296 lines
33 KiB
XML
296 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="297B4EE4035353B0D24507D0062FEED8" ID-CLB-Dataset="7161" ID-DOI="10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e10ab63b-6038-41a2-b575-2fe9531cb9ec" ID-PMC="PMC249935" ID-PubMed="5781580" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5585059" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1619610629672" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Brock, Thomas D. & Freeze, Hudson" docDate="1969" docId="2A7C87E8FF9D7107FA86F8E1F962AF20" docLanguage="en" docName="jbacter00390-0321.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Bacteriology 98 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969" docTitle="Thermus aquaticus Brock & Freeze 1969, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="297" masterDocId="D645FF90FF9B710FFFBEFF8BFF8EAD56" masterDocTitle="Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile" masterLastPageNumber="297" masterPageNumber="289" pageNumber="295" updateTime="1698937772156" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="D8C087825CDF1597BD760E7E0E2CB4A3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D11530F19E5656063EFE05B53509EDD1">
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<mods:title id="4FA05671902CBE54E5E36B58DC7C33C5">Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F7CA726B6371D97C171037191574DF4A" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5233BA0908E96C70440D33D51F705B57">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FF778706C4371602484C1F92956E930A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D31B9F2E5168D6A1DBF087D26A638E2F">Brock, Thomas D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8A1FC753A48918883E4BAA0E5C798C2B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="54ACB635C042DD06032C559A74BC255D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CB05D898B2D806F21C9A4AECF1A69C32">Freeze, Hudson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="8B69CFFD03A744D4413E6211C03891B0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6D2F942533B882384AA3BDA56716E2E3">
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<mods:title id="172E9F9B1D05F565F42EBC4B41A53CEC">Journal of Bacteriology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5244BAB68354D23F8BE4B456AC007E36">
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<mods:date id="1A87AE8B856F9713D6AA8FCD8F0D9479">1969</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6BF0C64AF2269DE00E7DA248D394A8BB" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="04765FB9C9235E7769876B2492780B03">1969-08-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="D1C663B992745B55F05729FF0BEC1436" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="EC7445E30CAF051E97A09297C924F514">98</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="B19E486712BBC8C3F539AF7C81369576" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E35267CAE3A72C9C7332CD20F7281B54">1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="B7488033281E5922973419420C626D36" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="62A5F4502A5AA9F6CF9D7CC0B008080A">289</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="00EF5C11B6AAEC6B3AF1183D28E3CC89">297</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="35317242D4722C076D0B778A1E877DBB">http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="48A9934AB99BC75E82DAF932F546984E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="8FEC6131047B24834D45352C8C5EDAC5" type="CLB-Dataset">7161</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2BE3B77478AEEC21963069A73F527863" type="DOI">10.1128/jb.98.1.289-297.1969</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FABF45F8467BF58A8CC66499C1BC7A3C" type="GBIF-Dataset">e10ab63b-6038-41a2-b575-2fe9531cb9ec</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="16E322E92B47165A0911ABDFECD15C25" type="PMC">PMC249935</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="863D1783D86EB120A4431C3392463BC5" type="PubMed">5781580</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="495E4648E9DD1A4F3F9EC3AE999F943C" type="Zenodo-Dep">5585059</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="2A7C87E8FF9D7107FA86F8E1F962AF20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4725409" ID-GBIF-Taxon="181753274" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4725409" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A7C87E8FF9D7107FA86F8E1F962AF20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A7C87E8FF9D7107FA86F8E1F962AF20" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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<subSubSection id="EACF6575FF9D7109FA86F8E1F94FAAD8" box="[1336,1729,1898,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9D7109FA86F8E1F94FAAD8" blockId="6.[1136,1935,1898,2282]" box="[1336,1729,1898,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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<heading id="F9228192FF9D7109FA86F8E1F94FAAD8" box="[1336,1729,1898,1934]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9D7109FA86F8E1F9D3AAD8" ID-CoL="7BWZ7" authority="Brock & Freeze, 1969" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1336,1629,1898,1934]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="6" pageNumber="289" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus" status="gen. n. and sp. n.">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FA86F8E1FA31AAD8" bold="true" box="[1336,1471,1898,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">Thermus</emphasis>
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aquaticus
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="8B925797FF9D7109F9D5F8E1F94FAAD8" box="[1643,1729,1898,1934]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EACF6575FF9D7109FB29F828FB4BA510" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9D7109FB29F828FB4BA510" blockId="6.[1136,1935,1898,2282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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Definition as for genus. The specific epithet was derived from the Latin noun
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109F91DF846F961AAA7" box="[1699,1775,1997,2033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">aqua</emphasis>
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, meaning water. Thus,
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9D7109FAEFF87CF99DA54D" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1361,1555,2039,2075]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FAEFF87CFAE6A54D" box="[1361,1384,2039,2075]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FA3FF87CF99DA54D" box="[1409,1555,2039,2075]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">aquaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an aquatic thermophile.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EACF6575FF9D7109FB62F7ABF97BA5BC" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9D7109FB62F7ABF97BA5BC" blockId="6.[1136,1935,1898,2282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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<materialsCitation id="12BD3CA3FF9D7109FB62F7ABFA54A5CC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3093050302" collectionCode="YT, ATCC" location="The" municipality="The" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" specimenCode="YT-1, ATCC 25104" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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<collectingMunicipality id="420EAC84FF9D7109FB62F7ABFA97A510" box="[1244,1305,2080,2118]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">The</collectingMunicipality>
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<typeStatus id="7D6E885CFF9D7109FA90F7ABFAFFA510" box="[1326,1393,2080,2118]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">type</typeStatus>
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strain is
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109F99DF7ABF9F7A510" box="[1571,1657,2080,2118]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">YT-1</specimenCode>
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. It is being deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109FB45F7FFFA54A5CC" box="[1275,1498,2164,2202]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">ATCC 25104</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="12BD3CA3FF9D7109FA48F7FFFB45A5BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3093050301" collectionCode="ATCC" location="The" municipality="The" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" specimenCode="Y-VII-51B, ATCC 25105" specimenCount="1">
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Also being deposited in this collection are strains
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109F98EF715F957A594" box="[1584,1753,2206,2242]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">Y-VII-51B</specimenCode>
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as
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109F89AF715FB45A5BC" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">ATCC 25105</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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and
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<materialsCitation id="12BD3CA3FF9D7109FA93F74CF97BA5BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3093050303" box="[1325,1781,2247,2282]" collectionCode="ATCC" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" specimenCode="Y-IV-69-2, ATCC 25106" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109FA93F74CFA43A5BC" box="[1325,1485,2247,2282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">Y-IV-69-2</specimenCode>
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as
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<specimenCode id="F2739E85FF9D7109F9ABF74CF97FA5BC" box="[1557,1777,2247,2282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">ATCC 25106</specimenCode>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="EACF6575FF9D7107FA39F699F962AF20" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9D7109FA39F699F9FBA460" blockId="6.[1134,1932,2322,2745]" box="[1415,1653,2322,2358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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<heading id="F9228192FF9D7109FA39F699F9FBA460" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1415,1653,2322,2358]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FA39F699F9FBA460" bold="true" box="[1415,1653,2322,2358]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9D7108FB28F6C0FD44A703" blockId="6.[1134,1932,2322,2745]" lastBlockId="7.[240,1041,1986,2686]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">
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For many years, microbiologists have enriched for thermophilic bacteria by incubation at 55 C. It is quite clear, however, that thermophilic bacteria do not all grow optimally at 55
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109F8DBF64CF80DA4BD" bold="true" box="[1893,1923,2503,2539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">C</emphasis>
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; they represent a continuum of organisms from those with optima near the mesophilic range to those with optima of 70 C or above (
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<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF9D7109F8BEF5C9F89AA73E" author="Brock, T. D." box="[1792,1812,2626,2664]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" pagination="1012 - 1019" part="158" refId="ref5702" refString="2. Brock, T. D. 1967. Life at high temperatures. Science 158: 1012 - 1019." title="Life at high temperatures" type="journal article" year="1967">2</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF9D7109F891F5C9F8CDA73E" author="Brock, T. D. & M. L. Brock" box="[1839,1859,2626,2664]" journalOrPublisher="J. Appl. Bacteriol." pageId="6" pageNumber="295" pagination="54 - 58" part="31" refId="ref5755" refString="4. Brock, T. D., and M. L. Brock. 1968. Relationship between environmental temperature and optimum temperature of bacteria along a hot spring thermal gradient. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 31: 54 - 58." title="Relationship between environmental temperature and optimum temperature of bacteria along a hot spring thermal gradient" type="journal article" year="1968">4</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF9D7109F8DFF5C9F8FBA73E" author="Campbell, L. L. & B. Pace" box="[1889,1909,2626,2664]" journalOrPublisher="J. Appl. Bacteriol." pageId="6" pageNumber="295" pagination="24 - 35" part="31" refId="ref5801" refString="5. Campbell, L. L., and B. Pace. 1968. Physiology of growth at high temperatures. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 31: 24 - 35." title="Physiology of growth at high temperatures" type="journal article" year="1968">5</bibRefCitation>
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). At 55 C,
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9D7109FAB0F5E7FA43A7C6" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1294,1485,2668,2704]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="6" pageNumber="295" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FAB0F5E7FAABA7C6" box="[1294,1317,2668,2704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9D7109FA82F5E7FA43A7C6" box="[1340,1485,2668,2704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="295">aquaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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grows slowly and hence is probably unable to compete with the sporeforming thermophiles such as
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FC96F849FE0EA547" authorityName="Donk" authorityYear="1920" class="Insecta" family="Bacillidae" genus="Bacillus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stearothermophilus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FC96F849FCCDAABE" box="[808,835,1986,2024]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">B</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FCD9F849FE0EA547" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">stearothermophilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This could explain why it has not been seen in the usual thermophilic enrichments. At 70 to 75 C,
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FE71F7CBFDDAA532" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[463,596,2112,2148]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FE71F7CBFDDAA532" box="[463,596,2112,2148]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a selective advantage and can be easily isolated. It is important to emphasize that the media for
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FCB8F71FFC04A5EE" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[774,906,2196,2232]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FCB8F71FFC04A5EE" box="[774,906,2196,2232]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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enrichments must be fairly dilute in organic constituents, since the organism is inhibited by tryptone and yeast extract at a concentration of approximately 1 %. The high content of organic constituents characteristic of most media used for isolation of thermophiles may also explain why
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FEF3F63EFE5FA48F" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[333,465,2485,2521]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FEF3F63EFE5FA48F" box="[333,465,2485,2521]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has not been seen before. The enrichment conditions prescribed here for
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FC02F655FEA1A77A" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FC02F655FEA1A77A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are sufficiently selective that the isolation of new strains is extremely easy.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="F6AA6676FF9C7108FBD6FBDAFAB5A9CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5585077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5585077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5585077/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" startId="7.[1128,1183,1105,1139]" targetBox="[1092,1894,276,1022]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9C7108FBD6FBDAFAB5A9CE" blockId="7.[1090,1891,1105,1176]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
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FIG. 7.
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FB60FBDAF99CA925" box="[1246,1554,1105,1139]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="subSpecies" species="aquaticus" subSpecies="filament">
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FB60FBDAFB7BA925" box="[1246,1269,1105,1139]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">T</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FAB4FBDAF99CA925" box="[1290,1554,1105,1139]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">aquaticus filament</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F99FFBDAF898A925" box="[1569,1814,1105,1139]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">with swollen end</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F892FBDAFB73A9CE" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Bar represenzts JO</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FAB2FBF3FAB9A9CE" box="[1292,1335,1144,1176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">um</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="F6AA6676FF9C7108FEA6F8CAFCFFAADF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5585079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5585079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5585079/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" startId="7.[280,334,1857,1891]" targetBox="[239,1043,276,1781]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9C7108FEA6F8CAFCFFAADF" blockId="7.[244,1037,1857,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
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FIG. 6. Large sphere of the kindfrequently seen in
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<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FF4AF8ECFDAFAADF" box="[244,545,1895,1929]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="subSpecies" species="aquaticus" subSpecies="cultures">
|
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FF4AF8ECFE84AADF" box="[244,266,1895,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FEA0F8ECFDAFAADF" box="[286,545,1895,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">aquaticus cultures</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FD8BF8ECFCBDAADF" box="[565,819,1895,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Bar represents JO</emphasis>
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,
|
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FCF8F8ECFCE2AADF" box="[838,876,1895,1929]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">m</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9C7108FEA6F5D1FA93A8A4" blockId="7.[240,1041,1986,2686]" lastBlockId="7.[1089,1894,1232,2686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
|
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<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FEA6F5D1FEC3A728" box="[280,333,2650,2686]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">We</emphasis>
|
|
do not imply that all yellow-pigmented organisms isolated by enrichment with our method will be members of a single species. Detailed study of our strains may reveal differences sufficient to warrant creation of other species or genera. For the moment, however, it seems preferable to classify these organisms in a single species.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9C7108FBD9FA7EFB26A48D" blockId="7.[1089,1894,1232,2686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
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The ecological relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108F9C1FA7EF88BAB4D" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1663,1797,1525,1563]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F9C1FA7EF88BAB4D" box="[1663,1797,1525,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
need further work. Yellow- and orange-pigmented filamentous organisms which resemble
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108F960F9C2F8EAAB39" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1758,1892,1609,1647]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F960F9C2F8EAAB39" box="[1758,1892,1609,1647]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
morphologically are seen in large numbers in most mildly alkaline hot springs. In the temperature range of 50 to 73 C, these filamentous forms produce extensive gelatinous mats within which the unicellular blue-green alga
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108F9C6F890F8ECAA69" box="[1656,1890,1819,1855]" class="Cyanophyceae" family="Chroococcaceae" genus="Synechococcus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Chroococcales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Cyanobacteria" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F9C6F890F8ECAA69" box="[1656,1890,1819,1855]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Synechococcus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is embedded (T. D. Brock, Phycologia,
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F96DF8CFF8DCAA3C" box="[1747,1874,1860,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">in press</emphasis>
|
|
). We can routinely isolate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108F9B2F8E5F91CAAC2" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1548,1682,1902,1940]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F9B2F8E5F91CAAC2" box="[1548,1682,1902,1940]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from these mats but have not as yet shown that our isolates represent the predominant filamentous organism of the mats, although the physiological and morphological properties of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108F931F79EF89BA56D" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1679,1813,2069,2107]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F931F79EF89BA56D" box="[1679,1813,2069,2107]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are in agreement with those of the predominant organisms of the mats. At temperatures above 73 C, where blue-green algae do not grow, masses of filamentous bacteria are frequently seen (2; T. D. Brock, Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 19th,
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FBFDF69BFB44A462" box="[1091,1226,2320,2356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">in press</emphasis>
|
|
). Spheroplast-like structures similar to those formed by
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FAE0F6B2FA6DA40B" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1374,1507,2361,2397]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FAE0F6B2FA6DA40B" box="[1374,1507,2361,2397]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are often seen in these naturally growing filamentous bacteria (T. D. Brock, Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 19th,
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108F8F6F600FB16A48D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">in press</emphasis>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF9C7108FBD9F657F980A728" blockId="7.[1089,1894,1232,2686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">
|
|
The ease with which
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF9C7108FA6CF657F9D6A754" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[1490,1624,2524,2562]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="7" pageNumber="296" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF9C7108FA6CF657F9D6A754" box="[1490,1624,2524,2562]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="296">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be isolated from hot tap water and other thermal sources suggests that the organism might be a good indicator of thermal pollution.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF937107FEE4FE70FC99ABB5" blockId="8.[310,1116,507,2431]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">
|
|
The determination of the relationship of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FC43FE70FEFAAF1B" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FC43FE70FEFAAF1B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to other bacteria must wait further studies. As a yellow-pigmented, nonmotile, gram-negative rod, the organism might be considered
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FB9BFDF2FE0DAF9C" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">related</emphasis>
|
|
to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FE71FD28FD4DAF9C" box="[463,707,675,714]" class="Flavobacteria" family="Flavobacteriaceae" genus="Flavobacterium" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Flavobacteriales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Bacteroidetes" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FE71FD28FD4DAF9C" box="[463,707,675,714]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Flavobacterium</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, except that this latter genus is itself poorly defined (M. Mandel,
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FBAFFD47FD1AAE48" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">personal communication</emphasis>
|
|
). Also, the formation of long filaments is a property not found in flavobacteria. If the organism could be shown to glide, it might be considered related to the
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FC7FFCFFFE10AE90" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Flexibacterales</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FE7CFC14FE64AE90" author="Soriano, S. & R. A. Lewin" box="[450,490,927,966]" journalOrPublisher="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol." pageId="8" pageNumber="297" pagination="66 - 80" part="31" refId="ref6140" refString="16. Soriano, S., and R. A. Lewin. 1965. Gliding microbes: some taxonomic reconsiderations. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 31: 66 - 80." title="Gliding microbes: some taxonomic reconsiderations" type="journal article" year="1965">16</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), since this group comprises mostly yellow-pigmented,gram-negativeorganisms,many of which show a rod-filament dimorphism. However, the DNA base composition is considerably higher than that of the flexibacteria (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FB92FBCDFBB1A93B" author="Dworkin, M." box="[1068,1087,1094,1133]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Rev. Microbiol." pageId="8" pageNumber="297" pagination="75 - 106" part="20" refId="ref5882" refString="8. Dworkin, M. 1966. Biology of the myxobacteria. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 20: 75 - 106." title="Biology of the myxobacteria" type="journal article" year="1966">8</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and in fact is quite similar to that of the fruiting myxobacteria. In this respect the sensitivity of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FB8BFB13FE45A9BD" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FB8BFB13FBC0A997" box="[1077,1102,1176,1217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FE86FB49FE45A9BD" box="[312,459,1218,1259]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">aquaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to actinomycin D is noteworthy. Martin Dworkin has recently informed us that gliding bacteria are considerably more sensitive to actinomycin D than are other gram-negative bacteria. Since
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FDB2FAE7FD5CA8C5" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[524,722,1388,1427]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FDB2FAE7FDABA8C5" box="[524,549,1388,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FDFEFAE7FD5CA8C5" box="[576,722,1388,1427]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">aquaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
shows a sensitivity to actinomycin D as great or greater than the gliding bacteria, this is anotherfeature which prompts a further study of the relationship of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FC27FA61FBD8AB47" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[921,1110,1514,1553]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FC27FA61FC3FAB47" box="[921,945,1514,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FC7BFA61FBD8AB47" box="[965,1110,1514,1553]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">aquaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to the gliding bacteria. One suggestion is that members of the species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FD59F9B4FC20AB33" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[743,942,1599,1637]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="species" species="aquaticus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FD59F9B4FD71AB33" box="[743,767,1599,1637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">T</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FCA2F9B4FC20AB33" box="[796,942,1599,1637]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">aquaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
represent forms which have lost the ability to glide, yet retain structural features which are responsible for actinomycin D sensitivity.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A26A36FEFF937107FEDFF96EF962AF20" blockId="8.[310,1116,507,2431]" lastBlockId="8.[1154,1955,507,630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">
|
|
Filamentous thermophilic bacteria have been described before in hot springs (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FCCEF884FC0AAA60" author="Emoto, Y." box="[880,900,1807,1846]" journalOrPublisher="Botan. Mag. (Tokyo)" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" pagination="268 - 295" part="47" refId="ref5907" refString="9. Emoto, Y. 1933. Die Mikroorganismen der Thermen. Botan. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 268 - 295." title="Die Mikroorganismen der Thermen" type="journal article" year="1933">9</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FC24F884FC31AA60" author="Miehe, H." box="[922,959,1807,1846]" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" refId="ref5994" refString="12. Miehe, H. 1907. Die Selbsterhitzung des Heus. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena." title="Die Selbsterhitzung des Heus" type="book" year="1907">12</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FC6BF884FC79AA60" author="Morrison, L. E. & F. W. Tanner" box="[981,1015,1807,1846]" journalOrPublisher="Bacteriol." pageId="8" pageNumber="297" pagination="343 - 366" part="7" refId="ref6013" refString="13. Morrison, L. E., and F. W. Tanner. 1922. Studies on thermophilic bacteria. I. Aerobic thermophilic bacteria from water. J. Bacteriol. 7: 343 - 366." title="Studies on thermophilic bacteria. I. Aerobic thermophilic bacteria from water. J" type="journal article" year="1922">13</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) and have usually been given the name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FC0EF8B2FBD8AA36" box="[944,1110,1849,1888]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Leptothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FC0EF8B2FBD8AA36" box="[944,1110,1849,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Leptothrix</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FEC4F8E8FDEAAADC" box="[378,612,1891,1930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Chlamydothrix</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FD34F8E8FC80AADC" box="[650,782,1891,1930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">see also</emphasis>
|
|
2). Unfortunately, few of these filamentous forms were cultivated or adequately characterized; hence, the relationship of our isolates to these earlier forms is uncertain. Since our isolates do not form either a sheath or motile swarmer cells, it is clear that they bear little relationship to the
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FD58F7D4FBD6A5D3" box="[742,1112,2143,2181]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Leptothrix-Sphaerotilus</emphasis>
|
|
group (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C6444B0FFF937107FE06F703FE6FA5F9" author="Mulder, E. G. & W. L. vanVeen" box="[440,481,2184,2223]" journalOrPublisher="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol." pageId="8" pageNumber="297" pagination="121 - 153" part="29" refId="ref6054" refString="14. Mulder, E. G., and W. L. vanVeen. 1963. Investigations on the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 29: 121 - 153." title="Investigations on the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group" type="journal article" year="1963">14</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). We have not seen sheathed organisms of the
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FE04F739FCBEA58E" box="[442,816,2226,2264]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Leptothrix-Sphaerotilus</emphasis>
|
|
group in any of our collections of natural material from hot springs. Further understanding of the taxonomic relationships of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="65D54D7DFF937107FDE6F6A4FD53A400" authorityName="Brock & Freeze" authorityYear="1969" box="[600,733,2351,2390]" class="Deinococci" family="Thermaceae" genus="Thermus" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thermales" pageId="8" pageNumber="297" phylum="Deinococcus-Thermus" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="90A1EAECFF937107FDE6F6A4FD53A400" box="[600,733,2351,2390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="297">Thermus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
to other bacteria will require a better understanding of the taxonomic relationships of the wide variety of filamentous bacteria from nonthermal environments, most of which have been poorly characterized.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |