treatments-xml/data/FD/18/92/FD18923455DE201C58667BA1D51D2D2F.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7b840f6-7082-49dc-bee7-d528a40eb478" ID-PMC="PMC3234410" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-149-69" ID-PubMed="22207795" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-149-69" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 149" ModsDocTitle="Generic placement of the Neotropical species of “ Phragmatobia” (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes" checkinTime="1451249584836" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Schmidt, B. Christian &amp; Freina, Josef J. De" docDate="2011" docId="FD18923455DE201C58667BA1D51D2D2F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 149: 69-88" docOrigin="ZooKeys 149" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382" docTitle="Phragmatobia Stephens 1828" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="70" masterDocId="3138FFC6FFCF307AFF9EFFDEFFE5745E" masterDocTitle="Generic placement of the Neotropical species of &quot; Phragmatobia &quot; (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes" masterLastPageNumber="88" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="70" updateTime="1668152818396" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Generic placement of the Neotropical species of &quot; Phragmatobia &quot; (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with a remarkable matrivorous species from the Peruvian Andes</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, B. Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Freina, Josef J. De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number>149</mods:number>
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<mods:start>69</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2382</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032336" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FD18923455DE201C58667BA1D51D2D2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD18923455DE201C58667BA1D51D2D2F" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Phragmatobia" authority="Stephens, 1828" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1828" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia Stephens, 1828</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phalaena fuliginosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">Phalaena fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus, 1758 (by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">[Europe].</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
includes five species distributed in the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions (including one Holarctic species, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia fuliginosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">Phragmatobia fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
(L.)), with the Neotropical species and one Asian species here transferred to other genera. As suggested by 
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes, WTM" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir" pageId="10" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 188" title="The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part IV. Agaristidae through Nymphalidae, including butterflies." volume="371" year="1960">Forbes (1960)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
is probably most closely related to the Nearctic genus 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Pyrrharctia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrrharctia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pyrrharctia</taxonomicName>
Packard; male genitalic and molecular characters strongly support these two as sister taxa (
<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Schmidt 2007</bibRefCitation>
). We examined all 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
species, i.e. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia fuliginosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">Phragmatobia fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
(Linnaeus, 1758), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia amurensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amurensis">Phragmatobia amurensis</taxonomicName>
Seitz, 1910, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia placida" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placida">Phragmatobia placida</taxonomicName>
(Frivaldszky, 1835), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia lineata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineata">Phragmatobia lineata</taxonomicName>
Newman &amp; Donahue, 1966 and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia assimilans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilans">Phragmatobia assimilans</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1855. Examination of the type material (BMNH) of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia oberthueri" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oberthueri">Phragmatobia oberthueri</taxonomicName>
Rothschild, 1910, described from Kuku-Noor, Tibet, revealed that it is a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lymantriidae" genus="Lachana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lachana alpherakii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpherakii">Lachana alpherakii</taxonomicName>
(Grum-Grzhimailo, 1891) [
<taxonomicName family="Erebidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" rank="family">Erebidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lymantriinae">Lymantriinae</taxonomicName>
], syn. n., comb. n., a group recently revised by 
<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Trofimova (2008)</bibRefCitation>
. Two other species sometimes placed in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
in the recent literature have been transferred to other genera, namely 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Orontobia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orontobia coelestina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coelestina">Orontobia coelestina</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Püngeler">Puengeler</normalizedToken>
, 1904 (
<bibRefCitation author="Freina, JJ de" journalOrPublisher="Linneana Belgica" pageId="10" pageNumber="79" pagination="49 - 60" title="Nouvelles Arctiides de la faune palearctique asiatique (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Arctiinae)." volume="16" year="1997">De Freina 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Epatolmis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epatolmis luctifera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luctifera">Epatolmis luctifera</taxonomicName>
([Denis &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
], 1775) (
<bibRefCitation author="Koda, N" journalOrPublisher="Tyo to Ga" pageId="11" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 79" title="A generic classification of the subfamily Arctiinae of the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions based on the male and female genitalia (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Part II." volume="39" year="1988">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kôda">Koda</normalizedToken>
1988
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Watson and Goodger (1986)</bibRefCitation>
placed eight Neotropical species in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
, three of which were transferred to other genera by 
<bibRefCitation author="Ferguson, DC" journalOrPublisher="Entomography" pageId="10" pageNumber="79" pagination="181 - 275" title="Contributions toward reclassification of the world genera of the tribe Arctiini, Part 1: Introduction and a revision of the Neoarctia-Grammia group (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiini)." volume="3" year="1985">Ferguson (1985)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia modesta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modesta">Phragmatobia modesta</taxonomicName>
Maassen, 1890 was recently moved to 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Amastus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amastus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amastus</taxonomicName>
Walker [
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" rank="tribe" tribe="Arctiini">Arctiini</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName genus="Phaegopterina" lsidName="Phaegopterina" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" rank="genus">Phaegopterina</taxonomicName>
] by 
<bibRefCitation author="Vincent, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="12" pageNumber="81" pagination="175 - 184" title="Changements nomenclaturaux en vue de l'actualisation du catalogue des Arctiinae neotropicales (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae)." volume="115" year="2010">Vincent and Laguerre (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, leaving four Neotropical species that are dealt with here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="70" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phragmatobia</taxonomicName>
is a fairly homogeneous group characterized by the following combination of characters: male antennae simple; wings fully developed in both sexes, forewing transverse lines diffuse or absent; wing colours varying from pinkish red to dark vinaceous red with darkbrown to blackish markings. Microtymbal of metepisternum well developed (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia fuliginosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">Phragmatobia fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
) to obsolete (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia assimilans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assimilans">Phragmatobia assimilans</taxonomicName>
). Male genitalia with apical process of valve finger-like and ovoid in cross section; clasper spade-like, oriented transverse to longitudinal axis of valve, originating from inner surface of valve and directed mesad (divided into a ventral and costal lobe in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Phragmatobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phragmatobia fuliginosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuliginosa">Phragmatobia fuliginosa</taxonomicName>
); apex of aedeagus with spinose plates; paired, intersegmental coremata present between sternites 7-8. Females with ductus bursae heavily sclerotized, dorso-ventrally flattened, and nearly as wide as width of abdomen; corpus bursae globose, with two signa consisting of small flattened spicules; dorsal pheromone gland paired, each duct with 3-4 branches, the apices of which are rounded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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