640 lines
78 KiB
XML
640 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="226DDB1E2DEE10698AD5F5B2FB38E711" ID-CLB-Dataset="31821" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1dc7565-80dc-4a06-a915-ce574cf3b919" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1018692" ID-ZooBank="4DC4B753-3A04-41F0-94D7-C25FB9F4A713" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1508314319516" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Charles S. Eiseman, Donald R. Davis, Julia A. Blyth, David L. Wagner, Michael W. Palmer & Tracy S. Feldman" docDate="2017" docId="4D2DD3391A5A3B2AFF24228F7A74FBE7" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4337.2.2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4337 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Marmara viburnella Feldman 2017, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="9D608C7C-5848-425F-99CE-917A07B5D8A9" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="203" masterDocId="B114AB411A5B3B2FFFB3215D7E53FF9B" masterDocTitle="A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus" masterLastPageNumber="222" masterPageNumber="198" pageNumber="199" updateTime="1698469710580" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="316B87673AFCCC045B360A6AEA80CF48" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7E4A6B3A37E5DCF96789FD36370F5566">
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<mods:title id="9B41D03517963AB2B60270FA6ED142E4">A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="78F3DFBEAB837F65070EC6F8885C43CD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="65C9CB08C86778A73F1D20EC5B71204F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="061AA26CB15E529C2515663702C0FAF9">Charles S. Eiseman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="02A8F2D83816F674FAA5A39C147E4813">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C97CB96A18A42317ACE49ECEF1B4E3F8">Donald R. Davis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CE66260A5DA66F60730476C3E9FC6375" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CC0410B1D4CFA3D763109EEF1376EEE1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6161236494269517511CC6A2DE8C4D5B">Julia A. Blyth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2E9FFB19DB1075213BF6D292AF9C8B7F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="356A4E962A4B7086B232C93ABF42C331">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1665BBE51B069AF1D54DA2C664683D67">David L. Wagner</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2E6435A7EE6ABFADD1AC9B6C5910AC2E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C403C4CCA7A032D589140269701DEFB9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C7365D55688CE5F16B7A91A96485A66A">Michael W. Palmer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A4C5592A2DC4210C77479DED2434906D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="53079F8818E870FC13A8683CED23C0F1">Tracy S. Feldman</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5CC766A91A0546F519498A1ACD540AA4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="24FFA3434EF260212C742C2039660B07">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="9765C0CA9D156BB9105B929E834C3C7A">
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<mods:date id="239E25F93B120049DFB6549C65D37FA2">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="60AF6AC762F2B539B4A52ACB4A396C6A">2017-07-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9AC8CBFAF8B82086658C7BC5F26956FF">4337</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2F833F5E1A59597DBDB9EDBA982EFFCA">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="AF31A3E2E88CFC268F7E8B925E6100FC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="AE00EF0DB4D80328F7EA0B08D37FD5D3" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A06FF4CC7B373830E28CD334230AF7D0" type="GBIF-Dataset">a1dc7565-80dc-4a06-a915-ce574cf3b919</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="012F5447B8A045FFFC9FD651FE5D603E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="72BAB24406AA6C7BC1604229C23B090D" type="Zenodo-Dep">1018692</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4D2DD3391A5A3B2AFF24228F7A74FBE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6028577" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135450347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6028577" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9D608C7C-5848-425F-99CE-917A07B5D8A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4D2DD3391A5A3B2AFF24228F7A74FBE7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5A3B2EFF24228F7F5EFB95" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF24228F7C89FC77" blockId="1.[151,730,978,1038]" box="[151,730,978,1004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<heading id="9E73D5431A5A3B2EFF24228F7C89FC77" bold="true" box="[151,730,978,1004]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF24228F7C89FC77" bold="true" box="[151,730,978,1004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5A3B2EFF24228F7C3CFC77" ID-CoL="8VLYD" authority="Eiseman & Davis" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,623,978,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF24228F7FDDFC77" bold="true" box="[151,398,978,1004]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
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Eiseman & Davis
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="ECC303461A5A3B2EFDCF228F7C89FC77" box="[636,730,978,1004]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF2422A87F5EFB95" blockId="1.[151,730,978,1038]" box="[151,269,1013,1038]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5A3B2EFF2422A87F5EFB95" box="[151,269,1013,1038]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,837,859]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionStartId-2="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox-0="[184,1416,279,790]" captionTargetBox-1="[182,1418,943,1558]" captionTargetBox-2="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[151,1436,213,800]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[151,1436,926,1558]" captionTargetId-2="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Marmara viburnella holotype male." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Marmara viburnella male genitalia. 2 a, Genital capsule with valvae, ventral view. 2 b, Phallus, lateral view." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1018694/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1018696/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Figs. 1–11</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5A3B2DFF2425607CD6F8B9" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="200" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF2425607C3FFBCE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1085,1974]" box="[151,620,1085,1110]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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Adult (
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<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5A3B2EFF5525607F60FBCD" box="[230,307,1085,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,837,859]" captionTargetBox="[184,1416,279,790]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,213,800]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Marmara viburnella holotype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018694/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5A3B2EFEF225637FDBFBCD" box="[321,392,1086,1110]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">10, 11</figureCitation>
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). Wingspan ~
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<quantity id="027CCFCA1A5A3B2EFD9725607C3BFBCE" box="[548,616,1085,1110]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF74253C7DEAFB7D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1085,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF74253C7F5EFBE1" box="[199,269,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Head:</emphasis>
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Vestiture smooth; frons and vertex silvery white; back of head blackish. Eyes red in live specimens. Maxillary palpus white with prominent black tip; haustellum white; labial palpus with first two segments black (one specimen with inner surfaces white) and third segment white with a black ventral spot. Antenna dusky, paler beneath; pedicel with black scales (conspicuously elongated in female).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF7425AC7A88F9E9" blockId="1.[151,1437,1085,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF7425AC7F72FA91" box="[199,289,1265,1290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Shining blackish above, pale golden beneath. Forewing shining blackish with silvery markings: a broad transverse fascia in the basal ¼, gradually broadening dorsally; at ½, opposing dorsal and costal spots, separate (
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<specimenCount id="D382A9A61A5A3B2EFEB624677FD6FAC9" box="[261,389,1337,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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) or narrowly joined in the middle (
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<specimenCount id="D382A9A61A5A3B2EFCA724677DF6FAC9" box="[788,933,1337,1362]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
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); at ¾, a prominent costal spot (extending to middle of wing) and a smaller, opposing dorsal spot; a fainter costal spot of similar size at apex, mottled with blackish scales; fringe white. Hindwing dusky, slightly paler than forewing. Coxae white with black scales distally. Fore femur mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, laterally, and posteriorly; fore tibia mostly black, with variable amounts of white proximally, distally, and posteriorly; fore tarsus white with black bands anteriorly. Middle femur mostly black (including spurs); middle tibia black with a broad, white central band, more or less interrupted centrally with black scales; middle tarsus white with a few black scales. Hind femur white with a broad black band distally; hind tibia black with two broad white bands, contiguous with the white proximal and distal spurs; hind tarsus white with a broad black band proximally and a few black scales distally.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF7427207C03F921" blockId="1.[151,1437,1085,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF7427207F69F90D" box="[199,314,1661,1686]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Shining blackish dorsally; ventrally silvery with intersegmental boundaries black; anal tuft silvery (concolorous with abdomen in female).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5A3B2EFF7427987B2AF82D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1085,1974]" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5A3B2EFF7427987F3EF945" box="[199,365,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Male genitalia</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5A3B2EFECD27987C5BF945" box="[382,520,1733,1758]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1596,1618]" captionTargetBox="[182,1418,943,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,926,1558]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Marmara viburnella male genitalia. 2 a, Genital capsule with valvae, ventral view. 2 b, Phallus, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018696/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="199">Figs. 2A–B</figureCitation>
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): Uncus absent. Tegumen a slender, dorsal arched band. Vinculum a moderately broad ventral band with anterior margin slightly curved caudally; anterior margin reflexed medially to form slender triangular lobe. Gnathos membranous and poorly defined. Valva separated nearly from base into three distinct lobes: a relatively short, slender, costal lobe bearing a dense comb of 18–20 short, stout spines; an elongate, slender, more lateral cucullar lobe that expands abruptly to form a setose, triangular distal lobe; and the largest, most ventral, valvular lobe that gradually broadens apically to a nearly truncate, inwardly curved apex. Phallus short, acute, with greatly inflated phallobase, approximately equal in length to distal, tubular portion of phallus.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="91FB32A71A593B2DFF2422187CD5FCC1" box="[151,646,836,859]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018694/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" targetBox="[184,1416,279,790]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF2422187CD5FCC1" blockId="2.[151,646,836,859]" box="[151,646,836,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFF2422187F40FCC1" bold="true" box="[151,275,837,859]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A593B2DFEAA221B7FBBFCC1" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[281,488,836,859]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFEAA221B7FBBFCC1" box="[281,488,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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holotype male.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="91FB32A71A593B2DFF2427617B05F9C9" box="[151,1366,1596,1618]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018696/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" targetBox="[182,1418,943,1558]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF2427617B05F9C9" blockId="2.[151,1366,1596,1618]" box="[151,1366,1596,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFF2427617F41F9CA" bold="true" box="[151,274,1596,1618]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A593B2DFEAA27607FBBF9C9" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[281,488,1596,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFEAA27607FBBF9C9" box="[281,488,1596,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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male genitalia. 2a, Genital capsule with valvae, ventral view. 2b, Phallus, lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF7427247B55F909" blockId="2.[151,1436,1657,2006]" box="[199,1286,1657,1682]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
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<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFF7427247FDDF909" box="[199,398,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
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Not examined. The abdomen is now missing from the single female specimen.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF7427C27DA8F92D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1657,2006]" box="[199,1019,1693,1719]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
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Larva. Early instar as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A593B2DFE6927C07C4EF92D" box="[474,541,1693,1718]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; immature stages otherwise not examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF74279F7CD6F8B9" blockId="2.[151,1436,1657,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
|
||
Cocoon. An oblong envelope of white silk, approximately
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A593B2DFCCD279C7D8CF942" box="[894,991,1729,1754]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A593B2DFBEF279F7AEDF942" box="[1116,1214,1730,1754]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, spun on the underside of a semicircular bark flap cut by the larva at the end of the mine; unadorned or with a cluster of 1–12 or so pearly bubbles near each end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A593B2DFDB826547C2BF8B9" box="[523,632,1801,1826]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A593B2DFF7426707A2EF84D" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF7426707C29F815" blockId="2.[151,1436,1657,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="75EC68721A593B2DFF7426707C24F815" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1675310505" collectingDate="2016-06-11" collectingDateMax="2016-07-02" collectingDateMin="2016-06-11" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. S. Eiseman & J. A. Blyth" country="United States of America" county="Nantucket Co." location="Nantucket State Forest" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" specimenCode="USNM 34733, USNM 01325414" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Massachusetts" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFF7426707F29F8DD" bold="true" box="[199,378,1837,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1A3FDC8D1A593B2DFF7426707F51F8DD" box="[199,258,1837,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFE3426707FA4F8DD" box="[391,503,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1A3FDC8D1A593B2DFE3426707FA2F8DD" box="[391,497,1837,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="D382A9A61A593B2DFDB726727C48F8DD" box="[516,539,1839,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BD9322BF1A593B2DFD9E26727D5BF8DD" box="[557,776,1838,1862]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A593B2DFCAB26707DEDF8DD" box="[792,958,1837,1862]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty id="2C5A1AA31A593B2DFC7D26707A29F8DD" box="[974,1146,1837,1862]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Nantucket Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="C05B34F41A593B2DFB3826707BCBF8DD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4D2DD3391A5A3B2AFF24228F7A74FBE7:C05B34F41A593B2DFB3826707BCBF8DD" box="[1163,1432,1837,1862]" country="United States of America" county="Nantucket Co." name="Nantucket State Forest" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" stateProvince="Massachusetts">Nantucket State Forest</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A593B2DFF24260C7F43F8F1" box="[151,272,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-06-11">
|
||
<collectingDate id="A17EBD071A593B2DFF24260C7F43F8F1" box="[151,272,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-06-11">11.vi.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A593B2DFEFD260C7F91F8F1" box="[334,450,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-07-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="A17EBD071A593B2DFEFD260C7F91F8F1" box="[334,450,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-07-02">2.vii.2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="687107F91A593B2DFE7C260F7C3CF8F1" box="[463,623,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">C. S. Eiseman</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="687107F91A593B2DFD25260F7D47F8F1" box="[662,788,1873,1898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">J. A. Blyth</collectorName>
|
||
, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A593B2DFCF0260C7A72F8F1" box="[835,1057,1873,1898]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFCF0260C7A72F8F1" box="[835,1057,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Viburnum dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, #CSE2692, slide
|
||
<specimenCode id="9522CA541A593B2DFB45260F7BCBF8F1" box="[1270,1432,1874,1898]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">USNM 34733</specimenCode>
|
||
, digital image captured (
|
||
<specimenCode id="9522CA541A593B2DFE13262B7C3DF815" box="[416,622,1909,1934]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">USNM 01325414</specimenCode>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A593B2DFF2426C67A2EF84D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1657,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFF2426C67F42F829" box="[151,273,1947,1970]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Paratypes:</emphasis>
|
||
Same collection data as holotype, 1 ♂, em.
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A593B2DFCB826C77DD6F829" box="[779,901,1946,1970]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-06-24">24.vi.2016</date>
|
||
, #CSE2625 (USNM); Nantucket, Lost Farm, 1 ♀,
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A593B2DFF0926E07F67F84D" box="[186,308,1981,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-06-12">12.vi.2016</date>
|
||
, em.
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A593B2DFEC326E07FB9F84D" box="[368,490,1981,2006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" value="2016-06-27">27.vi.2016</date>
|
||
, C. Eiseman, ex
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A593B2DFD1526E07DD0F84D" box="[678,899,1981,2006]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="2" pageNumber="200" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A593B2DFD1526E07DD0F84D" box="[678,899,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="200">Viburnum dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, #CSE2642 (USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="91FB32A71A583B2CFF2426DF7A2FF86E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="201" targetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A583B2CFF2426DF7A2FF86E" blockId="3.[151,1436,1922,2037]" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A583B2CFF2426DF7F14F803" bold="true" box="[151,327,1922,1945]" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">FIGURES 3–11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A583B2CFEFD26D97C4CF802" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[334,543,1923,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="201" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A583B2CFEFD26D97C4CF802" box="[334,543,1923,1945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="201">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2BFF7421CA7D56FEDB" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7421CA7D56FEDB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7421CA7F33FF2B" bold="true" box="[199,352,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BD9322BF1A5F3B2BFE7921CA7C30FF2B" box="[458,611,151,176]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BD9322BF1A5F3B2BFC8421CA7DDCFF2B" box="[823,911,151,176]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Adults have only been reared from cocoons collected on Nantucket Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFDB421E17CFFFF4E" box="[519,684,188,213]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but we have observed larval mines in mainland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFB4821E17BCEFF4E" box="[1275,1437,188,213]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Berkshire, Bristol, and Plymouth Counties),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFD1121827D7AFF63" box="[674,809,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Connecticut" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Connecticut</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Hartford),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFC0421827A55FF63" box="[951,1030,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
(near Effingham),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFB5621827B00FF63" box="[1253,1363,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A5F3B2BFAD621BD7BC8FF63" box="[1381,1435,223,248]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
|
||
NE of Slidell),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFEE020597F93FE86" box="[339,448,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Baltimore;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5F3B2BFDE920597CA1FE87" author="Wilson" box="[602,754,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" refString="Wilson, T. (2014) Viburnum Leaf Mine ID Request. Available from: http: // bugguide. net / node / view / 1014804 (accessed 21 December 2016)" type="journal article" year="2014">Wilson 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFCB820597DE9FE86" box="[779,954,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Durham),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFBFB20597AB1FE86" box="[1096,1250,260,285]" country="United States of America" name="Rhode Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Rhode Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Block Island),
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFF2420757EABFEA4" box="[151,248,296,319]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Mt. Mansfield), and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFE5D207A7C10FEDB" box="[494,579,295,320]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Gatineau Park).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2BFF7420117ACEFEFF" box="[199,1181,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7420117ACEFEFF" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1181,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7420117F1DFEFE" bold="true" box="[199,334,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific name is derived from the genus of the host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFBBC20117A2EFEFE" box="[1039,1149,332,357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFBBC20117A2EFEFE" box="[1039,1149,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2BFF7420327C31FD6B" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7420327A6DFD1E" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7420327F12FE13" bold="true" box="[199,321,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The forewing pattern is similar to that of several described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFBB1202C7A3EFE13" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1863" box="[1026,1133,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFBB1202C7A3EFE13" box="[1026,1133,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Marmara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species possessing darkly banded forewings, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFE2A20C87C62FE36" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[409,561,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFE2A20C87C62FE36" box="[409,561,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinct when larval biology is taken into account. No other species is known both to mine leaves and to pupate under a bark flap cut by the larva at the end of the mine. Further, each of the six species that is reported to pupate under a bark flap, in addition to using hosts belonging to other plant orders, has an adult with distinctly different forewing coloration: the wings of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB9F235C7B59FD8C" authority="Braun" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1915" box="[1068,1290,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auratella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB9F235C7AEFFD83" box="[1068,1212,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. auratella</emphasis>
|
||
Braun
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are “bronzy brown, with an almost golden luster under brilliant illumination” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5F3B2BFC3923797A46FDA6" author="Braun" box="[906,1045,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" refString="Braun, A. F. (1915) New genera and species of Tineina. The Canadian Entomologist, 47 (6), 188 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 47188 - 6" type="journal article" year="1915">Braun 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB3D23787B38FDA6" authority="(Busck)" authorityName="Busck" baseAuthorityName="Busck" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1166,1387,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elotella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB3D23787B5AFDA6" box="[1166,1289,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. elotella</emphasis>
|
||
(Busck)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the three ash feeders are predominantly white (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5F3B2BFD12231A7D78FDFB" author="Busck" box="[673,811,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" refString="Busck, A. (1909) Notes on microlepidoptera, with descriptions of new North American species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 11 (2), 87 - 103." type="journal article" year="1909">Busck 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5F3B2BFC85231A7DB8FDFB" author="Fitzgerald" box="[822,1003,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" refString="Fitzgerald, T. D. (1973) Coexistence of three species of bark-mining Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on green ash and descriptions of new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66 (2), 457 - 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 66.2.457" type="journal article" year="1973">Fitzgerald 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB3E23147BCFFDFB" authority="(Chambers)" authorityName="Chambers" baseAuthorityName="Chambers" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[1165,1436,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB3E23147B42FDFB" box="[1165,1297,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. fasciella</emphasis>
|
||
(Chambers)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are banded with approximately equal parts white and pale brown (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5F3B2BFCC823317A62FD1E" author="Chambers" box="[891,1073,620,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" refString="Chambers, V. T. (1875) Tineina of the central United States. The Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 2 (2), 97 - 121." type="journal article" year="1875">Chambers 1875</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7423D27C31FD6B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
The male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFE0D23CC7C04FD33" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[446,599,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFE0D23CC7C04FD33" box="[446,599,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFC3A23CC7AC4FD33" authority="(Clemens)" authorityName="Clemens" baseAuthorityName="Clemens" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[905,1175,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgidella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFC3A23CC7A48FD33" box="[905,1051,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. fulgidella</emphasis>
|
||
(Clemens)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in possessing a greatly inflated phallobase and inwardly curved apex of the valvular lobes. The forewing pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB2923E87B79FD56" baseAuthorityName="Clemens" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[1178,1322,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgidella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB2923E87B79FD56" box="[1178,1322,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">M. fulgidella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinct in possessing much broader white fascia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2BFF7423A17C63F903" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7423A17EB5FCC6" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7423A17F05FC8E" bold="true" box="[199,342,764,789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults have been reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFD0723A17DC1FC8E" box="[692,914,764,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFD0723A17DC1FC8E" box="[692,914,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Viburnum dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFC7223A17A17FC8E" box="[961,1092,764,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Adoxaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). We have found leaf mines of the new species on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFEDD227C7C35FCA3" authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." box="[366,614,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lantanoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFEDD227C7C5FFCA3" box="[366,524,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">V. lantanoides</emphasis>
|
||
Michx.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFDC3227C7C84FCA3" box="[624,727,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nudum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFDC3227C7C84FCA3" box="[624,727,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">V. nudum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFD4F227D7DFEFCA3" box="[764,941,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nudum" variety="cassinoides">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFC9F22427DFEFCA3" box="[812,941,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">cassinoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Torr. & A. Gray, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB62227C7EB5FCC6" authority="Schult." authorityName="Schult." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rafinesquianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB62227C7BCFFCA3" box="[1233,1436,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">V. rafinesquianum</emphasis>
|
||
Schult.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF74223A7A69FA5B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF74223A7F74FC1B" bold="true" box="[199,295,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFEE1223A7FA4FC1B" box="[338,503,871,896]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, adults emerge in June and early July and deposit eggs on the upper surfaces of leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFEB622D17F20FC3E" box="[261,371,908,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFEB622D17F20FC3E" box="[261,371,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one egg per leaf, typically over a prominent vein. The sap-feeding larvae hatch in early July and form meandering linear leaf mines, less than
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A5F3B2BFD7822ED7D5DFC5C" box="[715,782,944,968]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFCEE22F27D98FC53" box="[861,971,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mine is at first epidermal and may appear whitish or like a tiny, shining snail trail, difficult to discern. Before long the mine deepens and becomes pale brown in color, with a very fine, central frass line visible under magnification. Eventually the mine enters the leaf midrib, either directly or by a side vein, and proceeds down the petiole and into the stem. We have found apparently occupied leaf mines in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFE1F25627C1DFBC3" box="[428,590,1087,1112]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
as late as
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5F3B2BFD61251D7D13FBC3" box="[722,832,1088,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">8 August</date>
|
||
, and have found completed leaf mines, with larvae already feeding in stems, as early as
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5F3B2BFD8925397CDEFBE6" box="[570,653,1124,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" value="1919-07">19 July</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFD0025397D06FBE6" box="[691,853,1124,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5F3B2BFC3D25397DB6FBE7" box="[910,997,1124,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" value="1930-06">30 June</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFBB825397A0DFBE6" box="[1035,1118,1124,1149]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Once in the stem, the larva quickly tunnels deeper in the bark, and the mine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFD7825DA7D5CFB3B" box="[715,783,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) usually is not externally visible for more than a few cm. Based on the known life histories of other bark-mining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFCA025F07D2CFB5F" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1863" box="[787,895,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFCA025F07D2CFB5F" box="[787,895,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Marmara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, we presume that the larvae overwinter partially grown and finish feeding in the spring. The depth of the bark mine appears to vary throughout development; we have found fragmentary epidermal and deeper bark mines of various sizes, but much of the feeding evidently takes place in the cortex and is not visible on the surface. The mature larva cuts a semicircular flap in the bark (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFEEE24617FF0FACF" box="[349,419,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) and spins its cocoon on the underside of this (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFC6324617A4BFACE" box="[976,1048,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although we have found mines extending to within a few cm of the base of the stem, the pupation site tends to be well over
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A5F3B2BFB2F243D7A94FAE3" box="[1180,1223,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground, on a branch or a portion of the main stem that is less than
|
||
<quantity id="027CCFCA1A5F3B2BFD5124D97D4AFA07" box="[738,793,1412,1436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick and has relatively smooth bark. Upon emergence of the adult (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFEB424FA7FDDFA5B" box="[263,398,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Figs. 10–11</figureCitation>
|
||
), the pupa is thrust through the cocoon near one end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DBF7EAA1A5F3B2BFC5B24FA7A7FFA5B" box="[1000,1068,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 11" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1922,1945]" captionTargetBox="[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[199,1377,193,1894]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1018698/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7424917C63F903" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7424917F07FA7E" bold="true" box="[199,340,1484,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Parasitoids.</emphasis>
|
||
Four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFE2424917CC1FA7E" authority="Girault" authorityName="Girault" authorityYear="1913" box="[407,658,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Quadrastichus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFE2424917C6FFA7E" box="[407,572,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Quadrastichus</emphasis>
|
||
Girault
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFD5924917DDAFA7F" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[746,905,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFC2724917A4BFA7E" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1829" box="[916,1048,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Eulophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB9124917A92FA7E" box="[1058,1217,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetrastichinae">Tetrastichinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) emerged from one cocoon. No keys exist for the identification of North American species in this genus, and there are likely numerous undescribed species in addition to the ten known from this continent (C. Hansson,
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB9E27487A3BF9B6" box="[1069,1128,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
.). Six
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB0127487BCFF9B6" authority="Dahlbom" authorityName="Dahlbom" authorityYear="1857" box="[1202,1436,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Ageniaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB0127487B7EF9B7" box="[1202,1325,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Ageniaspis</emphasis>
|
||
Dahlbom
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFF5A276A7F3AF9CB" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1837" box="[233,361,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFEC0276A7FBDF9CB" box="[371,494,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Encyrtinae">Encyrtinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) emerged from another cocoon, and another 23 emerged from two or more cocoons that were not isolated in separate rearing vials. They do not match any of the species recorded from northeastern North America (R. Zuparko,
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFE6E27DC7C4AF903" box="[477,537,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2BFF7427F97AAAF8B3" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2BFF7427F97AAAF8B3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7427F97FCCF926" bold="true" box="[199,415,1700,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Other Associates.</emphasis>
|
||
We found several different arthropods hiding under bark flaps created by larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFF2427947FD0F97B" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[151,387,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF2427947FD0F97B" box="[151,387,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These included two elongate-bodied springtails (Entomobryomorpha),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFB6D279A7C69F89E" authority="Palissa" authorityName="Palissa" authorityYear="1966" class="Entognatha" family="Isotomidae" genus="Anurophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="septentrionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFB6D279A7B22F97B" box="[1246,1393,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Anurophorus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF2427B17F6EF89E" box="[151,317,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">septentrionalis</emphasis>
|
||
Palissa (Isotomidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFD3227B17D34F89E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[641,871,1772,1797]" class="Entognatha" family="Entomobryidae" genus="Entomobrya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nivalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFD3227B17D34F89E" box="[641,871,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Entomobrya nivalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFC0B27B17A38F89E" box="[952,1131,1772,1797]" class="Entognatha" family="Entomobryidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collembola" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Entomobryidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as well as two beetles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFF2D26527F4CF8B3" authorityName="" authorityYear="1758" box="[158,287,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFE8126527C10F8B3" authority="Des Gozis" authorityName="Des Gozis" authorityYear="1886" box="[306,579,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" genus="Contacyphon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFE8126527F94F8B3" box="[306,455,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Contacyphon</emphasis>
|
||
Des Gozis
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFDCB26527C8CF8B3" authorityName="Fleming" authorityYear="1821" box="[632,735,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Scirtidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scirtidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFCAE264C7A17F8B3" authority="Alonso-Zarazaga" authorityName="Alonso-Zarazaga" box="[797,1092,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" genus="Neapion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFCAE264C7D2FF8B3" box="[797,892,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Neapion</emphasis>
|
||
Alonso-Zarazaga
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFBCA26527ABFF8B3" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1145,1260,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8D9E31A41A5F3B2AFF7426697A74FBE7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5F3B2AFF7426697C93FD83" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="203" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFF7426697F68F8D6" bold="true" box="[199,315,1844,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The successful rearing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFDCC26687D3AF8D6" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[639,873,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFDCC26687D3AF8D6" box="[639,873,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
followed five years of investigation and failed attempts, during which the larval biology was gradually pieced together. The first known leaf mine on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5F3B2BFA9D260A7EACF80E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5F3B2BFA9D260A7EACF80E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Viburnum dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found on Tuckernuck Island by CSE on
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5F3B2BFD4F26217D86F80F" box="[764,981,1916,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" value="2011-09-10">10 September 2011</date>
|
||
during a survey of leaf-mining and gallforming insects of Nantucket County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5F3B2BFDF826FD7CA3F822" box="[587,752,1952,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BD9322BF1A5F3B2BFD4F26FD7D6BF823" box="[764,824,1952,1976]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="202">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Additional mines were found on Nantucket Island in
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5F3B2BFF2426997F7FF847" box="[151,300,1988,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="202" value="2012-08">August 2012</date>
|
||
, and since they were observed to proceed down the petioles and into the twigs, several twigs with mined leaves were collected in resealable plastic bags. A single larva appeared in one of the bags, and photographs were shown to DRD and DLW, who agreed that it appeared to be an early instar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFBA621E07AD2FF4F" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1863" box="[1045,1153,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFBA621E07AD2FF4F" box="[1045,1153,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Marmara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5E3B2AFB1F21E07B72FF4F" box="[1196,1313,188,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" value="2013-06">June 2013</date>
|
||
, additional searching of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE9B21BC7FFFFF63" box="[296,428,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE9B21BC7FFFFF63" box="[296,428,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by CSE and JAB revealed a few old bark mines, but no bark flaps were found and it was presumed that this species exits the mine to pupate after overwintering in the stem or roots. In late
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5E3B2AFABB20597B28FE87" box="[1288,1403,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" value="2014-07">July 2014</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFA3420587EACFEDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFA3420587EACFEDB" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants with leaf mines were marked with pink flagging, and in December, five of these were dug, potted, and kept in an unheated shed over the winter, inside large sleeves of fine-meshed cloth. On
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5E3B2AFB7520117B3FFEFE" box="[1222,1388,332,357]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" value="2015-03-03">3 March 2015</date>
|
||
, the plants were brought indoors, and they were checked daily until June for emerging adults. No moths emerged, but on
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5E3B2AFF0820C97F45FE37" box="[187,278,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" value="1930-06">30 June</date>
|
||
, CSE and JAB discovered leaf and stem mines with two associated bark flaps on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFB0F20C87B13FE36" box="[1212,1344,404,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFB0F20C87B13FE36" box="[1212,1344,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
west of Effingham,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5E3B2AFEAF20EA7F3CFE4B" box="[284,367,439,464]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Illinois</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Thus, in
|
||
<date id="B13A44EF1A5E3B2AFE6E20E57C03FE4B" box="[477,592,439,464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" value="2016-06">June 2016</date>
|
||
CSE and JAB were newly motivated to search for bark flaps on Nantucket Island, and succeeded in collecting approximately 30 that appeared fresh (rejecting numerous others that were from previous years) scattered over five different sites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5E3B2AFF7423797FD8FB94" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">
|
||
The leaf mine of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE3E23787C27FDA6" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[397,628,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE3E23787C27FDA6" box="[397,628,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Marmara viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is easily distinguished from other mines occurring on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFB5023797B02FDA6" box="[1251,1361,548,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFB5023797B02FDA6" box="[1251,1361,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as no other insect produces a mine that proceeds down the petiole and into the stem. The only other known linear mine on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFF0923317F7BFD1E" box="[186,296,620,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFF0923317F7BFD1E" box="[186,296,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one found by CSE and JAB on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFD1823307DF6FD1E" authority="(Michx.) Raf." authorityName="(Michx.) Raf." box="[683,933,620,645]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="edule">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFD1823307D53FD1E" box="[683,768,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. edule</emphasis>
|
||
(Michx.) Raf.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5E3B2AFC7A23317A01FD1E" box="[969,1106,620,645]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
. This mine was tightly coiled at the beginning, arcing back and forth in an area bounded by two lateral veins; eventually it crossed a vein and stretched out into a typical linear mine. The larva exited through a slit in the upper epidermis at the end of the mine. Frass was deposited in beaded strips along the sides (not in a thin central line as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFB8D23847A84FD6B" authorityName="Feldman" authorityYear="2017" box="[1086,1239,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFB8D23847A84FD6B" box="[1086,1239,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">M. viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an arrangement characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFEE523A17C30FC8E" authority="(Diptera)" baseAuthorityName="Diptera" box="[342,611,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agromyzidae (Diptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We presume this mine to be the work of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFBFF23A07BC4FC8E" authority="Lonsdale" authorityName="Lonsdale" box="[1100,1431,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Agromyzidae" genus="Liriomyza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charada">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFBFF23A07B77FC8E" box="[1100,1316,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Liriomyza charada</emphasis>
|
||
Lonsdale
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has been reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE6A227C7C7CFCA3" box="[473,559,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="edule">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE6A227C7C7CFCA3" box="[473,559,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. edule</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5E3B2AFDE422427CF8FCA3" box="[599,683,799,824]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5E3B2AFD0822427D3BFCA3" author="Lonsdale" box="[699,872,799,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" refString="Lonsdale, O. (2017) The Liriomyza (Agromyzidae: Schizophora: Diptera) of Canada & Alaska. Zootaxa, 4234 (1), 1 - 156. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4234.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Lonsdale 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The two other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFBC522427AB7FCA3" box="[1142,1252,799,824]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFBC522427AB7FCA3" box="[1142,1252,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
miners are both moths that form blotch mines.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFDB522197A18FCC6" authority="(Braun)" authorityName="Braun" baseAuthorityName="Braun" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[518,1099,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFDB522197D7EFCC6" box="[518,813,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Phyllonorycter viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
(Braun) (Gracillariidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFB5322187B2DFCC6" baseAuthorityName="Braun" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1248,1406,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFB5322187B2DFCC6" box="[1248,1406,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">M. viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE9422347FFEFC1B" box="[295,429,871,896]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE9422347FFEFC1B" box="[295,429,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on Nantucket Island, forms an underside tentiform mine in which pupation takes place (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5E3B2AFF2D22D17F7AFC3F" author="Braun" box="[158,297,908,932]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" refString="Braun, A. F. (1923) Microlepidoptera: notes and new species. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 49 (2), 115 - 127." type="journal article" year="1923">Braun 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE8E22D17D23FC3E" authority="Clemens" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1861" box="[317,880,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Coleophoridae" genus="Coleophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburniella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE8E22D17C14FC3E" box="[317,583,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Coleophora viburniella</emphasis>
|
||
Clemens (Coleophoridae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds from a portable case, producing full-depth mines that contain no frass. It is recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFD0522EC7D4CFC53" box="[694,799,943,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nudum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFD0522EC7D4CFC53" box="[694,799,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. nudum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFCFA22ED7DA8FC53" box="[841,1019,943,968]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nudum" variety="cassinoides">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFCC922F27DA8FC53" box="[890,1019,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">cassinoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Torr. & A. Gray (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5E3B2AFB4D22F27E80FC77" author="McDunnough" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" refString="McDunnough, J. (1942) Further notes on maritime Coleophoridae (Lepidoptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 74, 167 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 74167 - 9" type="journal article" year="1942">McDunnough 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFF5A22887FD8FC76" box="[233,395,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="prunifolium">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFF5A22887FD8FC76" box="[233,395,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. prunifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5E3B2AFE0D22897C35FC76" author="Clemens" box="[446,614,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" refString="Clemens, B. (1861) Micro-lepidopterous larvae. Notes on a few species, the imagos of which are probably undescribed. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 1 (4), 75 - 87." type="journal article" year="1861">Clemens 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFD1C22887A73FC77" authority="Raf. (Covell 1999)" authorityName="Raf. (Covell" authorityYear="1999" box="[687,1056,980,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rufidulum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFD1C22887D68FC76" box="[687,827,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. rufidulum</emphasis>
|
||
Raf. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1151FDE1A5E3B2AFC3522897A4BFC77" author="Covell" box="[902,1048,980,1005]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" refString="Covell, C. (1999) The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of Kentucky: an annotated checklist. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission Scientific and Technical Series, 6, 1 - 220." type="journal article" year="1999">Covell 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we have found larvae on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFA3422887EACFB8B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFA3422887EACFB8B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5E3B2AFE9022A57FD4FB94" box="[291,391,1016,1039]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C53B622F1A5E3B2AFF7425407A74FBE7" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">
|
||
It is conceivable that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFE7125407C7DFBAF" authorityName="Clemens" authorityYear="1863" box="[450,558,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Marmara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFE7125407C7DFBAF" box="[450,558,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Marmara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFD1925417D4BFBAE" box="[682,792,1052,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFD1925417D4BFBAE" box="[682,792,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Viburnum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species other than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFC4925407AD3FBAE" box="[1018,1152,1052,1077]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFC4925407AD3FBAE" box="[1018,1152,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent moths distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFF67251C7F3FFBC3" baseAuthorityName="Braun" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[212,364,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viburnella">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFF67251C7F3FFBC3" box="[212,364,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">M. viburnella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but at this point we have no reason to suspect so. In Berkshire County,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0740ACCD1A5E3B2AFB2325627B66FBC3" box="[1168,1333,1087,1112]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
, we have found mines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFEFF25387FB9FBE6" box="[332,490,1124,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lantanoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFEFF25387FB9FBE6" box="[332,490,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. lantanoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the immediate vicinity of mines on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="028419AC1A5E3B2AFC2F25387A73FBE6" box="[924,1056,1124,1149]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="5" pageNumber="203" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dentatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F0BE3D1A5E3B2AFC2F25387A73FBE6" box="[924,1056,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="203">V. dentatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |