="25.[119,185,667,690]" captionTargetId="graphics-13@25.[119,1671,859,957]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="TABLE 2. Nest Statistics of Exomalopsines Treated in Nesting Biology. H = horizontal nester, F = fissure nester (see text). Length and height of provisions measured in side view (figs. 45, 47, 49, 51, 53); width measured in top or bottom view (figs. 46, 48, 50, 52, 54). Shaded cells contain data from earlier publications as indicated under References. In cases where sample size is not offered in literature accounts, N = 1 is substituted, and when a range is given N+ = 2. Cell tilt is from horizontal." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" tableUuid="6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B">Table 2</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC2AAB5793ADF901FC69FEED" blockId="23.[120,1224,1681,1745]" lastBlockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<materialsCitation id="88EC1364DC2AAB5793ADF901FC6DFEED" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3044230307" collectingDate="1993-04-28" county="Tucson Mountains in Pima Co." lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" location="Desert Station" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Arizona">
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I discovered a single nest of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC2AAB589105F902FCB4F967" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[512,785,1681,1707]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC2AAB589105F902FCB4F967" box="[512,785,1681,1707]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Anthophorula completa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at
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<location id="3D5B4FE2DC2AAB58903CF901FC46F967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B02DA82FDC2AAB53923FF9B1FD14FEED:3D5B4FE2DC2AAB58903CF901FC46F967" box="[825,995,1681,1708]" county="Tucson Mountains in Pima Co." name="Desert Station" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" stateProvince="Arizona">Desert Station</location>
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on the east side of the
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<collectingCounty id="D15A61B5DC2AAB5893A3F924FDBEF91D" box="[166,539,1719,1745]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tucson Mountains in Pima Co.</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="FA40D7DBDC2AAB58912CF924FD2FF91D" box="[553,650,1719,1745]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Arizona</collectingRegion>
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, and excavated it on
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<date id="4C3A3FF9DC2AAB589083F924FB94F91D" box="[902,1073,1719,1745]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1993-04-28">
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<collectingDate id="5C7EC611DC2AAB589083F924FB94F91D" box="[902,1073,1719,1745]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1993-04-28">April 28, 1993</collectingDate>
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</date>
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. A year later to the day I found two more close by. The entrance to one of these was at the overhanging edge of a piece of rhyolite on the side of the sloping surface of a small ravine
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC25AB5793ADFEBFFBD6FDBD" blockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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NEST ARCHITECTURE: One of the nests discovered in 1994 had its main open burrow descending at about 45° following an irregularly curved path. First cells were encountered about
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC25AB5793C7FEE4FEAFFE5D" box="[194,266,375,402]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
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from the entrance and all others, about 20 total, were found from there to
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC25AB579785FEE4FB62FE5D" box="[1152,1223,375,401]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="cm" value="22.0">22 cm</quantity>
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beyond the entrance. The burrow branched many times and all cells were clumped side by side and apparently end to end, presumably because of limited space created by rock inclusions. Cell inclination seemed variable. Although the cells appeared fresh, most were vacated, but at least one contained fresh provisions, two or three held feeding larvae, and several more had postdefecating larvae. Two other cells contained feeding larvae of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC25AB579082FDA1FF10FDBE" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Triopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penniger">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC25AB579082FDA1FBCBFD87" box="[903,1134,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Triopasites penniger</emphasis>
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(Cockerell)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC25AB5793C1FDC4FEF7FDBD" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[196,338,599,625]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nomadinae">Nomadinae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC25AB57925BFDC4FD8DFDBE" box="[350,552,599,626]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Brachynomadini">Brachynomadini</taxonomicName>
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). The second nest was similar but had fewer cells.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC25AB5793ADFDEFFBA0FBC7" blockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Cells preserved in the collection show that cell walls, up to 0.5 mm thick, are more consolidated than the substrate and have a shiny lining that is highly water repellent when tested with a water droplet. Obviously coated with a smooth semitransparent material, walls show a faint longitudinal ripple pattern. Cells are elongate ovals, with their top surface more curved than the slightly flatter lower surface holding the provisions. Their anterior end is more elongate than the rear, so that the maximum diameter is about
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<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC25AB579031FCA4FCDFFC9D" box="[820,890,823,849]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
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from the rear end. Cell closures have a nearly flat inner surface showing a well-defined spiral of soil in some samples consisting barely of three coils to the radius, although others have four coils; the outer surface of the closure is concave and smooth, but not shiny. The closure thickness at the center on one specimen is somewhat less the 0.5 mm. When tested with water, the inner surface of closures is relatively water retardant, and the outside surface slowly absorbs a droplet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC25AB5793ADFB84FE3DFAFB" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC25AB5793ADFB84FE3DFAFB" blockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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PROVISIONING AND DEVELOPMENT: Provisions of
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<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC25AB57900BFB84FB86FBFD" ID-CoL="5VFGW" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[782,1059,1047,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC25AB57900BFB84FB86FBFD" box="[782,1059,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Anthophorula completa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(figs. 45, 46) were loaflike with an unusually flat upper surface, and a backward slanting, flattened front that ended below in a ventral projection, a “foot” (as illustrated in
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<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC25AB579056FBF1FB28FBB0" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & C. D. MacNeill" box="[851,1165,1121,1148]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="522 - 529" refId="ref26296" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and C. D. MacNeill. 1957. Biological observations on Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) chionura Cockerell, including a comparison of the biology of Exomalopsis with that of other anthophorid groups. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50: 522 - 529." type="journal article" year="1957">Rozen and MacNeill, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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: figs. 1, 2). The rear of the provisions is apparently attached to the lower curved rear of the cell, and the foot apex either just nearly reach the cell floor at the front. Eggs were deposited on the top surface, somewhat toward the front, as judged from exuviae found on provisions stored in the museum (fig. 46). The widest part of the loaf was in the posterior part, when viewed dorsally or laterally (figs. 45, 46).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC25AB5593ADFAD1F9F6FCF0" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC25AB5793ADFAD1FCE2F9AD" blockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Almost all feces are deposited against the closure and the front wall of the cell for about one mm behind the closure. When torn apart the feces seem to incorporate fibers of silk, suggesting cocoons are initially started during defecation, although the walls of the cocoon elsewhere contain no feces, an indication that the body of the cocoon is spun after defecation is complete. Most of the cocoon fabric is a semitransparent, extremely thin parchmentlike sheet of silk closely applied to the cell surface, so that one can see the position of the feces through the cocoon from inside the cell. However, the cocoon incorporating the feces at the cell closure is thicker and its texture of the inner surface is more fibrous.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC25AB5793ADF9FFFB6CF91D" blockId="24.[120,1225,225,1746]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">When examined with an SEM, a cocoon wall was a single sheet partly imbedding silk strands with other free strands partly covering the inner surface. Whether the sheet was composed solely of fused silk or of another secretion that was deposited during silk spinning is</paragraph>
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<caption id="6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" ID-Table-UUID="6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/6CFB49B1DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[119,1614,772,952]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FD08F9B9FD2B" blockId="25.[119,1654,667,743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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TABLE 2. Nest Statistics of Exomalopsines Treated in Nesting Biology. H = horizontal nester, F = fissure nester (see text). Length and height of provisions measured in side view (figs. 45, 47, 49, 51, 53); width measured in top or bottom view (figs. 46, 48, 50, 52, 54). Shaded cells contain data from earlier publications as indicated under References. In cases where sample size is not offered in literature accounts,
|
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569022FD43FC92FD2B" box="[807,823,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
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= 1 is substituted, and when a range is given
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB5697DCFD43FB4CFD2B" box="[1241,1257,720,743]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
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+ = 2. Cell tilt is from horizontal.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB5692D5FC83FF78FC74" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<table id="4A84EB99DC2454B09372FC97F9EBFC74" box="[119,1614,772,952]" gridcols="13" gridrows="5" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<tr id="86B41B7BDC2454B09372FC97F9EBFCEA" box="[119,1614,772,806]" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
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<th id="C5657207DC2454B092CDFC97FDBCFCEA" box="[456,537,772,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Burrow</th>
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<th id="C5657207DC2454B091E6FC97FC96FCEA" box="[739,819,772,806]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Max. cell</th>
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<th id="C5657207DC2454B0905EFC97FC32FCEA" box="[859,919,772,806]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">No.</th>
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<th id="C5657207DC2454B09787FC97FA80FCEA" box="[1154,1317,772,806]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Provisions</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="86B41B7BDC2454B09372FCBBF9EBFC9A" box="[119,1614,808,854]" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<th id="C5657207DC2454B09372FCBBFEA6FC9A" box="[119,259,808,854]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Taxon</th>
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<td id="C5657207DC2454B09267FCBBFE3CFC9A" box="[354,409,808,854]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Nester type</td>
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<td id="C5657207DC2454B092CDFCBBFDBCFC9A" box="[456,537,808,854]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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diameter, mm (
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<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB5692F9FCD3FDAEFC9A" box="[508,523,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
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)
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</td>
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<td id="C5657207DC2454B09149FCBBFD15FC9A" box="[588,688,808,854]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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Cell length, mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56918CFCD3FD3DFC9A" box="[649,664,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B091E6FCBBFC96FC9A" box="[739,819,808,854]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
diameter, mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569013FCD3FC80FC9A" box="[790,805,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B0905EFCBBFC32FC9A" box="[859,919,808,854]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">cells in series</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B090B0FCBBFC50FC9A" box="[949,1013,808,854]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cell tilt</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B0971EFCBBFBF8FC9A" box="[1051,1117,808,854]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Length, mm</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B09787FCBBFB67FC9A" box="[1154,1218,808,854]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Height, mm</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B097ECFCBBFA80FC9A" box="[1257,1317,808,854]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Width, mm</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B0964EFCBBFAFFFC9A" box="[1355,1370,808,854]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56964EFCD3FAFFFC9A" box="[1355,1370,832,854]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">N</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B0967AFCBBFA0AFC9A" box="[1407,1455,808,854]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Foot?</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B096D1FCBBF9EBFC9A" box="[1492,1614,808,854]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Reference</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="86B41B7BDC2454B09372FCF8F9EBFC4E" box="[119,1614,875,898]" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="C5657207DC2454B09372FCF8FEA6FC4E" box="[119,259,875,898]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FCF8FF56FC4E" box="[119,243,875,898]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FCF8FF56FC4E" box="[119,243,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B09267FCF8FE3CFC4E" box="[354,409,875,898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B092CDFCF8FDBCFC4E" box="[456,537,875,898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">4.0 (1)</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B09149FCF8FD15FC4E" box="[588,688,875,898]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">6.2–7.2 (3)</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B091E6FCF8FC96FC4E" box="[739,819,875,898]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">3.5 (2)</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B0905EFCF8FC32FC4E" box="[859,919,875,898]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1–2?</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B090B0FCF8FC50FC4E" box="[949,1013,875,898]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">10–30°</td>
|
||
<td id="C5657207DC2454B096D1FCF8F9EBFC4E" box="[1492,1614,875,898]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC24AB5696D1FCF8F9E1FC4E" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1604,875,898]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="86B41B7BDC2454B09372FC15F9EBFC51" box="[119,1614,902,925]" gridrow="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="C5657207DC2454B09372FC15FEA6FC51" box="[119,259,902,925]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56937AFC15FF5EFC51" box="[127,251,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56937AFC15FF5EFC51" box="[127,251,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="86B41B7BDC2454B09372FC32F9EBFC74" box="[119,1614,929,952]" gridrow="4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="C5657207DC2454B09372FC32FEA6FC74" box="[119,259,929,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">compactula</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="C56218B7DC24AB569372FC55FF01FAF7" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[119,1614,772,952]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FC55FF63FC34" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FC55FF29FC11" box="[119,140,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFC55FEB0FC11" box="[153,277,966,989]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFC55FEB0FC11" box="[153,277,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 4.0 (1) 6.0–6.5 (3) 3.8–4.2 (3) 1–2? Various 4.5–4.9 2.0 3.0 3 Yes Current study
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FC72FF63FC34" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[119,198,993,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FC72FF63FC34" box="[119,198,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">completa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FB94FF6FFBF5" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FB94FF29FBD2" box="[119,140,1031,1054]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFB94FEB0FBD2" box="[153,277,1031,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFB94FEB0FBD2" box="[153,277,1031,1054]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 3.5 (1) 5.7–6.3 (20) 3.5–3.9 (20) 1 Yes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC24AB5696D1FB94F9E0FBD2" author="Parker, F. D." box="[1492,1605,1031,1054]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="188 - 192" refId="ref25639" refString="Parker, F. D. 1984. Biological notes on the bee Exomalopsis crenulata Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 60: 188 - 192." type="journal article" year="1984">Parker, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FBB1FF6FFBF5" authorityName="Timberlake" authorityYear="1980" box="[119,202,1058,1081]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crenulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FBB1FF6FFBF5" box="[119,202,1058,1081]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">crenulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FBD4F9DEFBB5" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FBD4FF29FB92" box="[119,140,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFBD4FEBFFB92" authorityName="Michener & Moure" authorityYear="1957" box="[153,282,1095,1118]" class="Insecta" genus="Anthophorisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFBD4FEBFFB92" box="[153,282,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorisca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) F 2.5 (1) 6.0 (5) 3.6 (7) 1–5 Various 3.5 2.2 2.4 ??? Yes Rozen & MacNeill,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FBF1F9A4FBB5" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[119,1537,1122,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionura">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FBF1FF63FBB5" box="[119,198,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">chionura</emphasis>
|
||
1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC24AB56950EFBF1F9DEFBB5" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1547,1659,1122,1145]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FB1BFF7DFB76" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FB1BFF29FB53" box="[119,140,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFB1BFEBFFB53" authorityName="Michener & Moure" authorityYear="1957" box="[153,282,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" genus="Anthophorisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFB1BFEBFFB53" box="[153,282,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorisca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 3.0 (1) 7.5 (1) 4.5 (1) 45° 4.0 3.0 1 Yes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC24AB5696D1FB1BF9E0FB53" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1605,1160,1183]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref25837" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1977. Immature stages of and ethological observations on the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Nomadini (Apoidea, Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2638: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1977">Rozen, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FB30FF7DFB76" box="[119,216,1187,1210]" class="Insecta" genus="Anthophorisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="consobrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FB30FF7DFB76" box="[119,216,1187,1210]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">consobrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FB5BF9A5FB36" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FB5BFF29FB13" box="[119,140,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFB5BFEBFFB13" authorityName="Michener & Moure" authorityYear="1957" box="[153,282,1224,1247]" class="Insecta" genus="Anthophorisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFB5BFEBFFB13" box="[153,282,1224,1247]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorisca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) F 3.3–3.5 (4) 7.0–8.0 (5) 4.8–5.0 (7) 1–2 0–45°
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB5690E8FB54FC51FB1A" attach="left" box="[1005,1012,1223,1238]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">a</superScript>
|
||
5.0
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB569743FB54FBE8FB1A" attach="left" box="[1094,1101,1223,1238]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">a</superScript>
|
||
3.0
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB5697A9FB54FB16FB1A" attach="left" box="[1196,1203,1223,1238]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">a</superScript>
|
||
3.0
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB569614FB54FABDFB1A" attach="left" box="[1297,1304,1223,1238]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">a</superScript>
|
||
1
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB56965DFB54FAFAFB1A" attach="left" box="[1368,1375,1223,1238]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">a</superScript>
|
||
Yes Rozen & Snelling,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB569372FB70F9A5FB36" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[119,1536,1251,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FB70FF09FB36" box="[119,172,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">nitens</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC24AB569372FA9AFF01FAF7" blockId="25.[119,1666,966,1339]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB569372FA9AFF29FAEC" box="[119,140,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC24AB56939CFA9AFEBFFAEC" authorityName="Michener & Moure" authorityYear="1957" box="[153,282,1289,1312]" class="Insecta" genus="Anthophorisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC24AB56939CFA9AFEBFFAEC" box="[153,282,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Anthophorisca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 3.5 (1) 7.8–8.5 (6) 4.2–4.6 (8) 1 4.3–5.2 2.4–5.2 3.3–3.8
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC24AB56962DFA94FA95FADA" attach="left" box="[1320,1328,1287,1302]" fontSize="6" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">b</superScript>
|
||
7 Yes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC24AB5696D1FA9AF9E1FAEC" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1604,1289,1312]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
sidae
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FD0BFF77FD06" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FD0BFF29FD63" box="[119,140,664,687]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">A.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB55939CFD0BFF5AFD63" box="[153,255,664,687]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Isomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
) H 2.8–3.5 (1) 7.0–7.5 (2) 3.8–4.0 (3) 1 45–75° 3.5–4.0 2.2–2.5 2.4–2.7 5 Yes Current study
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FD20FF77FD06" box="[119,210,691,714]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FD20FF77FD06" box="[119,210,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">uncicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FD4AF9F6FD3C" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1619,729,752]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FD4AFEB1FD3C" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1956" box="[119,276,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Eremapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FD4AFEB1FD3C" box="[119,276,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Eremapis parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
H 1.75–3.0 (4) 4.0–5.0 (8) 2.5–2.9 (10) 1–2 0–30° 2.3–2.6 1.7–1.8 1.8–2.0 5 No Current study
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FD6CF9F6FCDA" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1619,765,790]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FD6CFE9FFCDA" authorityName="Toro" authorityYear="1976" box="[119,314,767,790]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Chilimalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FD6CFE9FFCDA" box="[119,314,767,790]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chilimalopsis parvula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F 1.5–2.0 (2) 3.8–4.2 (10) 2.4–2.8 (11) 1–3 0–80° 2.0–2.2 1.0–1.9 1.6
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559614FD6EFAB2FCC0" attach="left" box="[1297,1303,765,780]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</superScript>
|
||
2 No Current study
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FCB6F9F6FCF0" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1619,803,828]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FCB6FE98FCF0" box="[119,317,805,828]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Teratognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FCB6FE98FCF0" box="[119,317,805,828]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Teratognatha modesta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
F 2.0–2.2 (4) 4.0–4.6 (10) 2.6–2.8 (12) 1–3 2.0–2.3 1.4–1.7 1.8
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559614FCB0FAB2FCFE" attach="left" box="[1297,1303,803,818]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</superScript>
|
||
3
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559682FCB6FA0EFCFE" attach="left" box="[1415,1451,803,828]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nod</superScript>
|
||
Current study
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FCD9FF71FCB0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FCD9FF71FCB0" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FCD9FF3AFCAD" box="[119,159,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exo.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB5593A9FCD9FEBEFCAD" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1853" box="[172,283,842,865]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB5593A9FCD9FEBEFCAD" box="[172,283,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 4.0 (2) 10.0 (1) 5.0 (1) 1 90° No
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FCD9F9EFFCAD" author="Zucchi, R." box="[1492,1610,842,865]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref26671" refString="Zucchi, R. 1973. Aspectos bionomicos de Exomalopsis aureopilosa [sic] e Bombus atratus incluindo consideracoes sobre a evolucao do comportamento social. 172 pp. Ribeirao Preto, Brazil: thesis, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras." type="book" year="1973">Zucchi, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FCF6FF71FCB0" box="[119,212,869,892]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auropilosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FCF6FF71FCB0" box="[119,212,869,892]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">auropilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FC18F9E0FC6E" box="[119,1605,907,930]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FC18F9E0FC6E" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1605,907,930]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FC18FF3AFC6E" box="[119,159,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exo.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB5593A9FC18FEBEFC6E" ID-CoL="4HXR" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1853" box="[172,283,907,930]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB5593A9FC18FEBEFC6E" box="[172,283,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 4.0–4.5 (2) 7.0-8.0 (?) 5.0 (?) 1 20–80° 4.4–4.7 3.1–3.2 3.0–3.2 3 No
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FC18F9E0FC6E" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1605,907,930]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref26035" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1997. New taxa of brachynomadine bees (Apidae: Nomadinae). American Museum Novitates 3200: 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1997">Rozen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FC36FF08FC70" box="[119,173,933,956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FC36FF08FC70" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,173,933,956]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FC36FF08FC70" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1914" box="[119,173,933,956]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FC36FF08FC70" box="[119,173,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">bruesi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FC58FF63FC31" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FC58FF63FC31" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FC58FF3AFC2E" box="[119,159,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exo.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB5593A9FC58FEBEFC2E" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1853" box="[172,283,971,994]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB5593A9FC58FEBEFC2E" box="[172,283,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H 8.8 1 40° No
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FC58F994FC2E" author="Raw, A." box="[1492,1585,971,994]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref25669" refString="Raw, A. 1977. The biology of two Exomalopsis species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) with remarks on sociality of bees. Revista de Biologia Tropical 25: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1977">Raw, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FC75FF63FC31" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[119,198,998,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FC75FF63FC31" box="[119,198,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">pulchella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FB9FF994FBEF" box="[119,1585,1036,1059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FB9FF994FBEF" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1585,1036,1059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FB9FFF2FFBEF" box="[119,138,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">E.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559392FB9FFEA3FBEF" ID-CoL="4HXR" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1853" box="[151,262,1036,1059]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559392FB9FFEA3FBEF" box="[151,262,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) H & F 8.8 1 ≈0° No
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FB9FF994FBEF" author="Raw, A." box="[1492,1585,1036,1059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref25669" refString="Raw, A. 1977. The biology of two Exomalopsis species (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) with remarks on sociality of bees. Revista de Biologia Tropical 25: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1977">Raw, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FBB5F9ECFBAF" box="[119,1609,1062,1123]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FBB5FF0AFBF1" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,175,1062,1085]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FBB5FF0AFBF1" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1865" box="[119,175,1062,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FBB5FF0AFBF1" box="[119,175,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">similis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FBDFF9ECFBAF" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1609,1100,1123]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FBDFFF3AFBAF" box="[119,159,1100,1123]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exo.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB5593A9FBDFFE8EFBAF" box="[172,299,1100,1123]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Stilbomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
) H 8.0–9.5 (31) 5.0–5.6 (35) 1 5.0 3.3 3.2 1 No
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FBDFF9E0FBAF" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1605,1100,1123]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB559372FBF4FF71FB72" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FBF4F925FBB2" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[119,1664,1127,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FBF4F925FBB2" ID-CoL="3DNR9" authority="Norden et al., 1994" box="[119,1664,1127,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solani">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FBF4FF0EFBB2" box="[119,171,1127,1150]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">solani</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FBF4F925FBB2" author="Norden, B. B. & K. V. Krombein & S. W. T. Batra" box="[1492,1664,1127,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="350 - 356" refId="ref25545" refString="Norden, B. B., K. V. Krombein, and S. W. T. Batra. 1994. Nests and enemies of Exomalopsis (Phanomalopsis) solani Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Mutillidae; Diptera: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 96: 350 - 356." type="journal article" year="1994">Norden et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559372FB1EFF71FB72" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FB1EFF3AFB68" box="[119,159,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Exo.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB5593A9FB1EFE8EFB68" box="[172,299,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Stilbomalopsis</emphasis>
|
||
) H 4.5 (1) 7.5–8.5(8) 5.0–5.5 (8) 1 35–80° 5.0–6.1 2.9–3.5 3.2–4.0 8 Yes
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC27AB5596D1FB1EF9E1FB68" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[1492,1604,1165,1188]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC27AB559372FB34FF71FB72" ID-CoL="6HMY7" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1898" box="[119,212,1191,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="solidaginis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC27AB559372FB34FF71FB72" box="[119,212,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">solidaginis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC27AB549389FB46FCF4FADD" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559389FB46FD41FB22" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[140,740,1237,1262]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559389FB46FF36FB28" attach="left" box="[140,147,1237,1252]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">a</superScript>
|
||
New data, from single food mass store in AMNH or from notes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559389FB63FF70FAC5" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[140,213,1264,1289]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559389FB63FF31FB33" attach="left" box="[140,148,1264,1279]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">b</superScript>
|
||
3 data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559389FA98FEB0FAE8" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[140,277,1291,1316]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559389FA98FF37FAD6" attach="left" box="[140,146,1291,1306]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">c</superScript>
|
||
Single datum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC27AB559389FAB6FED0FAF2" blockId="26.[119,1664,664,1342]" box="[140,373,1317,1342]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<superScript id="CFF1B471DC27AB559389FAB6FF31FAF8" attach="left" box="[140,148,1317,1332]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">d</superScript>
|
||
See text for explanation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6CFB49B1DC26AB54937DFD3BFEF3FC9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565825" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565825" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565825/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[120,221,680,704]" targetBox="[120,1224,228,658]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC26AB54937DFD3BFEF3FC9F" blockId="27.[120,1225,680,851]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
FIGURES 45–54. Camera lucida illustrations of provision loaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54902FFD3BFC13FD0C" box="[810,950,680,704]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Exomalopsini">Exomalopsini</taxonomicName>
|
||
with position of eggs indicated in top views, front end at right, all to same scale. All provision loaves oriented artificially as if cells were horizontal.
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5493E9FD70FE97FD37" bold="true" box="[236,306,739,763]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">45, 46.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB549232FD70FD8DFD37" box="[311,552,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB549232FD70FD86FD37" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[311,547,739,763]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">Anthophorula completa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
side view in a cell and top view, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5490F7FD70FB92FD37" bold="true" box="[1010,1079,739,763]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">47, 48.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB549738FD70FF41FCD4" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB549738FD70FF45FCD4" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uncicornis">Anthophorula uncicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
side view and top view, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54915CFC93FD3BFCD4" bold="true" box="[601,670,768,792]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">49, 50.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5491A1FC92FCFCFCD4" box="[676,857,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5491A1FC92FCF0FCD4" authorityName="Ogloblin" authorityYear="1956" box="[676,853,768,792]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Eremapis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parvula">Eremapis parvula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
side view and top view, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54937DFC8EFF1BFCF9" bold="true" box="[120,190,797,821]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">51, 52.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5493C0FC8DFE2FFCFA" box="[197,394,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5493C0FC8DFE23FCFA" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1914" box="[197,390,798,822]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Exomalopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruesi">Exomalopsis bruesi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
side view and top view, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB549003FC8EFCE8FCF9" bold="true" box="[774,845,797,821]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">53, 54.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB549056FC8DFB93FCFA" box="[851,1078,798,822]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB549056FC8DFB96FCFA" box="[851,1075,798,822]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Teratognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">Teratognatha modesta</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
side view and top view, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC26AB54937DFC34FCF4FADD" blockId="27.[120,1225,934,1746]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
unknown. It was, however, extremely thin (somewhat less than
|
||
<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC26AB549075FC35FC0AFC0D" box="[880,943,934,961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 µm</quantity>
|
||
, fig. 62) on the sides of the cocoon wall and had no openings or fenestrations, except at the anterior pole (fig. 58). There a large, more or less circular hole (diameter <
|
||
<quantity id="FF7CB4DCDC26AB5491D8FC61FC81FBC0" box="[733,804,1010,1036]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) occurred, screened by an open but dense webbing of silk strands (figs. 59, 60). This feature presumably allows gas exchange between inside and outside of the cocoon, which is necessary because the immature bee must survive until the next blooming of its food plants, perhaps 10 months away. It seems likely that the thin cocoon fabric elsewhere protects the bee from desiccation while the screening at the opening helps prevent parasite/predator invasion. Although no external protrusion is noticeable on the outside of the cocoon, this structure corresponds to the nippled end of megachilid cocoons that serves similar functions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC26AB54913AFB64FCE1FADD" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & H. G. Hall" box="[575,836,1271,1297]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref26240" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and H. G. Hall. 2011. Nesting and developmental biology of the cleptoparasitic bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and its host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). American Museum Novitates 3707: 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="2011">Rozen and Hall, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="709E4AB2DC26AB5393ADFA8FFD14FEED" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC26AB5493ADFA8FFD8CF9AD" blockId="27.[120,1225,934,1746]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
The cocoon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54925EFA8FFDCEFAFA" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[347,619,1308,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54925EFA8FFDCEFAFA" box="[347,619,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Anthophorula completa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to that described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5490E1FA8FFEB8FA90" authority="(Rozen, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Rozen" baseAuthorityYear="1984" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5490E1FA8FFB6DFAFA" box="[996,1224,1308,1334]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Anthophorula sidae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC26AB549385FAD1FEB0FA90" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[128,277,1346,1372]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in that most of the feces of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54916CFAD1FD60FA97" baseAuthorityName="Rozen" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[617,709,1345,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54916CFAD1FD60FA97" box="[617,709,1345,1372]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. sidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are applied to the front end of the cell, and elsewhere the cocoon fabric is semitransparent. With
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5491EBFAF4FCD3FA4D" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[750,886,1383,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5491EBFAF4FCD3FA4D" box="[750,886,1383,1409]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. completa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all the feces are applied only to the front end, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54926AFA1EFE6EFA6A" baseAuthorityName="Rozen" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[367,459,1420,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54926AFA1EFE6EFA6A" box="[367,459,1420,1447]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. sidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also applies a thin layer of feces to the entire cell wall where it is loosely held in place by fine open strands of silk spun before the semitransparent layer. The cocoons
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5493E4FA44FECFFA3D" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[225,362,1495,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chionura">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5493E4FA44FECFFA3D" box="[225,362,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. chionura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB5492A3FA44FDABFA3D" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[422,526,1495,1521]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitens">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB5492A3FA44FDABFA3D" box="[422,526,1495,1521]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. nitens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are opaque, matte, and dense with feces applied to all surfaces during cocoon construction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC26AB549120FA6FFCCBF9DB" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & C. D. MacNeill" box="[549,878,1532,1559]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="522 - 529" refId="ref26296" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and C. D. MacNeill. 1957. Biological observations on Exomalopsis (Anthophorula) chionura Cockerell, including a comparison of the biology of Exomalopsis with that of other anthophorid groups. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50: 522 - 529." type="journal article" year="1957">Rozen and MacNeill, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC26AB54907BFA6EFB1EF9DB" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr. & R. R. Snelling" box="[894,1211,1532,1559]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="480 - 488" refId="ref26442" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr., and R. R. Snelling. 1986. Ethology of the bee Exomalopsis nitens and its cleptoparasite (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Journal of the New York Entomological. Society 94: 480 - 488." type="journal article" year="1986">Rozen and Snelling, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hence, their cocoons have a very different appearance from the semitransparent, thin, seemingly delicate cocoon of
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54929CF9D4FD8CF9AD" box="[409,553,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54929CF9D4FD80F9AD" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[409,549,1607,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="completa">A. completa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="383B1939DC26AB5393ADF9FFFD14FEED" blockId="27.[120,1225,934,1746]" lastBlockId="28.[120,1224,225,289]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
PARASITISM: As indicated above, the cleptoparasite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB54903CF9FEFB89F94A" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[825,1068,1645,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Triopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penniger">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB54903CF9FEFB89F94A" box="[825,1068,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Triopasites penniger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
successfully attacked these nests; its larval feces were broadly smeared against much of the cell wall, not unlike the habits of its tribal partner
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC26AB549149F924FBB7F91E" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1898" box="[588,1042,1719,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Brachynomada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidaefloris">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC26AB549149F924FCDBF91D" box="[588,894,1719,1745]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Brachynomada sidaefloris</emphasis>
|
||
(Cockerell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB53937DFF72FE43FF30" authority="(Cockerell)" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[120,486,225,252]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53937DFF72FEFFFF37" box="[120,346,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula sidae</emphasis>
|
||
(Cockerell)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC21AB5392F3FF72FD2EFF37" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[502,651,225,251]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref25919" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1984. Comparative nesting biology of the bee tribe Exomalopsini (Apoidea: Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2798: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1984">Rozen, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 31, 32).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB53902EFF71FBB4FF37" baseAuthorityName="Cockerell" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[811,1041,226,251]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Triopasites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penniger">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB53902EFF71FBB4FF37" box="[811,1041,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Triopasites penniger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also parasitizes nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF8462BADC21AB5393CAFE94FD09FEED" authority="(Rozen, 1977)" baseAuthorityName="Rozen" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[207,684,263,289]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Anthophorula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="compactula">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AF0C52BDC21AB5393CAFE94FE58FEED" box="[207,509,263,289]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Anthophorula compactula</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C1564C8DC21AB539108FE94FD01FEED" author="Rozen, J. G., Jr." box="[525,676,263,289]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref25837" refString="Rozen, J. G., Jr. 1977. Immature stages of and ethological observations on the cleptoparasitic bee tribe Nomadini (Apoidea, Anthophoridae). American Museum Novitates 2638: 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1977">Rozen, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |