206 lines
25 KiB
XML
206 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="EA0EE2278436581AD34915D56C223202" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3887.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9f78f2e6-ed95-4639-b784-e027d0451853" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287460" ID-ZooBank="A305AADA-ED80-4894-B8C4-2091F2F35544" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460973699321" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Marshall, S. A., Luk, S. P. L. & Dong, H." docDate="2014" docId="7D468E3E180CFFD437DDFB59FDF8FB42" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03887p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3887 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Howickia Richards 1951" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="817FF646180DFFD6374AFFF8FFE6FF85" masterDocTitle="A revision of the New Zealand species of Howickia Richards" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698559501540" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D264FAA3DCE30F97232A4A3081156976" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BDD551AB4FBC7E3EB4884127B10D33A2">
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<mods:title id="587E07ACC123EBC099619498A9A88983">A revision of the New Zealand species of Howickia Richards</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="30010EFD9D75C1989DF999FDCB8EC726" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="10812EA729FA73CF143E5167C728F7A5">Marshall, S. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="91F95D64AC1261D30FDB817227A3AB5D">Luk, S. P. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A6A770C3DBD4BD0BE88659DFE88ECC4F">Dong, H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="39E9034E766B674F5E5A41064D837FCA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="DD1E38B7008D426A97A90DBB3482EEDE">
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<mods:title id="677815660608C91FC351887CA748037C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7A0075C8763D0985E76F04FE99E64E0B">
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<mods:date id="AA7F3A1F2E309769BF25E27BD7FCE713">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E2E3EC0ABCDB4E25F2C7B6D6E9D95582" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F4EF88D3F74A91132319A501062F8352">3887</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2BED396B3BCEE4940BEA628C629B78E9" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="18EB887FEA0FEBFADB64E0C1CA5E3C7D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="9B85B9D7894868EA2FD556FB59330D1F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="219701A899214FA6380EC4FA25866E63" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3887.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5B513C51F088CE326B603EB6F8A09D3F" type="GBIF-Dataset">9f78f2e6-ed95-4639-b784-e027d0451853</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7D468E3E180CFFD437DDFB59FDF8FB42" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6129766" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127670821" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6129766" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D468E3E180CFFD437DDFB59FDF8FB42" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D468E3E180CFFD437DDFB59FDF8FB42" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="BDF56CA3180CFFD737DDFB59FE20FB3E" box="[151,454,1185,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD737DDFB59FE20FB3E" blockId="1.[151,454,1185,1211]" box="[151,454,1185,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="AE188844180CFFD737DDFB59FE20FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,454,1185,1211]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD737DDFB59FE20FB3E" ID-CoL="4Z2H" authority="Richards 1951" authorityName="Richards" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,454,1185,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD737DDFB59FE20FB3E" bold="true" box="[151,454,1185,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD737DDFB59FEEDFB3E" bold="true" box="[151,267,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Howickia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD73658FB59FE20FB3E" author="Richards" box="[274,454,1185,1211]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Richards, O. W. (1951) Brachypterous Sphaeroceridae. British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition, 2 (8), 829 - 851. [1934 - 1935]" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards 1951</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BDF56CA3180CFFD437DDFB10FDF8FB42" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD737DDFB10FC36FB7B" blockId="1.[151,1333,1256,1309]" box="[151,976,1256,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="D5FF1806180CFFD737DDFB10FC36FB7B" box="[151,976,1256,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD737DDFB10FE21FB7B" ID-CoL="4Z2H" authority="Richards 1951: 844" authorityName="Richards" authorityPageNumber="844" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,455,1256,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD737DDFB10FF1EFB7B" box="[151,248,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Howickia</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="744E1939180CFFD737B4FB10FE21FB7B" author="Richards" box="[254,455,1256,1278]" page="844" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1951">
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD737B4FB10FE72FB7B" author="Richards" box="[254,404,1256,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Richards, O. W. (1951) Brachypterous Sphaeroceridae. British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition, 2 (8), 829 - 851. [1934 - 1935]" type="journal article" year="1951">Richards 1951</bibRefCitation>
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: 844
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="2A54818A180CFFD7369BFB11FDE5FB7B" box="[465,515,1257,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD73513FB11FC2DFB7B" ID-CoL="8B35W" authority="Hutton, 1901: 93" authorityName="Hutton" authorityPageNumber="93" authorityYear="1901" box="[601,971,1256,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Apterina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD73513FB11FCF0FB7B" box="[601,790,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apterina trilineata</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="744E1939180CFFD73456FB11FC2DFB7B" author="Hutton" box="[796,971,1256,1278]" page="93" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1901">
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD73456FB11FC40FB7B" author="Hutton" box="[796,934,1256,1278]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1901) Synopsis of the Diptera Brachycera of New Zealand. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 33, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1901">Hutton, 1901</bibRefCitation>
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: 93
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD737DDFAF0FAD3FA99" blockId="1.[151,1333,1256,1309]" box="[151,1333,1286,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="D5FF1806180CFFD737DDFAF0FAD3FA99" box="[151,1333,1286,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD737DDFAF0FE4BFA99" ID-CoL="62FZZ" authority="Richards1973: 330" authorityName="Richards" authorityPageNumber="330" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,429,1286,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Biroina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD737DDFAF0FF02FA98" box="[151,228,1288,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Biroina</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="744E1939180CFFD737A0FAFEFE4BFA99" author="Richards" box="[234,429,1286,1308]" page="330" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1973">
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD737A0FAFEFE9CFA99" author="Richards" box="[234,378,1286,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Richards, O. W. (1973) The Sphaeroceridae (= Borboridae or Cypselidae; Diptera Cyclorrhapha) of the Australian Region. Australian Journal of Zoology, 22, 297 - 401. [supplementary series] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 022" type="journal article" year="1973">Richards1973</bibRefCitation>
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: 330
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="2A54818A180CFFD736FCFAFFFE0EFA99" box="[438,488,1287,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD73574FAF0FB8AFA99" ID-CoL="8CMFF" authority="Knab and Malloch, 1912: 236" authorityName="Knab and Malloch" authorityPageNumber="236" authorityYear="1912" box="[574,1132,1286,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Limosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myrmecophila">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD73574FAF0FCD2FA99" box="[574,820,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Limosina myrmecophila</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="744E1939180CFFD73470FAFEFB8AFA99" author="Knab" box="[826,1132,1286,1308]" page="236" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" year="1912">
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD73470FAFEFBDFFA99" author="Knab" box="[826,1081,1286,1308]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Knab, F. & Malloch, J. R. (1912) New Australian Diptera from ants' nests. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, Adelaide, 36, 233 - 237." type="journal article" year="1912">Knab and Malloch, 1912</bibRefCitation>
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: 236
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. NEW SYNONYM
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD737DDFAB1FE87F890" blockId="1.[151,1437,1353,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD737DDFAB1FEF0FAE7" bold="true" box="[151,278,1353,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Definition.</emphasis>
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The most convincing synapomorphy for
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD735A8FAB1FCA8FAE4" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[738,846,1353,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD735A8FAB1FCA8FAE4" box="[738,846,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is the structure of the hypandrium, which consists of three distinct parts: the usual Y-shaped main part with arms entirely but asymmetrically fused to the anterolateral corners of the epandrium; a broad, bilobed posteroventral portion (ventral hypandrial lobe); and a dorsal longitudinal rod (posterodorsal hypandrial apodeme) running above and parallel to the hypandrium, extending to a point (fulcrum) just beyond the base of the distiphallus. The posterodorsal hypandrial apodeme was recognized as a synapomorphy of
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD73621FA06FE59F990" ID-CoL="62FZZ" box="[363,447,1534,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Biroina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD73621FA06FE59F990" box="[363,447,1534,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Biroina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="917E42D9180CFFD736BBFA06FD67F993" author="Papp" box="[497,641,1533,1558]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Papp, L. (1995) Oriental species of the genus Biroina Richards (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 102, 539 - 552." type="journal article" year="1995">Papp (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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, who also stated that the hypandrium was "without robust bifurcate ventral appendage but with a slipper-shaped cranioventral process, its ventral surface with or without small teeth". Other probable apomorphies include the extremely long, delicate and narrow telescoping female terminalia normally retracted into a broad, heavily sclerotized abdomen; basiphallus small but strongly prolonged posteriorly beyond the distiphallus base; distiphallus simple and tubular at least in basal half; male sternite 5 posteromedially concave; R2+3 strongly sinuate in winged forms; mid tibia with strong paired anterodorsal-posterodorsal bristles distally and proximally; mid tibia with only an apical bristle ventrally and palpus petiolate, gradually to abruptly expanded distally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD7378DF8D8FB9CF806" blockId="1.[151,1437,1353,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD7378DF8D8FE96F8BC" bold="true" box="[199,368,1824,1849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Relationships.</emphasis>
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Winged
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD7369CF8D8FDA4F8BD" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[470,578,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD7369CF8D8FDA4F8BD" box="[470,578,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are generally superficially similar to
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD734ADF8D8FB99F8BD" ID-CoL="63JWS" box="[999,1151,1824,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Paralimosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD734ADF8D8FB99F8BD" box="[999,1151,1824,1848]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Paralimosina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, which also have posteroventral hypandrial lobes.
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD7354CF8BCFD78F8D9" ID-CoL="63JWS" box="[518,670,1860,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Paralimosina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD7354CF8BCFD78F8D9" box="[518,670,1860,1884]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Paralimosina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, however, have short female terminalia, R4+5 sinuate but R2+3 straight, mid tibia without strong paired bristles, and very different distiphallus structure.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180CFFD7378DF876FA7BF86A" blockId="1.[151,1437,1353,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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The
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180CFFD737B6F868FE70F822" box="[252,406,1934,1959]" name="New Zealand" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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species of
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD73556F877FD6EF822" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[540,648,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD73556F877FD6EF822" box="[540,648,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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cluster into two groups. The
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD734AEF877FBAAF822" ID-CoL="8B35W" box="[996,1100,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Apterina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD734AEF877FBAAF822" box="[996,1100,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">trilineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, including the winged species as well as the wingless
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<typeStatus id="2A54818A180CFFD736B2F84CFDCEF849" box="[504,552,1972,1996]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
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of the genus, is diagnosed by three narrow, parallel-sided, silver frontal strips. The
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180CFFD73781F820FEF0F86A" ID-CoL="9HTQM" box="[203,278,2008,2031]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="myersi">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180CFFD73781F820FEF0F86A" box="[203,278,2008,2031]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">myersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group is less distinctive, with a relatively dark head and complete or almost complete loss of wings.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180FFFD437DDFF6FFB01FF50" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Australian species in the genus seem to fall into both groups. Assessment of phylogenetic relationships within and between these groups requires a revision of the genus as a whole, including the Australian species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180FFFD4378DFF27FC7BFD2F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD4378DFF27FE42FF7D" bold="true" box="[199,420,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Generic diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD436E7FF18FD8DFF7D" ID-CoL="9HNHB" box="[429,619,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oliveri">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD436E7FF18FD8DFF7D" box="[429,619,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Howickia oliveri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD435EFFF19FCB0FF7D" box="[677,854,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD435EFFF19FCB5FF7D" ID-CoL="9HNH6" box="[677,851,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lepidostylus">H. lepidostylus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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the only winged species of
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD433D6FF18FAE1FF7D" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[1180,1287,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD433D6FF18FAE1FF7D" box="[1180,1287,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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known from
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD437DDFEFDFED4FE98" box="[151,306,260,285]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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, differ from all other
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD43578FEFDFD2DFE98" box="[562,715,260,285]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD4359FFEFCFC64FE98" ID-CoL="GGB" box="[725,898,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeroceridae</taxonomicName>
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in having a short, sinuate R2+3. All other
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD4322DFEFDFF17FEC6" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD437B2FED3FE82FEC6" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[248,356,299,323]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD437B2FED3FE82FEC6" box="[248,356,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are wingless or effectively wingless, and all wingless
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD4348FFED2FB94FEC6" ID-CoL="GGB" box="[965,1138,298,323]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeroceridae</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD433DCFED3FACAFEC6" box="[1174,1324,298,323]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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belong in
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD437DDFEB7FEE4FEE2" ID-CoL="4Z2H" box="[151,258,335,359]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Howickia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD437DDFEB7FEE4FEE2" box="[151,258,335,359]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Howickia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Orbital and interfrontal bristles are variously reduced, often absent, in wingless forms. Ocelli are present but often minute and indistinct in wingless forms. The eyes are large and distinctly notched along the anterodorsal margin (at level of antennae). Wings are usually completely absent but are sometimes retained as a short, darkened, veinless flap of tissue. Halteres are usually present, but are lost in most of the wingless species in the
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<taxonomicName id="32EF44AB180FFFD4325BFE43FA7BFE56" ID-CoL="8B35W" box="[1297,1437,443,467]" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" genus="Apterina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trilineata">
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<emphasis id="C79BE33A180FFFD4325BFE43FA7BFE56" box="[1297,1437,443,467]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">H. trilineata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group.
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<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD437A6FE18FE6FFE72" box="[236,393,478,503]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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species in the genus have a single pair of dorsocentral bristles but Australian species (including the
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<typeStatus id="2A54818A180FFFD43608FDFBFE92FD9E" box="[322,372,515,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
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|
) often have two pairs. The mid tibia always has proximal and distal pairs of anterodorsalposterodorsal bristles, often with additional smaller bristles above the anterodorsals. All species lack a midventral mid tibial bristle and all
|
|
<collectingCountry id="8DF87FB8180FFFD436EDFDB3FDDAFDE6" box="[423,572,586,611]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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species have an apical ventral mid tibial bristle, although it is usually smaller in the male and is greatly reduced in males of some Australian species. The first two tarsomeres of the hind tarsus are strongly swollen, together longer than the distal three tarsomeres.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180FFFD4378DFD4EFB7BFC4E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Male terminalia: Hypandrium with Y-shaped main part with main posterior lobes asymmetrical and fused with the anteroventral epandrial corners; a generally broad and U-shaped posteroventral lobe; a narrow but distinct and well sclerotized posterodorsal apodeme extending from the top of the main stem of the hypandrium to the anterobasal part of the distiphallus. Sternite 5 variable, usually posteromedially concave but sometimes with posteromedial lobes, combs or bristles. Surstylus variable, with or without short, stout bristles. Cercus small, usually divided into flat inner parts forming a partial or complete subanal plate and convex, rounded outer ventral parts. Basiphallus always projecting posteriorly into a characteristic broadly rounded epiphallus. Distiphallus relatively narrow and simple. postgonite simple, narrow, differing in detail between species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F5503F28180FFFD4378DFC2EFDF8FB42" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Female terminalia (segments posterior to segment 5) narrow, elongate, largely desclerotized and telescoping into the preabdomen. Tergite 8 tripartite, divided or almost divided into three parts with setulosity usually restricted to the posterior margin. Epiproct and cerci small and tightly integrated, epiproct usually desclerotized medially. Spermathecae (3) small, spherical to elongate oval with transverse striations. Ring-like vaginal sclerites ("spectacles-shaped sclerites") usually present. Sternite 8 usually distinct, posteriorly setulose. Hypoproct relatively large, microtrichose and setulose along posterior margin, anterior part often projecting into the abdomen as a bare plate or bare lateral arms.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |