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<document id="C4BFFD58FBCC631D2E63706375609619" ID-CLB-Dataset="6467" ID-DOI="10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.113-119" ID-GBIF-Dataset="60bf9bb7-2740-42f8-9df8-693c34164dd7" ID-ISSN="0005-805X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4793498" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1620828912571" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Bennett, Daniel J. &amp; Engel, Michael S." docDate="2008" docId="7D5187D18526FFD8FF0C73E8FE1EFBDC" docLanguage="en" docName="ContribEntomol.58.1.113-119.pdf" docOrigin="Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 58 (1)" docSource="https://www.contributions-to-entomology.org/article/view/1720" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DA3631FDA31ED51D1CF99ECA6F54F23F.3:ContribEntomol.2005-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="DA3631FDA31ED51D1CF99ECA6F54F23F" docStyleName="ContribEntomol.2005-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pison menkei Bennett &amp; Engel 2008, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="117" masterDocId="8168FFA98527FFDDFFB97240FF87FFFE" masterDocTitle="Pison menkei, a new crabronid wasp in Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="113" pageNumber="114" updateTime="1698938793024" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="F647869AD2DD39D82665417222BBA0D2">Pison menkei, a new crabronid wasp in Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0EC8E455E8EE15A10326EE1FA8059540">Bennett, Daniel J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="860E203AA247C91471A7ACBC2DEE45CA">Engel, Michael S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="AF35ADC8B072C01EB8A6E43392FB4CC7">Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0D4D40B07BC11B7089D0BE1A6D0BA850">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="75DD8779F0370616C821DDA30E409557">2008-07-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6025CBE718C0C35664458E1085346F7E">58</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6511ABA58D3079E58D613386C007A937" type="DOI">10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.113-119</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7D5187D18526FFD8FF0C73E8FE1EFBDC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793762" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182395375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4793762" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D5187D18526FFD8FF0C73E8FE1EFBDC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D5187D18526FFD8FF0C73E8FE1EFBDC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8526FFDCFF0C73E8FD8FFE3E" box="[181,520,424,448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFF0C73E8FD8FFE3E" blockId="1.[181,520,424,448]" box="[181,520,424,448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<heading id="AE0F81AB8526FFDCFF0C73E8FD8FFE3E" box="[181,520,424,448]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" reason="2">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFF0C73E8FE1FFE3E" bold="true" box="[181,408,424,448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448526FFDCFF0C73E8FECBFE3E" authority="Bennett &amp; Engel, 2008" authorityName="Bennett &amp; Engel" authorityYear="2008" box="[181,332,424,448]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menkei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFF0C73E8FECBFE3E" bold="true" box="[181,332,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Pison menkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DCBF57AE8526FFDCFEE273E8FE1FFE3E" box="[347,408,424,448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="6DC32A428526FFDCFE1E73E8FE78FE3E" box="[423,511,424,448]" captionStart-0="Figs 1-3" captionStart-1="Figs 4-5" captionStartId-0="2.[189,227,1416,1438]" captionStartId-1="3.[113,151,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox-0="[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetBox-1="[113,1088,586,1208]" captionTargetId-0="figure-73@2.[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetId-1="figure-362@3.[113,1088,586,1244]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="Figs 1-3: Holotype female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 1 lateral habitus. – 2 close-up of mesopleuron. – 3 oblique aspect of head." captionText-1="Figs 4-5: Female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 4 oblique aspect of head. – 5 mandible." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793500" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793502" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4793500/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4793502/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Figs 1-5</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8526FFDCFFD373A5FC8FFD64" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFFD373A5FF5FFE03" blockId="1.[106,1096,485,666]" box="[106,216,485,509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFFD373A5FF5FFE03" bold="true" box="[106,216,485,509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFFD37047FC8FFD64" blockId="1.[106,1096,485,666]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
The new species differs from extant and extinct species of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448526FFDCFD6B7048FC80FDE1" box="[722,775,520,543]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFD6B7048FC80FDE1" box="[722,775,520,543]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Pison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of traits: head longer than wide, epistomal sulcus medially pointed up (possibly unique), sulcus along condylar ridge of mandible, ventral mandibular margin concave, slightly emarginate labrum, inner flange extending over torulus, median sulcus on frons, strongly convex upper frons and clypeus, and first recurrent vein ending in submarginal cell I.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8526FFD9FFD370F7FD51FC05" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="1" pageNumber="114" type="description">
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFFD370F7FF6AFD31" blockId="1.[106,237,695,719]" box="[106,237,695,719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFFD370F7FF6AFD31" bold="true" box="[106,237,695,719]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Description:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFFD3709EFEE2FCCC" blockId="1.[106,1096,733,819]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
: Body length ~9.0 mm (excluding antenna), forewing length
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. Black where color apparent (otherwise an artificial silver sheen), without maculations, forewings infumate except hyaline anterobasal area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78526FFDCFFD37101FDC9F988" blockId="1.[106,1097,833,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58526FFDCFFD37101FF18FCA7" box="[106,159,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Head</emphasis>
(
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,
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) in frontal view rather narrow, width ~0.8x height (~
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wide; ~2.0 mm long [from vertex to clypeal apex]). Compound eye length
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; dorsally bulging above level of vertex; facets similar in size above and below eye notch; inner margins vertical, not converging in lower 1/3, converging in upper 1/4; UID (
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) about 0.75x LID (~
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). Lateral ocellus separated from compound eye by about 1/4 lateral ocellar diameter, apparently separated from opposite ocellus by slightly less than mid-ocellar diameter, separated from mid ocellus by about mid-ocellar diameter. Vertex narrow. Upper frons strongly and broadly swollen, coarsely punctate medially, with strong, longitudinal, median sulcus below mid ocellus; lower frons with weak, tubercle-like frontal line, more or less flat between and immediately above toruli, evenly raised into swelling of upper frons. Torulus nearly contiguous with epistomal sulcus, separated from its counterpart by about mid-ocellar diameter, concealed by ventrally expanded inner flange. Scape
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x
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; pedicel
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long; flagellum longitudinally flattened in proximal 2/3 (likely post-mortem deterioration), 10-segmented, segments similar in size, becoming only slightly shorter progressively, segment lengths 1.69-2.64x their widths (F1
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x
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, F2
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x
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, F3 and F4 each
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x
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, F5
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x
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, F6
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long, F7
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long, F8
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long, F9
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long [likely artificial magnification], F10
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long [likely artificial magnification]), F10 with subapical, ventral, transverse line. Clypeus strongly swollen medially; free margin entire, medially arched into a blunt lobe, laterally concave. Epistomal sulcus between toruli bluntly directed dorsally. Malar space lacking, eye reaching mandibular articulation. Labrum weakly emarginate,
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wide, exserted beneath median clypeal lobe (absent or not exposed laterally), edged by about 15 stout setae. Occipital carina ventrally strong, meeting or nearing hypostomal carina. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="6DC32A428526FFDCFBBA7785FBB8FA23" box="[1027,1087,1477,1501]" captionStart="Figs 4-5" captionStartId="3.[113,151,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[113,1088,586,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-362@3.[113,1088,586,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 4-5: Female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 4 oblique aspect of head. – 5 mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793502/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="114">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) with basal, outer face concave; ventral margin entire, concave subbasally (in place of step notch of some congeners), medially bearing about 4 long, apically directed setae; apex acute; with a sulcus (but not a ridge) along condylar ridge; inner face concealed. Labial palps at least 4-segmented. Last 2 segments (at least) of maxillary palp slender, apically swollen. Gena fairly narrow, maximum width about
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, or about 1/2 eye width.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A187664F8525FFDFFF0477C8FD4DFA45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4793500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793500/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" startId="2.[189,227,1416,1438]" targetBox="[197,1172,172,1408]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="F54736C78525FFDFFF0477C8FD4DFA45" blockId="2.[189,1180,1416,1467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFF0477C8FE97FA63" bold="true" box="[189,272,1416,1438]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Figs 1-3:</emphasis>
Holotype female of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448525FFDFFE6A77C8FDCDFA63" authority="Bennett &amp; Engel, 2008" authorityName="Bennett &amp; Engel" authorityYear="2008" box="[467,586,1416,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menkei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFE6A77C8FDCDFA63" box="[467,586,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Pison menkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DCBF57AE8525FFDFFDE977C8FD03FA63" box="[592,644,1416,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). –
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFC4677C8FB8CFA63" bold="true" box="[1023,1035,1416,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">1</emphasis>
lateral habitus. –
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFF7677E5FF5CFA44" bold="true" box="[207,219,1445,1466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">2</emphasis>
close-up of mesopleuron. –
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFE5B77E5FE69FA44" bold="true" box="[482,494,1445,1466]" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">3</emphasis>
oblique aspect of head.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F54736C78525FFD9FF04779CFB1FFDC9" blockId="2.[189,1180,1499,1646]" lastBlockId="4.[189,1180,175,567]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448525FFDFFF04779CFEA7FA0D" box="[189,288,1500,1523]" class="Arachnida" family="Sclerosomatidae" genus="Mesosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Opiliones" pageId="2" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58525FFDFFF04779CFEA7FA0D" box="[189,288,1500,1523]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="115">Mesosoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with pronotum in dorsal view extended anteriorly, triangular, sides evenly rounded, dorsomedial anterior area without modifications and apparently without transverse depression or pit (the possibility of a small anterior pit remains given the inadequacy of available views), posterodorsal margin constricted relative to mesoscutum; in side view lateral lobe rounded, separated from tegula by about half tegular length. Propleuron laterally lamellate. Mesoscutum evenly convex, rising above pronotum (
<figureCitation id="6DC32A428524FFDEFE5672EFFDAAFF39" box="[495,557,175,199]" captionStart="Figs 1-3" captionStartId="2.[189,227,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-73@2.[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1-3: Holotype female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 1 lateral habitus. – 2 close-up of mesopleuron. – 3 oblique aspect of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793500/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); with parapsidal lines and notauli evident; latter long, reaching hind scutal margin; laterally with narrow flange over inner margin of tegula. Scutellum fairly flat, with scutoscutellar groove foveate. Mesopleuron (
<figureCitation id="6DC32A428524FFDEFD5072ACFCA2FEFA" box="[745,805,236,260]" captionStart="Figs 1-3" captionStartId="2.[189,227,1416,1438]" captionTargetBox="[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetId="figure-73@2.[197,1172,172,1408]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figs 1-3: Holotype female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 1 lateral habitus. – 2 close-up of mesopleuron. – 3 oblique aspect of head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793500/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) ventrally strongly concave (likely collapsed); with episternal sulcus strong, foveate, reaching front margin of mesopleuron; postspiracular carina and scrobe present; mesopleural suture foveate; epicnemial carina absent (an apparent carina ventrolaterally on left side only is likely an artificial result of the ventrally collapsed mesopleuron); metapleuron with dorsal flange lamellate, but seemingly not as broad as lateral ocellus. Propodeum with anteromedian carina crossed by numerous oblique ridges that shorten posteriorly and together form a triangle; midline interrupted by a tubercle at upper margin of propodeal declivity, concave below tubercle; dorsolateral margin with foveate sulcus between spiracle and petiole socket, not accompanied by distinct carina (though edges of each fovea line up and give this impression on right side); with intercoxal carina strong. Fore wing with 1 apically acute marginal cell extending well past submarginal cell II; 3 submarginal cells; 2 discoidal cells; submarginal cell II about as high as its petiole; distance between recurrent vein I and submarginal cell II slightly greater than distance between the latter and recurrent vein II; discoidal cell long, 3.80x height; M diverging from Cu slightly distad cu-a; imaginary line from marginal cell apex to apical posterior corner of discoidal cell II apparently just crossing apex of submarginal cell II; first and second recurrent veins meeting submarginal cells I and III respectively. Protrochanter widest apically,
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFF7B7787FEA6FA20" box="[194,289,1479,1503]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.43">0.43 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFED77787FE4AFA20" box="[366,461,1479,1503]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.21">0.21 mm</quantity>
wide; protrochantellus narrow and ring-like; profemur widest medially,
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFF6977A6FEA8FA03" box="[208,303,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.399999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.94">0.94 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFE3C77A6FE62FA03" box="[389,485,1510,1534]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.43">0.43 mm</quantity>
wide; protibia weakly spinose on anterior surface, widest medially,
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFF777444FEA9F9E2" box="[206,302,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.89">0.89 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFE397444FE67F9E2" box="[384,480,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.21">0.21 mm</quantity>
wide, without apical spur, with antennal cleaner
<quantity id="32009B228524FFDEFC507444FBCFF9E2" box="[1001,1096,1540,1564]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
long, slightly sinuate; protarsus 5-segmented, with basitarsus slightly shorter than combined length of remaining segments, segments progressively shorter except apical segment which is about as long as combined length of tarsomeres III and IV, plantulae about equal in size, present on tarsomeres II-IV, tarsomere lengths I-V =
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FDDD72EFFD41FF39" box="[612,710,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FD7672EFFCB6FF39" box="[719,817,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.19">0.19 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FC8372EFFC1BFF39" box="[826,924,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FC1C72EFFB80FF39" box="[933,1031,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.12">0.12 mm</quantity>
, and
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FB8572EFFB1CFF39" box="[1084,1179,175,199]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
respectively; propretarsus with claw simple and arolia distinct. Mesocoxa with outer longitudinal carina strong (apparent lobe on one side is result of damage), inner carina weak or absent dorsally; mesotrochanter
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FEDA734BFE45FEDD" box="[355,450,267,291]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FDB4734BFDEBFEDD" box="[525,620,267,291]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
wide; mesofemur shaped as in profemur, 1.0 mm long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FF69736AFEA8FEBF" box="[208,303,298,322]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
wide; mesotibia rather sparsely spinose and somewhat flattened, with apex rounded,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FF047308FE9BFE9E" box="[189,284,328,352]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.98">0.98 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FED27308FE4CFE9E" box="[363,459,328,352]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
wide, with a single, long spur (
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); mesotarsus as in protarsus, tarsomere lengths I-V =
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FE7D7327FDA0FE81" box="[452,551,359,383]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FD8D7327FD10FE81" box="[564,663,359,383]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FD1D7327FC80FE81" box="[676,775,359,383]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.27">0.27 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FCAC7327FCF0FE81" box="[789,887,359,383]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
, and
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FC0C7327FB92FE81" box="[949,1045,359,383]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
respectively; mesopretarsus as in propretarsus (including plantulae). Metacoxa with outer carina weak, especially medially, inner carina strong, nearly lamellate dorsally; metatrochanter widest apically
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FF047383FE9BFE25" box="[189,284,451,475]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.48">0.48 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FED77383FE4AFE25" box="[366,461,451,475]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
wide; metafemur widest subbasally,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FCF57383FC2CFE25" box="[844,939,451,475]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.60 mm</quantity>
long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FC457383FBDBFE25" box="[1020,1116,451,475]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.44">0.44 mm</quantity>
wide; metatibia sparsely spinose, with apex truncate,
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long x
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FCFA73A2FC25FE07" box="[835,930,482,506]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24 mm</quantity>
wide, with 2 tibial spurs (tips broken); metatarsus as in protarsus except apparently without plantulae, tarsomere lengths I-V =
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,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FED1705FFE4DFDC9" box="[360,458,543,567]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.46">0.46 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FE6D705FFDB0FDC9" box="[468,567,543,567]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
,
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FDF8705FFD24FDC9" box="[577,675,543,567]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.17">0.17 mm</quantity>
, and
<quantity id="32009B228523FFD9FD62705FFCBAFDC9" box="[731,829,543,567]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.40 mm</quantity>
; metapretarsus as in propretarsus.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A187664F8524FFDEFFC8769DFF74FAEE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793502" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4793502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793502/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" startId="3.[113,151,1245,1267]" targetBox="[113,1088,586,1208]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="F54736C78524FFDEFFC8769DFF74FAEE" blockId="3.[113,1090,1245,1296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58524FFDEFFC8769DFF43FB0C" bold="true" box="[113,196,1245,1267]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Figs 4-5:</emphasis>
Female of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448524FFDEFE95769EFE24FB0C" authority="Bennett &amp; Engel, 2008" authorityName="Bennett &amp; Engel" authorityYear="2008" box="[300,419,1245,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="menkei" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58524FFDEFE95769EFE24FB0C" box="[300,419,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">Pison menkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DCBF57AE8524FFDEFE10769DFE5AFB0C" box="[425,477,1245,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). –
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58524FFDEFCEE769DFCE4FB0C" bold="true" box="[855,867,1245,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">4</emphasis>
oblique aspect of head. –
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58524FFDEFF3A76BAFF08FAF1" bold="true" box="[131,143,1274,1295]" pageId="3" pageNumber="116">5</emphasis>
mandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF047006FDCDFD47" blockId="4.[189,1180,581,698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF047006FEA5FDA3" box="[189,290,582,605]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Metasoma</emphasis>
sessile, moderately constricted between TI and TII; TI not humped but with weak swelling subposteriorly; pygidial plate absent; S1 with medial carina anteriorly, bifuracating at anterior 1/3 and extending nearly to posterior sternal margin; sterna without oblique lateral grooves; sting slightly curved ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF047088FB82FCC5" blockId="4.[189,1179,711,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF047088FE9EFD21" box="[189,281,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Vestiture.</emphasis>
Compound eyes apparently naked; minute, declined setae covering most of body; becoming erect to semi-erect on vertex, gena, frons, and propodeum medially; becoming longer and appressed on lower face and clypeus laterally, and propodeum lateroventrally; SIII-V with a few long, erect setae in a subapical row; S6 with numerous such setae throughout.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF04710AFD51FC05" blockId="4.[189,1179,842,1019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF04710AFE9EFC9C" box="[189,281,842,866]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Sculpture</emphasis>
. Minutely punctured areas with punctures separated by at least their own diameter are the vertex, gena, mesoscutum, tegula in part (punctured on inner half, smooth on outer and possibly more coarsely so on inner margin), scutellum, metapleuron, much of propodeum (dorsally, laterally) and likely most of metasoma (much of its fine detail is obscured); more strongly punctured, with punctures separated by less than their own diameter, are frons, much of mesopleuron, and dorsolateral margin of pronotum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8523FFD9FF047659FE28FB8B" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF047659FEAFFBCF" blockId="4.[189,296,1049,1073]" box="[189,296,1049,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF047659FEAFFBCF" bold="true" box="[189,296,1049,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<typeStatus id="2A4388658523FFD9FF047659FEA4FBCF" box="[189,291,1049,1073]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF04767FFE28FB8B" blockId="4.[189,1179,1087,1141]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
Female, MACT-1110; Early Miocene (Burdigalian) amber,
<collectingCountry id="8DEF76578523FFD9FCA0767FFC74FBA9" box="[793,1011,1087,1111]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
; Morone Amber Collection, Turin,
<collectingCountry id="8DEF76578523FFD9FEC5761DFE2CFB8B" box="[380,427,1117,1141]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Italy</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8523FFD9FF0476D3FED4FB11" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF0476D3FEB1FB55" blockId="4.[189,310,1171,1195]" box="[189,310,1171,1195]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF0476D3FEB1FB55" bold="true" box="[189,310,1171,1195]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Etymology:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF0476F9FED4FB11" blockId="4.[189,1179,1209,1263]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
The specific epithet is a tribute to Dr. Arnold S. MENKE for his significant contributions to the study of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FEAE7698FECBFB11" box="[279,332,1240,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FEAE7698FECBFB11" box="[279,332,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Pison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BDE2654C8523FFD8FF04774DFE1EFBDC" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD9FF04774DFE98FADB" blockId="4.[189,287,1293,1317]" box="[189,287,1293,1317]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FF04774DFE98FADB" bold="true" box="[189,287,1293,1317]" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Remarks:</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F54736C78523FFD8FF047773FE1EFBDC" blockId="4.[189,1180,1331,1631]" lastBlockId="5.[106,1097,175,1058]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">
The fossil is clearly recognizable as a species of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FD227774FD57FAB5" box="[667,720,1332,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FD227774FD57FAB5" box="[667,720,1332,1355]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Pison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on the combination of the emarginate compound eyes, entire posterior mandibular margin, apically acute marginal cell, three submarginal cells, submarginal cell two petiolate, apically acute marginal cell extending well past submarginal cell III, sessile metasoma, and lack of oblique sternal grooves. Though there are some similarities to the fossil
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FE0277EEFCEFFA38" authority="ANTROPOV &amp; PULAWSKI" authorityName="ANTROPOV &amp; PULAWSKI" box="[443,872,1454,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FE0277EEFDDBFA3B" box="[443,604,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Pison antiquum</emphasis>
ANTROPOV &amp; PULAWSKI
</taxonomicName>
, in most notably the bluntly arched lobe of the clypeal free margin medially (
<figureCitation id="6DC32A428523FFD9FD78778CFD79FA1B" box="[705,766,1484,1509]" captionStart="Figs 4-5" captionStartId="3.[113,151,1245,1267]" captionTargetBox="[113,1088,586,1208]" captionTargetId="figure-362@3.[113,1088,586,1244]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figs 4-5: Female of Pison menkei sp. n. in Dominican amber (MACT-1110). – 4 oblique aspect of head. – 5 mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4793502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4793502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) and the first recurrent vein ending in submarginal cell I, it differs in more features including the lengths of the flagellomeres 1.69-2.64x their widths (see also description above; 2.70-3.20x their widths in
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FC09744AFBB3F9DF" box="[944,1076,1546,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FC09744AFC38F9DF" box="[944,959,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FC6B744AFBB3F9DF" box="[978,1076,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">antiquum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), slightly emarginate labrum (not emarginate in
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FDE87469FD4CF9BE" box="[593,715,1577,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FDE87469FD4CF9BE" box="[593,715,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">P. antiquum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), occipital carina ventrally joining or ending near hypostomal carina (occipital and hypostomal carinae widely separated in
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448523FFD9FC5A7408FBDAF9A1" box="[995,1117,1608,1631]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58523FFD9FC5A7408FBDAF9A1" box="[995,1117,1608,1631]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="117">P. antiquum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), face width about 0.8x height (1.27x height in
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FD8B72F0FD28FF39" box="[562,687,176,199]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FD8B72F0FD28FF39" box="[562,687,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. antiquum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), propodeal sculpture (see description above and
<bibRefCitation id="91694B368522FFD8FF65728EFDAEFF18" author="ANTROPOV, A. V. &amp; PULAWSKI, W. J." box="[220,553,206,230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" pagination="16 - 17" refId="ref3018" refString="ANTROPOV, A. V. &amp; PULAWSKI, W. J. 1996: Pison antiquum, a new species from Dominican amber (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). - Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5: 16 - 17." type="journal article" year="1996">ANTROPOV &amp; PULAWSKI [1996]</bibRefCitation>
), and height of submarginal cell II about as high as its petiole (less than height of petiole in
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FDA972ADFD0EFEFA" box="[528,649,237,260]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antiquum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FDA972ADFD0EFEFA" box="[528,649,237,260]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. antiquum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Furthermore, the narrow head and inner flange over the torulus are unique among the known extant and extinct New World species of
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FFD3736AFF18FEBF" box="[106,159,298,321]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FFD3736AFF18FEBF" box="[106,159,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">Pison</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The combination of the following further distinguishes it from all other known
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FBAA736AFF34FE9E" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FBAA736AFBCFFEBF" box="[1043,1096,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">Pison</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
: epistomal sulcus medially pointed up (possibly unique); sulcus along condylar ridge of mandible; ventral mandibular margin concave; slightly emarginate labrum; median sulcus on frons; and the strongly convex upper frons and clypeus. Following
<bibRefCitation id="91694B368522FFD8FCAA73C6FC28FE60" author="MENKE, A. S." box="[787,943,390,414]" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 171" refId="ref3201" refString="MENKE, A. S. 1988: Pison in the New World: A revision (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Trypoxylini). - Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24 (3): iv + 1 - 171." type="journal article" year="1988">MENKE (1988)</bibRefCitation>
, the fossil does not readily key to any extant New World species or convincingly conform to any species group described therein. This, in combination with the putatively unique features of the fossil, warrants its treatment as an isolated species, removed from modern New World species groups. Whether such an interpretation will hold with regard to species from other regions must await much needed taxonomic revision of Old World
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FDA67060FD2EFDC9" box="[543,681,543,567]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FDA67060FDD3FDC9" box="[543,596,544,567]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">Pison</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
The usual problem of limited character data available from a single fossil specimen further impedes recognition of potential affinities to modern New World species groups. However, similarities to two New World groups are worth noting. The subbasal concavity of the mandible is reminiscent of a similarly placed notch or step in the
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FF1370DAFEBEFD4C" authorityName="Taschenberg" authorityYear="1870" box="[170,313,666,690]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="convexifrons">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FF1370DAFEBEFD4C" box="[170,313,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. convexifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FED270DAFE49FD4C" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1873" box="[363,462,666,690]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosum">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FED270DAFE49FD4C" box="[363,462,666,690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. pilosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups, and the swollen frons is like that of the former. Yet the fossil apparently lacks the polished, anterodorsal pronotal surface characteristic of these groups. Other than the mandible form and the fossil’s autapomorphies, the characters viewable in the fossil are consistent with those of the
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FDAD70B6FD03FCF0" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1869" box="[532,644,758,782]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conforme">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FDAD70B6FD03FCF0" box="[532,644,758,782]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. conforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group of species. These include the swollen frons and clypeal disk, narrowly incomplete hypostomal carina (possibly), lack of an anterodorsal pronotal lamella, protuberant and rounded female clypeal lobe, episternal sulcus curving forward to anterior of mesopleuron, weak outer carina of metacoxa, fore wing M diverging from Cu distad cu-a, and fore wing marginal cell apically acute. Male characters and additional structures hidden in the fossil (e.g. labrum, hind face of pronotum) are needed to further evaluate the fossil’s potential affinity to this group. Furthermore, all of the characters that diagnose the
<taxonomicName id="32F84D448522FFD8FC6171EEFBCFFC38" authorityName="F.Smith" authorityYear="1869" box="[984,1096,942,966]" class="Insecta" family="Crabronidae" genus="Pison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conforme">
<emphasis id="C78CEAD58522FFD8FC6171EEFBCFFC38" box="[984,1096,942,966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="118">P. conforme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group are admittedly plesiomorphic (
<bibRefCitation id="91694B368522FFD8FE52718CFD06FC1A" author="MENKE, A. S." box="[491,641,972,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="118" pagination="1 - 171" refId="ref3201" refString="MENKE, A. S. 1988: Pison in the New World: A revision (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Trypoxylini). - Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 24 (3): iv + 1 - 171." type="journal article" year="1988">MENKE, 1988</bibRefCitation>
), and thus a potential alliance to this group likely would not reveal its inclusion in a clade but would instead reinforce its exclusion from the better defined species groups.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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