184 lines
18 KiB
XML
184 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a657b36b-26db-41c4-9046-a058acf6fafa" ID-PMC="PMC4155729" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-437-33" ID-PubMed="25197211" ID-ZBK="A97034CCC4E24749AFE1E2EEF6F7A88F" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-437-33" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 437" ModsDocTitle="A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster" checkinTime="1451245412687" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Shirley, Xanthe, Restuccia, Danielle, Ly, Andrew & Wharton, Robert" docDate="2014" docId="0852B459B47602248F75B3AE35346F5A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 437: 33-44" docOrigin="ZooKeys 437" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726" docTitle="Diachasma dentatum Shirley, Restuccia & Ly, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="EE48A796-3A5F-49B9-84CC-19587EC17C29" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FFACFF87072DC82BDB7DF56CFF8FE747" masterDocTitle="A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1668159221735" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new opiine (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Australia with discussion of Diachasma Foerster</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shirley, Xanthe</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Restuccia, Danielle</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ly, Andrew</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wharton, Robert</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>437</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>44</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.437.7726</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-437-33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">A97034CCC4E24749AFE1E2EEF6F7A88F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">A97034CCC4E24749AFE1E2EEF6F7A88F</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152055385" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EE48A796-3A5F-49B9-84CC-19587EC17C29" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0852B459B47602248F75B3AE35346F5A" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Braconidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/EE48A796-3A5F-49B9-84CC-19587EC17C29" authority="Shirley, Restuccia & Ly" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma dentatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatum">Diachasma dentatum Shirley, Restuccia & Ly</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="38">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 5-12, 16
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Australia, New South Wales, Lord Howe Island</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Holotype. Female (ANIC), first and only data label, first line: Aust:NSW second line: Lord Howe Is. third line: 17.31.v.1980 fourth line: S.&J.Peck</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="paratypes">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Paratypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">3 males, same data as holotype (CNC, TAMU).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
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Face faintly punctate, punctures separated by 5-7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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their diameter, surface weakly shagreened to smooth between punctures. Frons with small, median pit between median ocellus and toruli. Clypeus 2.25-2.65
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider than high, faintly punctate; ventral margin weakly concave, nearly truncate. Eye moderately large, 2.5-2.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than temple in lateral view. Malar sulcus distinct, deep throughout; malar space 0.5-0.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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basal width of mandible. Mandibles deflected ventrally, broadly exposing labrum, apical teeth bent sharply inward relative to base, basal portion as broad as long, with prominent flanges forming dorsal and ventral margins (Figs 5, 6). Antenna with 26 (female) and 30-32 (male) flagellomeres; first flagellomere 3.5-4.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, 1-1.05
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than second. Length of maxillary palps distinctly greater than height of head. Mesosoma 1.5-1.55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than high, 1.85-2.05
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide. Propleuron smooth, polished, without diagonal sulcus. Pronotum
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="39" start="start">dorsally</pageBreakToken>
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with small median pit; crenulate groove along posterior margin continuing laterally, extending to ventral margin of pronotum laterally; posterior margin of pronotum laterally crenulate. Notauli deeply impressed, extending from anterior margin to narrowly elongate midpit, crenulate anteriorly, unsculptured on most of disc; supramarginal carina distinct throughout, mesoscutal humeral sulcus crenulate; midpit occupying nearly half length of disc (Fig. 11); median mesoscutal lobe elevated along edge of anterior declivity in holotype. Scuto-scutellar sulcus broad, twice wider than long. Precoxal sulcus (Fig. 10) deep, broad, nearly extending to anterior margin, widely separated from posterior margin, varying from crenulate to almost completely smooth. Propodeum with smooth anterior-lateral areas separated by median longitu
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="40" start="start">dinal</pageBreakToken>
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carina on basal 0.3, carina merging posteriorly with barely discernible median areola largely obscured by fine rugosities covering posterior 0.5 of propodeum. Fore wing stigma discrete, wedge-shaped, gradually widening distally, 4.2-4.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than wide, r1 arising 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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distance from base, less than half width of stigma at this point; 2RS 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than 3RSa; 3RSb extending to apex of wing; m-cu widely postfurcal; 2CUb arising at or near anterior side of 1st subdiscal cell, 2CUa varying from absent to nearly so. Hind wing RS weak but distinct at base, absent distally; m-cu weakly pigmented and very weakly impressed, long, extending nearly to wing margin, curved basally. Metasoma with T1 1.35-1.45
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer than apical width, about 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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wider at apex than at base; densely striate, dorsal carinae distinct from base to apex, more nearly parallel-sided and widely separated in male paratypes than female holotype; dorsope
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="41" start="start">large</pageBreakToken>
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, distinct. T2+3 smooth, very sparsely setose, nearly bare. T2 spiracle on dorsal edge of lateral crease separating median tergite from lateral tergite. Ovipositor sheath about half length of mesosoma, sparsely setose. Color (Figs 9, 10) pale yellow (males) to dark yellow (female) except as follows: pronotum laterally, mesopleuron dorsally, metapleuron, propodeum posteriorly, and T1 dark brown, female more extensively darker than males; ocellar field, most of face, and temple behind eye brown; flagellum and tergal margins light brown; propleuron dorsally and propodeum anteriorly yellow-brown; apical teeth of mandible red; labrum, palps, lower gena, trochanters, and all coxae white, remainder of legs, scape, and pedicel faintly yellow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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This new species is almost identical morphologically to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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, with very similar wing venation, body sculpture, and coloration (including female darker than male). The mandible, however, is distinctly different. The mandible of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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is typical of other members of this species group, lacking the flange-like dorsal and ventral margins of the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma dentatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatum">Diachasma dentatum</taxonomicName>
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mandible. Both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma dentatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatum">Diachasma dentatum</taxonomicName>
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belong to a group of species readily recognized by the combination of a distinct dorsope, r1 arising from the distal portion of the discrete fore wing stigma, and a relatively short second submarginal cell, with 2RS longer than or less commonly equal in length to 3RSa. All other described species in this group have normal mandibles similar to those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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and are darker in color than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma dentatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatum">Diachasma dentatum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">The species name is Latin for toothed, calling attention to the unusual form of the mandibles.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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Intraspecific variation in sculpture and quantitative measurements poses challenges for species delineation in this group. The face is more visibly shagreened in two of the males of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma dentatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dentatum">Diachasma dentatum</taxonomicName>
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, for example, but the sculpture is weak in all four specimens compared to most but not all specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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available for examination (n = 11). The eye varies in size between sexes and among species of this species group, but in known members of this group, the eye is large compared to that of the relatively small eye of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma fulgidum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgidum">Diachasma fulgidum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="41">
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The placement of dentatum in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diachasma</taxonomicName>
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, along with tasmaniae and the other morphologically similar species noted above, will ultimately need to be re-evaluated. There are compelling morphological differences that strongly suggest that these species are not congeneric with the type species,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma fulgidum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fulgidum">Diachasma fulgidum</taxonomicName>
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, nor closely resemble the type species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Atoreuteus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atoreuteus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atoreuteus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Bathystomus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bathystomus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bathystomus</taxonomicName>
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. There are a large number of available genus group names in the
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="41" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Opiinae">Opiinae</taxonomicName>
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, including several for species with a well-developed dorsope (as discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Wharton, RA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Hymenoptera Research" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="317 - 347" title="The species of Sternaulopius Fischer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Opiinae) and the braconid sternaulus." volume="15" year="2006">Wharton 2006</bibRefCitation>
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) and we are thus reluctant to create a new generic name since one or more of these may prove applicable with a broader analysis of opiine relationships. The described species from Australia and New Guinea are also morphologically diverse, as exemplified by the key to species presented above, and many new species await description, based on material examined in TAMU and ANIC. As noted above, resolution of relationships will necessitate consideration of many opiines currently placed in other genera and is beyond the scope of this work.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="42">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="42" start="start">Though</pageBreakToken>
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Lord Howe is an oceanic island well off the coast of New South Wales, this newly described species is remarkably similar in many respects to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Diachasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diachasma tasmaniae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniae">Diachasma tasmaniae</taxonomicName>
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was originally described from Tasmania and New South Wales (
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<bibRefCitation author="Fischer, M" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="83 - 103" title="Einige Neubeschreibungen und Wiederbescheibungen von Opiinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)." volume="18" year="1995">Fischer 1995</bibRefCitation>
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) and is recorded here for the first time from Victoria (specimens in TAMU and ANIC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |