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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="33138" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" ID-GBIF-Dataset="96b59ef6-168f-4e1a-ae02-39c424b9b916" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" ID-ZBK="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="575138" ID-ZooBank="52609DE318634183B137D7B377E30CD1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-55-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" ModsDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" checkinTime="1493464724191" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Praz, Christophe J." docDate="2017" docId="5793CBE65C9E668A68CB68F2C44D29F5" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 55: 1-54" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 55" docPubDate="2017-04-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255" docTitle="Epilobium (Pseudomegachile)" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="FFB0FFA5F03D481DFF8A0D2EFFA3FFDC" masterDocTitle="Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1719608828808" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="6737C499EB03D81A898AB2BC4D62108D">Subgeneric classification and biology of the leafcutter and dauber bees (genus Megachile Latreille) of the western Palearctic (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="142F8464204FEF68DCA2BF5C7BB597F2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6EA5514D6D8BAD3243F28D7F0698A109">Praz, Christophe J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="D42E37AC7E0F47488E305EAE0866B0D9" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2649-3141</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D7656AF110C0223FEE7DD539278B6673">University of Neuchatel, Institute of Biology, Evolutionary Entomology, Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F43B114C03338D3ED96931C7B26EFFCE" type="email">christophe.praz@unine.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="8CF123BC913E207FEE80B26D70C1F19F">Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B133EA4F7739C625B2613010D88A2ACB">
<mods:date id="13D6481C1AF40219E9033A0BA0A1E045">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="91C7B556236C2C68C11351C2649EB176">2017-04-28</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E470EFCC439416756D141CD9AC7F94B6" type="volume">
<mods:number id="01E3173F9B2BB7334B9CFF30F78C5CA8">55</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="451907890268BE785E86A7F785BAA4C7">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="1DCFC8AB22D21B999596AE7BFDFCFE54">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="1B0DE8A562696C24C4B2003C7CD770C3" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.55.11255</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="5793CBE65C9E668A68CB68F2C44D29F5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128834669" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5793CBE65C9E668A68CB68F2C44D29F5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5793CBE65C9E668A68CB68F2C44D29F5" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="8CC3560E79D8784B32F31E5F4F2AADEF" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="83589FC8E9449452AE702D169D58C865" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A161C7BAA83A7627ABAA9BBD90935C12" LSID="38DCDBDE-B3B5-5C71-A45E-A54420A88AE7" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Epilobium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">Pseudomegachile</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A96EF35DA3B2A4E43BE819041D007AFB" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="1A9153098C77F076CCCE75A214782512" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Diagnosis and description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="521BB67070380737A16F56DB4A32B787" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
This subgenus is morphologically diverse and in both sexes few diagnostic traits are common to the entire subgenus. The description is given for the each species group. The rather distinct
<taxonomicName id="53DB22BB385CE515704608EB4AE9B7E2" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="EBA74B57448955087C4FB3423EA11DF6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group has previously been recognized as a distinct subgenus,
<taxonomicName id="12524AE40100DB68D7C3AB5ACCCAE521" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Parachalicodoma)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parachalicodoma">
<emphasis id="C2638A7603A8F8A0D9E362122714801C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parachalicodoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but in Trunz et al.'s phylogeny (
<bibRefCitation id="4D87A5BED2447321FB360BA253625F2D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" author="Trunz, V" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="245 - 259" refId="B93" refString="Trunz, V, Packer, L, Vieu, J, Arrigo, N, Praz, CJ, 2016. Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" title="Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera?" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" volume="103" year="2016">Trunz et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
), this group was nested within
<taxonomicName id="914C4567E374F3B57DA597174573BF01" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="6481970E5BDA61338FF8A2C44364954A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with
<taxonomicName id="57F30586FC228F065EFA3948B27C4BFA" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foersteri">
<emphasis id="74C2B5076B8139E202103C699154D303" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile foersteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being sister to a clade formed by the
<taxonomicName id="08536739CF60CBE2536715CECC3C6450" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="B27995F4C75CFDFC6E638770CCDD2033" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="D96307501FB941C0E2756EAC752CEAB5" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="7C3BDB159FF0FF5E7C94ECB3861678D2" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups. Based on its morphology, the
<taxonomicName id="F7B03C3A04F68C933ED3C60E34C978EC" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rhodoleucura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodoleucura">
<emphasis id="A4F5F559CFEF38C35F3901CC3450708E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile rhodoleucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (not included in
<bibRefCitation id="BFFBE5BD9DDFE879D0C8F1AB8A37907E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" author="Trunz, V" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="245 - 259" refId="B93" refString="Trunz, V, Packer, L, Vieu, J, Arrigo, N, Praz, CJ, 2016. Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 245 - 259, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" title="Comprehensive phylogeny, biogeography and new classification of the diverse bee tribe Megachilini: Can we use DNA barcodes in phylogenies of large genera?" url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.004" volume="103" year="2016">Trunz et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
) appears to build a transition between the
<taxonomicName id="D3CDDF7A400A2FA7F323DFF7991FBBCC" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="805D5C6ED6648076C514FD8A71A51F11" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the
<taxonomicName id="03ED14F19B97AF0E24713062D8242266" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="A442E74797EB01ED2CD22FF8CAFC6D37" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups. Similarly, the Oriental group of species previously known as
<taxonomicName id="75E0007ABDE3C6CF78E0AB06FB752051" authorityName="Pasteels" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Largella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Largella" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E4FEB1A7BA73FB9944E6BEBC3D34CAC3" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Largella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(considered here to form the
<emphasis id="D5CFCB42727D2EB25BE61B905FB0F33F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">semivestita</emphasis>
group) is rather distinctive, although
<taxonomicName id="78E41918B4134155D08307623AE8AEE8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. lanata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanata">
<emphasis id="430AAFA8B540B8F9B094CC0BAF6182C6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. lanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is intermediate between the
<emphasis id="DCCCDB43F859261E25C3A23B69C60555" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">semivestita</emphasis>
group and other, regular looking
<taxonomicName id="83FDFEB725DF0BFD646CFD74322BA0F5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="9842AE1CE5D52E40CE61FF07743917AA" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus although
<taxonomicName id="C3766E3023BFD96F4B0CE9362350474A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="7EA4B7FAB7E77467AC278809F557DDE7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be split into several subgenera, numerous species are intermediate and the recognition of several subgenera does not seem practical or necessary: the number of species is not particularly large in the Palearctic or in the Oriental region, and having numerous subgenera would not be of much utility.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A8081689CB3A547D0ABFE256DC94B702" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="species groups">
<paragraph id="C6C724E8E9B705E5D7D4E760353A47B8" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Species groups.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="21A4613F69A7EFF94906D0484BB6A424" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="0D4CFD0A1882D298AD300BF4519782D3" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
1.
<taxonomicName id="6982A36C050573CC26B5803E035400E0" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foersteri">
<emphasis id="682F2C168022EAA39FCF1E844192155C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile foersteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: Males
</emphasis>
: Large species (body size above 15 mm) with metasoma densely covered by grey to yellow-brown vestiture. Front coxal spine present. Front tarsi modified, first tarsal segment concave inferiorly, segment 2 and 3 brownish-yellow and with black maculae on ventral surface. Mandible 4-toothed with quadrate inferior projection. Preapical carina of T6 multidentate and T7 produced into a long median tooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="CE6054643062917377E534F9BA6F2955" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">53</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="EFE29FD2D40A32B90A257AC574B27A3B" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Females</emphasis>
: Large (body size above 17 mm) and robust species with metasoma entirely covered by grey to yellow-brown vestiture. Mandibular surface comparatively dull (Fig.
<figureCitation id="3F62AD1566136C4E7E97FDD71921C137" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">23</figureCitation>
); mandible slightly elongate (condition intermediate between that seen in the
<taxonomicName id="B9519D34C16F9E41374A2160797C8FFF" authorityName="Guérin-Méneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyannipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyannipennis">
<emphasis id="6B7ACB58534DEDB3C9FD563DF595C7E8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile cyannipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="AB19665E1665AAFE47C5639C0CBA5404" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="8FE515B0E2DC911B387942FB980745B8" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups), with apical margin weakly 4-toothed. Apical margin of clypeus truncate, laterally with a blunt tooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="18D2D3FD416A10D7589E2420F0B0F121" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">23</figureCitation>
). Ocelloccipital particularly long, nearly three times longer than the interocellar distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0581125CE1544E962B42471C1702EAF9" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="0B90D2CD2FB718C83470969FB22E20D4" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
2.
<taxonomicName id="25FC18CC7D5FBE0805D0C5D121E93060" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="CF01EC3F4AFB2680F8C1BE0D1B0BA686" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="1CAAD7FEBCE095F2F602DDD10B1A09A1" authorityName="Rebmann" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xenomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xenomegachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="90238282AA14E11AA015EC346DF7043F" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Xenomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rebmann, 1970):
<emphasis id="F31F2F3B48D0AF4397BFD944A1A7CD7C" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Males</emphasis>
: Front coxal tooth present. Mandible 4-toothed (teeth sometimes blunt or small), with quadrate inferior projection. Front tarsi slightly enlarged, brownish-yellow to yellowish-white, first segment with one dark spot on ventral surface (except in
<taxonomicName id="5E19EDE73B995BB42CE8FEFD9BA11AE5" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="17DFD06642DE6F7079CB7F2D0F02ECBC" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Preapical carina of T6 multidentate, laterally mostly without tooth (a small tooth is present in
<taxonomicName id="B380DA360B62B52B30C03F16C444E7CE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="42ED6DB4276A71958AC18E8CA99D66B0" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">M. saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). T7 large, well visible from above, produced to a short spine (Fig.
<figureCitation id="0EE018521103E7A61A0B6DCED9C1900D" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">52</figureCitation>
), or
<pageBreakToken id="A84A7FB675DC87EAB1AC303C8416C555" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">trifid</pageBreakToken>
, or broadly truncate.
<emphasis id="FF7AAB01452A35ED47C38829C62E3E66" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: Mandible comparatively short, external margin strongly rounded, apical margin 4-toothed (Fig.
<figureCitation id="FDEB34A70BB1BF63058053253AE9E87B" captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">24</figureCitation>
), although sometimes teeth nearly absent and margin almost straight (Fig.
<figureCitation id="157CE23228CD2AC34F6B8EE29CBDECA5" captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">25</figureCitation>
); impunctate, premarginal area along apical margin comparatively wide (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F9B945E8BC123169B6DA80267C7476C5" captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">24</figureCitation>
). Scutellum elevated medially. Ocelloccipital distance shorter than interocellar distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F9422C4E7038F4D3A632B35D486B27DC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="EB2ED8BF68EAD5C4100225429B7C10BF" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
3.
<taxonomicName id="02C65E8612EC275CB1E855999AFB9509" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rhodoleucura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodoleucura">
<emphasis id="190A9C3AC967EB08F2C271B14AED09BE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile rhodoleucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: Males
</emphasis>
: As in
<taxonomicName id="72073E2A4B882B0CB9EDD245C2E77582" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="21A1FE2BB98EB289CC7F20A79A83F6AF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, with the following differences: front coxal tooth small; mandible without inferior projection; front tarsi unmodified although first segment with dark spot on ventral surface; T7 with apical margin emarginate medially (
<bibRefCitation id="26C3F260282380F710E3D8F31993C6E7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 83" refId="B2" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). ZooKeys 204: 71 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" title="A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" volume="204" year="2012">Alqarni et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: Fig.
<figureCitation id="30B1792B67C26940EBA5109F077C58A3" captionStart="Figures 10–15" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 10 - 15. Male metasoma, ventral view. 10 Megachile (Eutricharaea) giraudi, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 without hyaline rim, T 7 small, unmodified 11 M. (Creightonella) amabilis, metasoma with six exposed sterna, S 6 with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection 12 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata, metasoma with four exposed sterna, S 4 with apical, hyaline rim (note that S 5 - S 8 are visible in this specimen because the metasoma has been stretched) 13 M. (Megachile) ligniseca, condition as in Fig. 12 14 M. (Eurymella) patellimana, condition as in Fig. 12 15 M. (Chalicodoma) montenegrensis, S 6 partly exposed, with rounded, weakly sclerotized projection." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures10-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133925" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">12</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="7CD5438D72411152F2E21DA80B05AFBC" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: As in
<taxonomicName id="666C35A96ED87639F17087971B5AAE5E" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="3D9B2E327A085F90F5A022FD0EA9CA13" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but apical clypeal margin apically swollen, projected over base of labrum (
<bibRefCitation id="44D4B55A0B37435C11E31AE9A4A0D9DF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 83" refId="B2" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). ZooKeys 204: 71 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" title="A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" volume="204" year="2012">Alqarni et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: Figs
<figureCitation id="05D9BA498BBAA92C02561FDF24F40583" captionStart="Figures 2–3" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 2 - 3. Female mandible of Megachile (Eutricharaea) orientalis. 2 Front view; the white lines indicate the brushes of hairs in the grooves near the base of tooth 1 3 Lateral view; the cutting edge is continuous and spans the interspaces 2 - 4, although it is completely recessed behind the mandibular margin and thus not visible in front view." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures2-3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133911" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3</figureCitation>
-
<figureCitation id="CE6E864D4197D13AF0E74D45AB56BD73" captionStart="Figures 4–7" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 4 - 7. Claw of hind leg of females; the white lines show the basal seta; the seta is considered elongate in 4, 6 and 7 and modified to a thick process in 5. 4 Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 5 M. (Eutricharaea) deceptoria 6 M. (Eurymella) patellimana 7 M. (Anodonteutricharaea) thevestensis." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures4-7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133912" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4</figureCitation>
); modified vestiture consisting of simple, short hairs on clypeus, supra-clypeal area and frons; scutellum not elevated medially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AA4308F0E3A7538862B0C1B426C1BDD9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="25E2FAB28AB943B3D2BFB860BE2FDF99" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
4.
<taxonomicName id="17F8C84B72AEC82AEFCB9EF3CDD87C6B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="A26BBFD06BEEF9D4FCF11900C52A0984" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="F123D66560082C7B3252E685CF084EBD" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Parachalicodoma)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parachalicodoma">
<emphasis id="2C2FAE0AED430FBC562FC515EBB1840B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parachalicodoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Pasteels, 1966):
<emphasis id="4D6C1001D6DE76EBABC116B23621DAC5" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Males</emphasis>
: Medium to large species (body length above 12 mm) with pale metasomal vestiture not forming distinct tergal fasciae. Front coxa without tooth. Front tarsi unmodified. Mandible 4-toothed, without inferior projection. Preapical carina of T6 multidentate, laterally with strong tooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6DF1441FA6716744FB3D7CFDB39B0D73" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">43</figureCitation>
). T7 produced to rounded or truncate spine (Fig.
<figureCitation id="72363CFA06C985A90BBF60037E557309" captionStart="Figures 42–49" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 42 - 49. Apex of male metasoma; 42 - 46, 48 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, dorsal view 47 T 5 - T 7 and apex of genital capsule, lateral view 49 T 4 - T 6, dorsal view 42 Megachile (Megachile) melanopyga 43 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 44 M. (Chalicodoma) parietina 45 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 46 M. (Creightonella) albisecta 47 M. (Creightonella) doriae 48 M. (Chalicodoma) manicata 49 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures42-49" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133922" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">43</figureCitation>
). S5 partly exposed in repose (in all other groups of
<taxonomicName id="E626483B7FE437C5439D72288A77D20C" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="F6196E521B56F021D8087BF47EF64E27" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, S5 is hidden under S4).
<emphasis id="F4178E31B07D6DCC1A18E5ED50597607" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: Large, robust species (body length above 13 mm) with pale metasomal vestiture not forming distinct tergal fasciae. Mandible 5 to 6 toothed, teeth either blunt (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C4ACCA1B14408AE6DD5549FE5A05ACF6" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">21</figureCitation>
) or acute (Fig.
<figureCitation id="1F6B649E997178E59214A79BBEC099B4" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">22</figureCitation>
); width of impunctate, premarginal area along apical margin intermediate between
<taxonomicName id="86816C0DC2BE12EF8267B4418A8B35FE" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile cyanipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyanipennis">
<emphasis id="954EC7B26A985DA584512FBA004F5241" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile cyanipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C246F51D5FB093B87AA5F5A607E69CC9" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="62230379F3468C2343E052E990F3991F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups. Ocelloccipital distance shorter than interocellar distance. Hind basitarsus broad, 2.7 times as long as wide (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B312DA801F79007DBA3042B28B2DC602" captionStart="Figures 24–29" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figures 24 - 29. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 24. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) seraxensis 25 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 26 - 29 Female hind basitarsus, lateral view 26 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 27 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 28 M. (Eutricharaea) giraudi 29 M. (Eurymella) patellimana." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures24-29" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133916" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">27</figureCitation>
). Scutellum not elevated medially. In one species the facial vestiture is modified as in the
<taxonomicName id="AAC41AAC9849ACD9E7ACD2E560A617AA" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rhodoleucura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodoleucura">
<emphasis id="A1BB8BF555F99E928F95D85793674E4A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile rhodoleucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5EE2B342A6A84FCFB86887D1866F76FF" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="D352F09B0970F7ED2DE4DE4C2771F7DA" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
4.
<taxonomicName id="0A4F04994B40470187205DEF0293B00E" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="EF24A979C026F43524529F5377DF2B18" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: Males
</emphasis>
: Front coxa with tooth. Mandible 3-toothed, without inferior projection, although inferior margin swollen medially. Front tarsi not particularly modified although partly yellow-brown, second segment ventrally with weak, black spot. Preapical carina of T6 multidentate (Fig.
<figureCitation id="26060CE7857C2FB94819A17A976ECB1E" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">51</figureCitation>
). T7 produced to a median tooth that is compressed laterally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="B0A9D351B725EC75BAF9F35432E7CC1F" captionStart="Figures 50–53" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figures 50 - 53. Apex of male metasoma, dorsal view. 50 Megachile (Anodonteutricharaea) sp. aff. inornata 51 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 52 M. (Pseudomegachile) saussurei 53 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures50-53" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133924" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">51</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis id="874D89B7EB996AB7F87EB1BCF3E8CCDB" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: Mandible long and slender, almost as in
<taxonomicName id="A68F2F21256154A4089033D57964C5FE" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chalicodoma)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chalicodoma">
<emphasis id="C7EA7018BF675065F05E1BEC98889C47" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chalicodoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, weakly 4-toothed, impunctate area along apical margin narrow (Fig.
<figureCitation id="642856961CDC56FAA9CDD211973576F8" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">20</figureCitation>
). Scutellum not elevated medially. Clypeus flat in profile, medially produced to a small tooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E9B16C1A703CD382ACA818A015F94A2E" captionStart="Figures 16–23" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 16 - 23. Female clypeus and mandibles, front view. 16 Megachile (Creightonella) amabilis 17 M. (Maximegachile) maxillosa; the white line indicates the hypostomal tooth 18 M. (Callomegachile) sculpturalis 19 M. (Chalicodoma) hungarica 20 M. (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum 21 M. (Pseudomegachile) incana 22 M. (Pseudomegachile) sp. aff. incana 23 M. (Pseudomegachile) foersteri." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.55.11255.figures16-23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/133915" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">20</figureCitation>
), laterally weakly denticulate. Ocelloccipital distance longer than interocellar distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F74EE9917B9DC2AC01C6F4D21BCD4073" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="E0CEE154AC9A204F584D98B8555526DC" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
5.
<taxonomicName id="8F5A7ED3A68D0DD5289CF9A40E5B7CDA" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="361805237340559EBDB1C91CBEE7CA21" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="3F2C473FFAF523BDE471CB45442F43BD" authorityName="Alfken" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Archimegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archimegachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8F88CC7EF104B257CE3B2C1EBD25EF28" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Archimegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alfken, 1933):
<emphasis id="550B50BA11E06F827C9128DF934DC58D" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Males</emphasis>
: As in
<taxonomicName id="83EE82FC170162AE531BDC7C48323B9F" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="9D659FF391160C2FD722A873F5286FD8" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but front tarsal segments 1-3 or 1-4 maculated ventrally, maculations sometimes reduced to thin lines.
<emphasis id="CEB0B41EB5F697C38476715A163922CE" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: As in
<taxonomicName id="0D5B32D627EB5CFF18FEFC5FC40E4D34" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="CE7F7775DA9D388BE9F9691C4874AE4A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, with following differences: clypeus apically without median tooth, or tooth minute; ocelloccipital distance either subequal to or shorter than interocellar distance.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="24EF8F2C2962904B73A15E5570563100" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="D261ECFC01AE7B02E3D691F65E51E709" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
6.
<taxonomicName id="666961B4E64992C00D902102CE00B436" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile lanata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanata">
<emphasis id="AADD090D49875C8BEE5E19EEC67073DA" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile lanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group: Males
</emphasis>
: Front coxal spine short; front tarsi unmodified. Mandible weakly 4-toothed, without inferior projection although the inferior margin is swollen medially. Preapical carina of T6 bilobed, not denticulate. T7 small, little visible.
<emphasis id="AE9AC28EF81A70E807FF910725C5C3FD" bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Females</emphasis>
: Mandible as in
<taxonomicName id="B0A3148865C675F97990391D526D9467" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="87636F7B0089B14205735DCD90AA70AA" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, 4-toothed and comparatively elongate, impunctate area along apical margin narrow. Clypeus short, apical margin straight, without medial tooth. Ocelloccipital distance slightly shorter than interocellar distance.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E15F062245986A51D6930569DD9F9556" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="species composition">
<paragraph id="AED9EE42357D0BF1DFF4C07B667BD7D1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Species composition.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A6158866EFB5EE0B171C25AECF584EC" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
There is only one Western Palearctic species each in the
<taxonomicName id="75087153218A18DC3D565E1EC75B0BDD" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foersteri">
<emphasis id="19200F00DD0193991172E0848188F146" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile foersteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="0EA411974295085D45DAD32CD68186D9" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile rhodoleucura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodoleucura">
<emphasis id="BE8BD6AA6AC020E5512046AC9CC01C8B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile rhodoleucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="EE9E2E2DDE77DE66FD15833DDDD7E6CE" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="86A92B5C021C511D62E20C3E17D70418" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="6B65ADF5D7A750AB332966817DB95BBE" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile lanata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanata">
<emphasis id="D08D0D33B4F3E22D261DEA61A4828408" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile lanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
groups (
<taxonomicName id="505EEAE5CF81D315819132B85E5DCDFF" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foersteri">
<emphasis id="72C0AAD9DA559E5460CE794AE6BF34CB" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile foersteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="280C3918D60CD1F238B45CBFA524CE40" baseAuthorityName="Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez &amp; Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. riyadhensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riyadhensis">
<emphasis id="B49A356A852B6B21BBF718CE739B2FB3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. riyadhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5986E90F640E310446A2AB93777683E6" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="5890F167F3D25D6AE118E5EA58EC2899" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C201312EF82A37F709DD89185C060139" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. lanata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanata">
<emphasis id="3787049678C2524B389B3D48AE1C5C6E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. lanata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see above for comments on the taxonomic status of
<taxonomicName id="497C58D13430500E08ED21674437BAE0" baseAuthorityName="Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez &amp; Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. riyadhensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riyadhensis">
<emphasis id="ED2580F35C318D1BC9484AD1ADE5D4DD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. riyadhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); three species in the
<taxonomicName id="CD9B30AE45EB295B1DF579F858AB0C24" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="15262C9836AEDA66B8B92631D91680DD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, of which two are undescribed (Dorchin and Praz, in prep.). At least
<taxonomicName id="D9C4552F564341F05E07029747FCE114" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cinnamomea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinnamomea">
<emphasis id="99AB86A544CBB7ECECC8FC62A252A252" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. cinnamomea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Alken, 1926,
<taxonomicName id="792019EC09918F6F025311ED9F16142E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. farinosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosa">
<emphasis id="928C892E33BC01974E06C63A22D710A3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. farinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1853,
<taxonomicName id="05DB65C6EB211F0DDAE97B8AA882E3D7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="35AEA820E6F5A3742B280BEF5839D055" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Spinola, 1838,
<taxonomicName id="F7931568E62079B3D7C7C346BCF90BFA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. sanguinipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanguinipes">
<emphasis id="584D8D30B6D4D0B13D7C35A46B2B7FA7" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. sanguinipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Morawitz, 1875 and
<taxonomicName id="688259580FF4C81A681F2E17E843576B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. tecta" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tecta">
<emphasis id="015910C2A83D3F94CE5BE8F67F3D1826" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. tecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Radoszkowski, 1888 are valid species of the
<taxonomicName id="26A61FBB8323756D7DEDAC8A215AA249" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="8CBEEFD21D3BEA757D98F3808B9D854F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group; the status of
<taxonomicName id="2D1B539B894F6CE7B2DC810E6BB8CF8A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rubripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="DFBBBEE47EA9D5BB28F84269BCDF9024" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unclear: both
<taxonomicName id="5DBE956F0B55B611349264B9619D9993" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="2E3299E45ECD5AD1749C66EDDFB79FC5" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A8D69C118ED0843AE064773E52A03C04" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rubripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="D0FE111B94FE7826747C27E654C0CF0F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are parapatric and sculpturally very similar and have been considered as two subspecies of the same species by some authors (e. g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E54E6439DA1DBD3D0FC0E90874743C84" author="Oezbek, H" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Entomology" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="157 - 174" refId="B68" refString="Oezbek, H, Zanden, G van der, 1994. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Turkish Journal of Entomology 18: 157 - 174" title="A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." volume="18" year="1994">
<normalizedToken id="A34AE4498D8543078CCDBDCC92327A77" originalValue="Özbek">Oezbek</normalizedToken>
and Zanden 1994
</bibRefCitation>
). At least
<taxonomicName id="AED091DF552EDB7175486A9FDFA68777" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1801" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cyannipennis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyannipennis">
<emphasis id="8BAFD290BE8ADD81894675F6EF73E9BD" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. cyannipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="51D38220A659F1ADAA33E34DC53B36A0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigripes">
<emphasis id="F14EF20BE9B81FD4558AF185C4A38098" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. nigripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Spinola, 1838,
<taxonomicName id="ECF7DE0B10222E47D36F4E5BA355618F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="51FD9D3F7F323F361E6D70D89745871B" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="18B2C85AD8EA5495BF853D396735BFFC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. schnabli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schnabli">
<emphasis id="687C7AB2DD969E39A22F306FF350ABFF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. schnabli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Radoszkowski, 1893 and
<taxonomicName id="6C8D41F8B0F18003FF3FFC54EAC5F2B2" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. seraxensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seraxensis">
<emphasis id="3B9780D391CC215C00E252C32B0344A3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. seraxensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Radoszkowski, 1893 are valid species within the
<taxonomicName id="B0D307A42BC9285C5CF69355D0FFBCEA" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="52B984299AE9223F681AE718B6E7F9EE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, which includes at least three undescribed species (Dorchin and Praz, in prep).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="385A86AE0930D52FD81E4C345BB6872D" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="A594CA92249204CD6B61F132F99282B3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B064299550B140721B7B4C7EF7CC809A" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The nesting biology of
<taxonomicName id="DE9C7D608CDFDF8EECAF3CB15D3681EA" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="0FD13485E803B340B872ECA6EF629A64" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described in detail (references in
<bibRefCitation id="A0B6D538C88C9742D68B4B4761EC5A64" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="CD11ABC3CB6F4E57C324F414C837C96E" author="Ferton, C" journalOrPublisher="Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="241 - 249" refId="B21" refString="Ferton, C, 1895. Nouvelles observations sur l'instinct des hymenopteres gastrilegides de la Provence. Actes de la Societe Linneenne de Bordeaux 48: 241 - 249" title="Nouvelles observations sur l'instinct des hymenopteres gastrilegides de la Provence." volume="48" year="1895">Ferton (1895)</bibRefCitation>
provides a description of the nests, which are located in existing cavities such as existing holes in soil or clay banks, or in reed stems. The cells are arranged linearly and consist of mud; Ferton observed females gathering moist soil close to streams, a behavior not observed in bees of the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="86732BA9A3F04A341A0D94FC992319FA" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Chalicodoma)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Chalicodoma">
<emphasis id="51538A06CFD9B83789600F60895F7BB3" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chalicodoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which add secretions to dry mud to build their nests (see under that subgenus). The outside of the cell is coarse and irregular, while the inner wall is lined with a thin (up to 0.5 mm) layer of resin. The cell is closed with a plug of soil; the cell cap is not lined with resin on the inside of the cell, although resin is found on the outer surface, which constitutes the base of the nest cell. The nest closure consists of a layer of mud covered by a thin layer of resin, with sometimes an additional layer (2 mm) of mud.
<bibRefCitation id="C1B33FECF7BB07119042FC4858205A04" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" author="Rozen, JG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 43" refId="B80" refString="Rozen, JG, Kamel, SM, 2007. Investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and their Megachile hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini). American Museum Novitates 3573: 1 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" title="Investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and their Megachile hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)" url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" volume="3573" year="2007">Rozen and Kamel (2007)</bibRefCitation>
described the biology of
<taxonomicName id="390D4E9036EBFA3FA18E9092D351621D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigripes">
<emphasis id="707C9FC3BA4B2CEF062909AC7DA86167" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. nigripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a member of the
<taxonomicName id="6398E2C09FC65520E7115B8868075817" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="4BDD4C83D5B165A3C88ACC8CC95A29F0" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. The species nests in tunnels dug by the females in
<normalizedToken id="49200C666A0A196E0938AFB7FA3772A6" originalValue="“adobe”">&quot;adobe&quot;</normalizedToken>
, i. e., hard, dry, mud walls. The cells, oriented almost vertically in the oblique tunnels, are elongate and not arranged linearly. The cell walls probably consist of the excavated mud wall and the inside of the cell is uneven but appears to have been lined with dark coating that is &quot;water retardant but not truly waterproof&quot;. The authors conclude that it may consist of &quot;very fine soil particles bound together by partly dried nectar&quot;. The nests of species of the
<taxonomicName id="5E13D2F9C4CF773FBFE3CA510D097F96" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="9D68E007907959618FFF19882E2B5472" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group have been briefly described several times (
<bibRefCitation id="6B5C502527F2C52F2DE77BBF3035F752" author="Gutbier, A" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="339 - 345" refId="B36" refString="Gutbier, A, 1914. Ueber einige Hymenopterennester aus Turkestan. Zeitschrift fuer wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 10: 339 - 345" title="Ueber einige Hymenopterennester aus Turkestan." volume="10" year="1914">Gutbier 1914</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="84910C308A1241FC9294C6DDE81A1B13" author="Alfken, JD" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="146 - 163" refId="B1" refString="Alfken, JD, 1934. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile -Arten von Aegypten. Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte 18: 146 - 163" title="Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megachile - Arten von Aegypten." volume="18" year="1934">Alfken 1934</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="24FBD955FDA45AB9AD1AE76216AB8E42" author="Mavromoustakis, GA" journalOrPublisher="The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="154 - 160" refId="B50" refString="Mavromoustakis, GA, 1939. On the bees of the genera Osmia and Megachile from Cyprus (Apoidea), I. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 11 (4): 154 - 160" title="On the bees of the genera Osmia and Megachile from Cyprus (Apoidea), I." volume="11" year="1939">Mavromoustakis 1939</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="076F1F9FBDAA86B66B40683FFF006CB6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" author="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B39" refString="Krombein, KV, 1969. Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 19: 1 - 18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" title="Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" volume="19" year="1969">Krombein 1969</bibRefCitation>
). The most precise account describes the nests of
<taxonomicName id="578C87E4957D59A59215089B5016B47A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rubripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="5A69BD077CEFACF66E1293E4B5C3EBA6" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Turkmenistan (
<bibRefCitation id="C334743029D5CA7DBA6EE00DCF5601FA" author="Ponomareva, AA" journalOrPublisher="Entomological review" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="535 - 546" refId="B74" refString="Ponomareva, AA, 1958. Nesting habits of certain species of higher bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in southwestern Turkmenistan. Entomological review 37: 535 - 546" title="Nesting habits of certain species of higher bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in southwestern Turkmenistan." volume="37" year="1958">Ponomareva 1958</bibRefCitation>
). Nests of this species were found in reed stems. Two cells were arranged linearly and made of mud &quot;moistened with water, apparently without using secretions (...); the dry cells instantly disintegrate on submergence in water&quot;. As in
<taxonomicName id="CFE98BA7EFDF83E999E83CF9E48C56F2" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="33353FB53079A4156773C136265E17EE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the outside of the cell is irregular, but the inside is smooth; in
<taxonomicName id="3EB79E14810D5F72955371F342442F49" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rubripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="F8A7ECB44B21974037F2A3B8B3568CC6" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resin or secretions were apparently not used to line the inner wall.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B8A6B404B6872B943D81DE6D93D2476" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="99B8780D16AFEF333D18C1E20D9115A3" authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1841" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile ericetorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ericetorum">
<emphasis id="6435B1F39ADB666C08AAC44075365A43" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Megachile ericetorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely oligolectic on
<taxonomicName id="F0CD664458AE96C29927FED95550896A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2B86B31DC97F48EF05CCD2FEDEB33A35" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="A5EA41C5F4066495F4EC1EC10E5AF62C" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="B63" refString="Mueller, A, Amiet, F, Krebs, A, 1997. Bienen. Mitteleuropaeische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg" title="Bienen. Mitteleuropaeische Gattungen, Lebensweise, Beobachtung." year="1997">
<normalizedToken id="CA1DA0978EA871E2AED59775A050618B" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
et al. 1997
</bibRefCitation>
), although according to
<bibRefCitation id="8AA2EEC758BD22D438AAAF5EB3772715" author="Westrich, P" journalOrPublisher="Ulmer, Stuttgart" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refId="B98" refString="Westrich, P, 1989. Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs. Ulmer, Stuttgart" title="Die Wildbienen Baden-Wuerttembergs." year="1989">Westrich (1989)</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="F1B30CBD0DFA17FD934D0643E51CA39A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" class="Insecta" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
pollen is very occasionally
<pageBreakToken id="C2DB30D68E0566D2C7818350B63C2437" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" start="start">also</pageBreakToken>
used (see also
<bibRefCitation id="56E5F35CF6085150784CDD4FCB9230B3" author="Gogala, A" journalOrPublisher="Scopolia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 195" refId="B31" refString="Gogala, A, 2014. Megachilid bees of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Scopolia 80: 1 - 195" title="Megachilid bees of Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)." volume="80" year="2014">Gogala 2014</bibRefCitation>
). Limited evidence based on floral records suggests that
<taxonomicName id="816E2F38D472CF764636420150635017" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. foersteri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foersteri">
<emphasis id="6A11B0E8BA9434BB250D5B5FC1BFBC79" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. foersteri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a preference for
<taxonomicName id="AADEB221E135F2857B2C9516F5FF66F6" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Carduoideae">Carduoideae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="07660789EE395445A5992F2B029DF8FB" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
) (C. Praz, unpublished data). According to
<bibRefCitation id="4D8AECFBBF60A4F1C3E4BDF081D81845" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" author="Rozen, JG" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 43" refId="B80" refString="Rozen, JG, Kamel, SM, 2007. Investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and their Megachile hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini). American Museum Novitates 3573: 1 - 43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" title="Investigations on the biologies and immature stages of the cleptoparasitic bee genera Radoszkowskiana and Coelioxys and their Megachile hosts (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilini)" url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3573[1:IOTBAI]2.0.CO;2" volume="3573" year="2007">Rozen and Kamel (2007)</bibRefCitation>
, the main host of
<taxonomicName id="DDE23304F5EB3D390BD455B5DE851851" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. nigripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigripes">
<emphasis id="FA8F487DBEAB08DDC8F12C8EA00F33CF" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. nigripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Egypt is
<taxonomicName id="41D45DDD58584D8006C7D62B6B3560FF" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trifolium alexandrinum" order="Rosales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="alexandrinum">
<emphasis id="F39C2BA2490884AB203EDB561CFF079B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Trifolium alexandrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. I observed
<taxonomicName id="3C05A2A3A991232C3B4595D4AF8D730C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="84587E2C8CD41149F4F73FCBAAF1F7EE" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="575C0F86146C02A5C9CE963842C59906" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medicago" order="Fabales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3F9A9353D848EA00BE8A6BD8DA1D494B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Medicago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Uzbekistan and in Iran (see also
<bibRefCitation id="D41D1B2D5CF1065EF269EADDAD3C717C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1946.tb00834.x" author="Popov, VB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="106 - 109" refId="B75" refString="Popov, VB, 1946. Notes on the nomenclature of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London B 15: 106 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1946.tb00834.x" title="Notes on the nomenclature of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1946.tb00834.x" volume="15" year="1946">Popov 1946</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="059FD388C529F8AE61C0A62925D41540" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="00DF9E2F377425D5B3D367BAACD8FB55" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the closely related
<taxonomicName id="3FE449F125F6FAECE0A6F58E47403A0B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rubripes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubripes">
<emphasis id="D71A5918F86286025113A60AFBD7C4F2" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. rubripes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only on
<taxonomicName id="B5A1EF077061C1F130B3F6ED944D67FA" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
. As indicated by
<bibRefCitation id="C6BA7F824634FF15AB4A7AE828ADF050" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 83" refId="B2" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). ZooKeys 204: 71 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" title="A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" volume="204" year="2012">Alqarni et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, many unrelated species of
<taxonomicName id="1D60890B56A357CB595739C4BA944D26" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="D8C8A0BAF6FAA57BAA2A122A1E533C5C" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have conspicuously modified facial hairs; these modified hairs are always found on the clypeus but may also be found on the supraclypeal area and the frons. In the species associated with
<taxonomicName id="A4D5B2F55952423F38B411556C31FD9D" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
listed above, the hairs on the face are plumose at least in fresh specimens, while in species with modified hairs, the hairs are short, simple and often bent downwards apically, or wavy (see
<bibRefCitation id="8250318A52A4E9C08FF867014478AA2A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb00311.x" author="Mueller, A" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="235 - 252" refId="B60" refString="Mueller, A, 1996. Convergent evolution of morphological specializations in Central European bee and honey wasp species as an adaptation to the uptake of pollen from nototribic flowers (Hymenoptera, Apoidea and Masaridae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 57: 235 - 252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb00311.x" title="Convergent evolution of morphological specializations in Central European bee and honey wasp species as an adaptation to the uptake of pollen from nototribic flowers (Hymenoptera, Apoidea and Masaridae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb00311.x" volume="57" year="1996">
<normalizedToken id="11FEEC941ACE61E30FF27BD32BF025BD" originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="BEC3103F7AACF7149E2591DD074EA2B8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 83" refId="B2" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). ZooKeys 204: 71 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" title="A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" volume="204" year="2012">Alqarni et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
listed several species of
<taxonomicName id="6827228812060E987F14D5D2BF20D3F1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="(Pseudomegachile)" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Pseudomegachile">
<emphasis id="3CCA4EF6F0E51B3B3E4A4199F8C68774" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pseudomegachile</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with such modification; among the Palearctic species, they cite the following species.
<taxonomicName id="EA3B28AD65C2F4D862A4F981F7183613" baseAuthorityName="Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez &amp; Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. riyadhensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riyadhensis">
<emphasis id="12F742058F0D6CE23B93F4A28CD402F0" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. riyadhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which they collected exclusively on
<taxonomicName id="10FDBBF967D8A1170EE6420B2AE92437" class="Equisetopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Blepharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blepharis" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="BF468745EE85BE79BB90AD182438FA6F" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Blepharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="31D287F7BEF0D53D416C99896FD10166" class="Equisetopsida" family="Acanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
); I examined the pollen present in the scopa of the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="C60DB44C60A8981F257899CC5F580AFB" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1937" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. rhodoleucura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhodoleucura">
<emphasis id="4CB2BCE585F01C5893D5A65968E8EA05" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. rhodoleucura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with identical facial vestiture as
<taxonomicName id="7FF3770DB5F783AC75C66F58014ED6F5" baseAuthorityName="Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez &amp; Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. riyadhensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riyadhensis">
<emphasis id="5F392823A6208A49A3A6DC8D3889A2A6" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. riyadhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see comments above) and the pollen also belongs to
<taxonomicName id="4DA85E6FCAB143472426EB2DA623E982" class="Insecta" family="Acanthaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4B76DE4538732608A49656D834E026E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. farinosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosa">
<emphasis id="6515FC6B350AE25C5E1525AB22DFF25C" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. farinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E9746BA788F6BC1896C5AD3675E24272" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cinnamomea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinnamomea">
<emphasis id="47FE7F498A0940970B1AC4097B0943AB" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. cinnamomea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the condition is not clear in the latter species), both in the
<taxonomicName id="A8A3609D43A596EC4D5DEF1800636F96" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile flavipes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B89DE1349C3FEBDD07D23546566688B0" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Megachile flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group also have modified facial hairs; according to my field observations,
<taxonomicName id="0EDD237AEFFD46DE08E53FC9BE474801" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. farinosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosa">
<emphasis id="6775720B9FBA25194CE13F5572373B30" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. farinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a preference for the flowers of
<taxonomicName id="BF812D5D51A99D59734407F9B25A9E9A" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Vitex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vitex" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="702A785283385AA1E097D60A6C77D082" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Vitex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="CD44B0B1BACD52168B3400DCEDF45D58" class="Equisetopsida" family="Lamiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
), while
<taxonomicName id="C5662FFAFB27A4C4C7FEA0DBE0CFAF7E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. cinnamomea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cinnamomea">
<emphasis id="DCF32FD1779FDDBD56635B30E9280AE6" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. cinnamomea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely polylectic. In the
<taxonomicName id="D9CF636F416EB1BB21BA8D365C4B941D" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="C3D9736E17BA568704503F0C733A6B3D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Megachile saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group,
<bibRefCitation id="456D02410666E59952337C939130B442" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" author="Alqarni, AS" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="71 - 83" refId="B2" refString="Alqarni, AS, Hannan, MA, Gonzalez, VH, Engel, MS, 2012. A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). ZooKeys 204: 71 - 83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" title="A new species of Chalicodoma from Saudi Arabia with modified facial setae (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.204.3228" volume="204" year="2012">Alqarni et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
cite
<taxonomicName id="41E67A2D4E363CC73B78582B3C9B8D4D" authorityName="Rebmann" authorityYear="1970" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. transgrediens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="transgrediens">
<emphasis id="D241A3243FD9C0DC311B1F5C8D8ABD9D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. transgrediens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Rebmann, 1970 as having modified facial hairs; this mention likely refers to one of two undescribed species from Turkey and Iran with modified hairs (
<taxonomicName id="4E2EFBF4420206ABE7B7EAB96889AECB" authorityName="Rebmann" authorityYear="1970" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. transgrediens" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="transgrediens">
<emphasis id="110347B859FC7EFD03D0C51E99C4AFA0" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. transgrediens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="7112163AD784C6CC2963ABFFDD3271A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="89673C9C0EDB7344CBB8FD95CF9A0ABC" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C. Praz, unpublished); these two undescribed species are sculpturally close to
<taxonomicName id="C05514087210F19FB1E9E3162C253DCD" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. saussurei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saussurei">
<emphasis id="9B19857728EDC0B587E77F591DF2A81F" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. saussurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in fact differing from the latter in the female sex mostly by the modified facial vestiture. Host plants of these two species are unknown.
<taxonomicName id="B0790915E8495385250F45B08654E12A" authorityName="Radoszkowski" authorityYear="1893" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. seraxensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seraxensis">
<emphasis id="A969581502B7EB307F11C70DC0BB742D" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. seraxensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has modified facial hairs; I collected one female of this species visiting
<taxonomicName id="ECB21DA764EE8C76D553EDCBA1B2BC60" class="Equisetopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Blepharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blepharis" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C3A3734AC474A16BDB05B2E376AB9E19" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Blepharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Lastly, I collected in Israel several specimens of an undescribed species of the
<taxonomicName id="DE6032E21AB50BE8E516AB2FC0069C7B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="D5CFD6A59B1E3967F8DE2FD834B58808" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group collecting the pollen from
<taxonomicName id="314806E368C7D1201C58BAB68D6FCD05" class="Equisetopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Blepharis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Blepharis" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DD09FC31252F8A3D4E83C9D0B8D3EB22" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Blepharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this species has modified hairs on the clypeus, supraclypeal area and frons, exactly as in
<taxonomicName id="A8108F52A2527837AEEF48A8560A6C83" baseAuthorityName="Alqarni, Hannan, Gonzalez &amp; Engel" baseAuthorityYear="2012" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="M. riyadhensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="riyadhensis">
<emphasis id="C55CC26F925DB4482EA3DC3E89540E62" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. riyadhensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Another closely related species from the
<taxonomicName id="41B09D7E318322CCDC1A386DA7AEAA4B" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudomegachile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudomegachile incana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incana">
<emphasis id="064000C7CC89803345A9F29CD748E3E5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pseudomegachile incana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group from Oman and the UAE has branched hairs on the clypeus; it was observed foraging on
<taxonomicName id="0EA7889A4CEC54B2670717E31173B5D7" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Crotalaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crotalaria" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5F56DEF9FB5B5471422B8DF7CB7B9369" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Crotalaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A97CDDB66EED3618863976AE04D94076" class="Insecta" family="Fabaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
; Sarah Gess, pers. comm., September 2016).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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