201 lines
27 KiB
XML
201 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6FFE4E352A43A2BB0BA7D66D56DD965C">Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6FE35D6FE12CAAFDCC8B39FC7B0FFEC9">Hedges, Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="918537804F77327AFDE3F211E4B45E0C">Couloux, Arnaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="24B12A1CE2B3A67BDB9B6895EC53E34C">Vidal, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="3E7DE8DC35344BCA2AA48FBC6A610213">
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<mods:date id="9037E34B78AD1EC96490E469E33D96E8">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6B331EB671400E0EF6286F06676CFE27" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="91A8AC3EFC05CE7CD0D9BA215AA4E749">2067</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="02D787C7633A61F47C1ADB1C627C7231">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8E61F58760B682D437D1315D8736C159" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187018</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="674E87DDF74BFFE9FF369366CACCBE63" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6220107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119614021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6220107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:674E87DDF74BFFE9FF369366CACCBE63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/674E87DDF74BFFE9FF369366CACCBE63" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F74BFFEEFF369366CAAFBFBC" box="[151,671,1643,1670]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFEEFF369366CAAFBFBC" blockId="19.[151,671,1643,1670]" box="[151,671,1643,1670]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="B41081A7F74BFFEEFF369366CAAFBFBC" bold="true" box="[151,671,1643,1670]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF369366CAAFBFBC" bold="true" box="[151,671,1643,1670]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFF4C9361CAAFBFBC" authority="Dumeril & Bibron, 1853" authorityName="Dumeril & Bibron" authorityYear="1853" box="[237,671,1643,1670]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF4C9361C957BFBF" bold="true" box="[237,359,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Uromacer</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74BFFEEFECE9366CAAFBFBC" author="Dumeril" box="[367,671,1643,1669]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., & Bibron, G. (1853) Prodrome de la classification des reptiles ophidiens. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 23, 478." type="journal article" year="1853">Duméril & Bibron, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F74BFFEEFF3693B8CBFABFF7" box="[151,970,1717,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFEEFF3693B8CBFABFF7" blockId="19.[151,1436,1717,2014]" box="[151,970,1717,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF3693B8C909BFF6" bold="true" box="[151,313,1717,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<typeStatus id="305C8869F74BFFEEFF3693B8C8E4BFF6" box="[151,212,1717,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFEE193B8CBF4BFF6" authority="Dumeril and Bibron, 1853:722" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityPageNumber="722" authorityYear="1853" box="[320,964,1717,1743]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrhynchus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFEE193B8CA62BFF7" box="[320,594,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Uromacer oxyrhynchus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74BFFEEFDFB93B8CBBFBFF6" author="Dumeril" box="[602,911,1717,1743]" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C., & Bibron, G. (1853) Prodrome de la classification des reptiles ophidiens. Memoires de l'Academie des Sciences de l'Institut de France, 23, 478." type="journal article" year="1853">Duméril and Bibron, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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:722
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F74BFFEEFF6493D6CC9EBE25" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFEEFF6493D6CB7FBFCF" blockId="19.[151,1436,1717,2014]" box="[197,847,1755,1782]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF6493D6C974BFCC" bold="true" box="[197,324,1755,1781]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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See diagnosis for the subtribe
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFD0F93D1CB7BBFCF" box="[686,843,1756,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacerina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Uromacerina</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFEEFF64920FCC9EBE25" blockId="19.[151,1436,1717,2014]" box="[197,1198,1794,1820]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF64920FC901BE25" bold="true" box="[197,305,1794,1820]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Content.</emphasis>
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Three species (13 species + subspecies) are included in the genus (
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<tableCitation id="A2650370F74BFFEEFBE5920FCCACBE25" box="[1092,1180,1794,1820]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of West Indian xenodontine snakes, Tribe Alsophiini. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (Maglio 1970; Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Powell et al. 1996)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F74BFFEEFF649225CB7ABE7A" box="[197,842,1832,1859]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFEEFF649225CB7ABE7A" blockId="19.[151,1436,1717,2014]" box="[197,842,1832,1859]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF649225C955BE7B" bold="true" box="[197,357,1832,1858]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The genus occurs on Hispaniola (
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<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74BFFEEFD549224CB0CBE7A" box="[757,828,1833,1859]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,255,804,828]" captionTargetBox="[279,1307,205,780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[279,1307,194,780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing the West Indies (including the southern tip of Florida above, Central America to the west, and the northern edge of South America below) and the distributions of the genera of the Tribe Alsophiini, Subfamily Xenodontinae, Family Dipsadidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187020/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F74BFFE9FF649242CACCBE63" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74BFFE9FF649242CB56B84A" blockId="19.[151,1436,1717,2014]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,152,371]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFF649242C90FBE50" bold="true" box="[197,319,1871,1897]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFEE6925DC98FBE50" box="[327,447,1872,1897]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFEE6925DC98FBE50" box="[327,447,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Uromacer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74BFFEEFE70925DCA27BE53" box="[465,535,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,261,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[174,1412,190,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,166,1753]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 3. Representatives of genera of the snake Tribe Alsophiini (Dipsadidae: Xenonodontinae). Subtribe Alsophiina: Alsophis manselli (Woodlands Spring, Montserrat), Borikenophis portoricensis (1.5 km W. Playa de Tamarindo, Puerto Rico), Cubophis cantherigerus (2.0 km W Viñales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba), Hypsirhynchus ferox (Barahona, Barahona, Dominican Republic), Ialtris dorsalis (3 km N Bois Sec, Grand’Anse, Haiti), and Magliophis stahli (1.9 km NE Vista Alegre, Puerto Rico). Subtribe Arrhytonina: Arrhyton taeniatum (0.2 km WE Windmill Beach, Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba). Subtribe Uromacerina: Uromacer oxyrhynchus (4.4 km W Canada Honda, La Altagracia, Dominican Republic). Photos by S. B. Hedges." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187021/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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H) is known only from Hispaniola and includes three species (
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<tableCitation id="A2650370F74BFFEEFAA3925DCD6DBE53" box="[1282,1373,1872,1898]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of West Indian xenodontine snakes, Tribe Alsophiini. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (Maglio 1970; Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Powell et al. 1996)." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Table 1</tableCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74BFFEEFACC925DC899BEA9" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,255,804,828]" captionTargetBox="[279,1307,205,780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[279,1307,194,780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing the West Indies (including the southern tip of Florida above, Central America to the west, and the northern edge of South America below) and the distributions of the genera of the Tribe Alsophiini, Subfamily Xenodontinae, Family Dipsadidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187020/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). All are arboreal, and they are the only West Indian alsophiines occupying an arboreal niche.
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<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF74BFFEEFAA9927BCD19BEA9" box="[1288,1321,1910,1936]" name="American Samoa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">As</collectingCountry>
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is typical of arboreal species, they are slender-bodied, and two of the species (
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFC129290CC06BE8F" box="[947,1078,1949,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFC129290CC06BE8F" box="[947,1078,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U. frenatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFBCC9290CD14BE8F" box="[1133,1316,1949,1974]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrhynchus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFBCC9290CD14BE8F" box="[1133,1316,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U. oxyrhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) are more slender than
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFE9092C9C988BEE4" box="[305,440,1988,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFE9092C9C988BEE4" box="[305,440,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U. catesbyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and feed exclusively on lizards;
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74BFFEEFCE592C9CBFCBEE4" box="[836,972,1988,2013]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74BFFEEFCE592C9CBFCBEE4" box="[836,972,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">U. catesbyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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feeds on lizards and frogs (
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74BFFE9FAB892C9C8E5B98B" author="Henderson" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="24" refString="Henderson, R. W. (1984) The diets of Hispaniolan colubrid snakes. 1. Introduction and prey genera. Oecologia, 62, 234 - 239." type="journal article" year="1984">Henderson 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74CFFE9FF439595C9DBB98B" author="Henderson" box="[226,491,152,178]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="24" refString="Henderson, R. W., Schwartz, A. & Noeskehallin, T. A. (1987) Food habits of three colubrid tree snakes (Genus Uromacer) on Hispaniola. Herpetologica, 43, 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="1987">
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Henderson
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FEC89595C995B988" box="[361,421,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
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1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF74CFFE9FDA19595CA11B98B" box="[512,545,152,178]" name="American Samoa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">As</collectingCountry>
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expected,
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FD009595CB14B988" box="[673,804,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FD009595CB14B988" box="[673,804,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U. frenatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FCFE9595CC28B988" box="[863,1048,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrhynchus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FCFE9595CC28B988" box="[863,1048,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U. oxyrhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are closest relatives (
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<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74CFFE9FAB99595CD5AB98B" box="[1304,1386,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1833,1857]" captionTargetBox="[379,1213,185,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[379,1215,185,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. A phylogeny of Alsophiini. Bayesian tree obtained from the combined data set of six genes (RAG 2, 12 S & 16 S rRNA, cytochrome b, ND 2 and ND 4; 3387 sites). Alsophis portoricensis portoricensis and A. p. anegadae have identical sequences at all genes sampled, and therefore the latter taxon is not shown. Values are ML bootstrap values above 70 % followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities above 90 %. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study and shows paraphyly and polyphyly of Alsophis (blue), Arrhyton (purple), and Antillophis (orange). See Table 1 and Figure 4 for the new classification proposed here." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187019/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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and
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74CFFE9FF3695B3C89AB9E1" box="[151,170,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[169,1429,197,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[169,1429,197,1745]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. A timetree of Alsophiini. Divergence times and credibility / confidence intervals are shown in Table 3. Plei = Pleistocene. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects the new classification proposed here and detailed in Table 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187022/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">4</figureCitation>
|
||
); we place them here in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FDA895B2CA93B9E1" box="[521,675,191,216]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oxyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FDA895B2CA93B9E1" box="[521,675,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">oxyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group and place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FC2095B2CC3BB9E1" box="[897,1035,191,216]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FC2095B2CC3BB9E1" box="[897,1035,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U. catesbyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FBC295B2CCF8B9E1" box="[1123,1224,191,216]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FBC295B2CCF8B9E1" box="[1123,1224,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">catesbyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group. All three species have green on their bodies, as concealing coloration, consistent with many arboreal species of snakes. There is considerable geographic variation in morphology within at least two of the species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FB459401CD59B81C" box="[1252,1385,268,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FB459401CD59B81C" box="[1252,1385,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U. catesbyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FF36943FC92AB872" box="[151,282,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FF36943FC92AB872" box="[151,282,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U. frenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) which has led to the recognition of 12 subspecies (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A2650370F74CFFE9FCD8943FCBE0B875" box="[889,976,306,332]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of West Indian xenodontine snakes, Tribe Alsophiini. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (Maglio 1970; Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Powell et al. 1996)." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74CFFE9FC4B943FCCA5B875" author="Cochran" box="[1002,1173,306,332]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1941) The herpetology of Hispaniola. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 177, 1 - 398." type="journal article" year="1941">Cochran 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74CFFE9FB00943FCD13B875" author="Horn" box="[1185,1315,306,332]" pageId="20" pageNumber="25" refString="Horn, H. S. (1969) Polymorphism and evolution of the Hispaniola snake genus Uromacer (Colubridae). Breviora, Museum of Comparative Zoology, 324, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1969">Horn 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF74CFFE9FA8E943FC8E4B84A" author="Schwartz" pageId="20" pageNumber="26" refString="Schwartz, A. (1970) A systematic review of Uromacer catesbyi Schlegel (Serpentes, Colubridae). Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 16, 131 - 149." type="journal article" year="1970">Schwartz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1976), some of which may prove to be distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74CFFE9FF6794ABC8F5BBCF" blockId="20.[151,1437,422,758]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FF6794ABCAF9B8F9" bold="true" box="[198,713,422,448]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Timescale of alsophiine snake evolution.</emphasis>
|
||
A timetree of alsophiine snakes using the four calibrations shows a relatively recent origin for the West Indian clade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF74CFFE9FCC094C0CB9DB8DE" box="[865,941,461,487]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[169,1429,197,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[169,1429,197,1745]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. A timetree of Alsophiini. Divergence times and credibility / confidence intervals are shown in Table 3. Plei = Pleistocene. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects the new classification proposed here and detailed in Table 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187022/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), between 16.8 (23.2–12.4) Ma and 12.5 (17.4–8.92) Ma. Divergences among species or groups of species within the clade range from 12.5 (17.4–8.92) Ma to 0.41 (0.71–0.20) Ma (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A2650370F74CFFE9FD319717CAC0BB0D" box="[656,752,538,564]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="20.[151,244,809,833]" captionText="TABLE 3. Divergence times (Ma) and their confidence / credibility intervals (CI) among Alsophiini (Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae). Tree nodes refer to those numbered in Fig. 4." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Eighteen of the alsophiine taxa included in the figure (species and subspecies) diverged from their closest relatives within the Pleistocene (1.81–0.01 Ma), another nine taxa diverged from their closest relatives within the Pliocene (5.33–1.81 Ma), and the remaining eight diverged from their closest relatives within the Miocene (23.0–5.33 Ma). Lineages leading to the three subtribes arose early and approximately at the same time, between 12.5 (17.4–8.92) Ma and 11.1 (15.4–7.91) Ma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="BB986643F74CFFE9FF369624CB98BA5A" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74CFFE9FF369624CB98BA5A" blockId="20.[151,1437,809,1472]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F74CFFE9FF369624C922BA78" bold="true" box="[151,274,809,833]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Divergence times (Ma) and their confidence/credibility intervals (CI) among Alsophiini (Serpentes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FF369641C922BA5A" box="[151,274,844,867]" class="Reptilia" family="Dipsadidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dipsadidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F74CFFE9FEBD9641C987BA5A" box="[284,439,844,867]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xenodontinae">Xenodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Tree nodes refer to those numbered in Fig. 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74CFFE9FF3E9673CBB3BCAC" blockId="20.[151,1437,809,1472]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Node Time CI Node Time CI Node Time CI 1 20.5 28.2–16.2 14 6.80 9.62–4.53 27 1.72 2.68–1.03 2 16.9 24.4–12.3 15 6.55 9.49–4.52 28 1.67 2.61–1.02 3 16.8 23.2–12.4 16 6.16 8.83–4.31 29 1.45 2.27–0.84 4 12.5 17.4–8.92 17 5.95 8.65–4.05 30 1.36 2.16–0.79 5 11.1 15.4–7.91 18 5.45 7.75–3.73 31 1.31 2.16–0.74 6 9.24 12.8–6.56 19 5.25 7.69–3.34 32 1.29 2.16–0.65 7 8.84 12.3–6.25 20 5.17 7.66–3.36 33 0.74 1.36–0.34 8 8.52 11.9–5.90 21 4.50 6.57–2.91 34 0.62 1.16–0.30 9 8.23 11.5–5.75 22 4.36 6.17–2.90 35 0.49 0.85–0.25 10 8.05 11.4–5.53 23 4.25 6.14–2.79 36 0.41 0.71–0.20 11 7.97 11.2–5.61 24 2.55 4.05–1.47 37 0.27 0.54–0.09 12 6.91 9.87–4.73 25 2.33 3.61–1.39</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74CFFE9FF3E90A4CBB4BCF9" blockId="20.[151,1437,809,1472]" box="[159,900,1449,1472]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">13 6.88 9.90–4.78 26 1.98 3.03–1.27</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF74CFFE9FF679307CACCBE63" blockId="20.[151,1437,1546,1882]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">To examine the influence of the various priors, analyses were done without selected calibrations and altering the rttm prior. After removing the molecular-based, secondary calibration point, leaving only the three geologic calibrations, the divergence time estimates dropped by an average of 8.4%. Removing the 37.2 Ma maximum geologic calibration resulted in an average change of only 0.8% in time estimates. Lowering the ingroup-root (rttm) prior by 12% to 20 Ma lowered divergence times an average of only 2.1% whereas increasing the rttm prior by about the same amount to 25 Ma resulted in an average increase in time estimates of only 0.6%. These results indicate that, as expected, the calibration priors have a larger influence on the posterior time estimates than the rttm prior, but that the differences in either case are relatively minor, especially considering the large credibility intervals.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |