2256 lines
211 KiB
XML
2256 lines
211 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1038/srep19828" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c3f6d8c-32e5-4e6c-979f-a7a7d388373b" ID-PMC="PMC4728391" ID-PubMed="26813782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748496" approvalRequired="6" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="4" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1586612136432" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="W. Scott Persons IV & Philip J. Currie" docDate="2016" docId="03E287FA1970FFABE7C7FF086D855AA2" docLanguage="en" docName="PersonsCurrie2016.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Scientific Reports 6" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="0" masterDocId="FFDBFF821972FFA2E658FF8C6F175F04" masterDocTitle="An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry" masterLastPageNumber="19828" masterPageNumber="19828" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1668138945027" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>An approach to scoring cursorial limb proportions in carnivorous dinosaurs and an attempt to account for allometry</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>W. Scott Persons IV</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">persons@ualberta.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Philip J. Currie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">philip.currie@ualberta.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Scientific Reports</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-01-27</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>6</mods:number>
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<mods:start>19828</mods:start>
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<mods:end>19828</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/srep19828</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6c3f6d8c-32e5-4e6c-979f-a7a7d388373b</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC4728391</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">26813782</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748496</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="190305555" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287FA1970FFABE7C7FF086D855AA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E287FA1970FFABE7C7FF086D855AA2" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,132,985]" box="[415,691,132,158]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading bold="true" box="[415,691,132,158]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,691,132,158]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material and Methods</emphasis>
|
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,132,985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,808,160,184]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Composition of the initial dataset.</emphasis>
|
||
Hindlimb length measurements were taken from an initial set of 53 theropod specimens (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[624,695,190,212]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[415,469,421,442]" captionTargetBox="[423,1466,134,388]" captionTargetId="graphics@4.[415,1480,124,393]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Hindlimb measurements form the initial theropod dataset (all measurements in mm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In instances when multiple valid specimens were available for a particular species, only a large specimen was selected, with the aim of restricting the initial dataset to ontogenetically mature individuals. Femur length and metatarsal III length were measured from the proximal-most to the distal-most extent of both bones. It was not possible to identify the distal-most extent of the tibia in all taxa, because the distal end is frequently obscured by fusion with the astragalus and calcaneum. For this reason, “tibia length” for all taxa is actually a measure of the combined proximodistal length of the tibia and the astragalus/calcaneum, when all bones are held in tight articulation. The term “lower leg-length” is here used to refer to the combined proximodistal length of the tibia (plus the astragalus and calcaneum) and metatarsal III. Several previous studies of limb proportions have found that, within the lower leg, it is simply the proportional length of the metatarsals that typically indicates cursorial morphology, and that the length of the tibia is frequently irrelevant. We have chosen to combine both lengths into a single measure in the interest of inclusivity and because tibia length has been recognized as allometrically variable among some theropods
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Currie, P. J." box="[1041,1056,480,494]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref7618" refString="16. Currie, P. J. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 651 - 665 (2003)." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003">
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||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1041,1056,480,494]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">16</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,132,985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">In the interest of consistency, all measurements were taken directly by one of either of the two authors (not pulled from previously reported data within the literature). All measurements were made directly from the fossils or, in cases when quality was judged equivalent, from casts (no measurements were made indirectly from photographs or illustrations). Standard tape measures were used for large specimens and digital calipers were used for small specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,132,985]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The goal of this study is only to consider limb proportions in carnivorous theropods, and several large, but presumed herbivorous or largely-herbivorous, theropod groups are notably omitted from the initial set of specimens (e.g. “elaphrosaurs”, ornithomimosaurs, oviraptorosaurs, and therizinosaurs). There are three major reasons for not including possible herbivorous taxa. First, the ecological differences between carnivores and herbivores undoubtedly imposes different pressures on locomotor evolution. Cursorial morphology in large herbivores frequently relates more to endurance and the ability to continuously forage across expansive home ranges. Second, many herbivorous theropods have unique foot and limb morphologies. For instance, advanced therizinosauroids have four weight-bearing toes
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fiorillo, A. R. & Adams, T. L." box="[700,715,826,840]" journalOrPublisher="Palaios" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="395 - 400" part="27" refId="ref8050" refString="27. Fiorillo, A. R. & Adams, T. L. A therizinosaur track from the Lower Cantwell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Denali National Park, Alaska. Palaios 27, 395 - 400 (2012)." title="A therizinosaur track from the Lower Cantwell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Denali National Park, Alaska" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[700,715,826,840]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">27</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, advanced ornithomimosaurs lack a hallux
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H." box="[1126,1141,826,840]" editor="Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H." journalOrPublisher="University of California Press" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="225 - 244" refId="ref8094" refString="28. Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. Ornithomimosauria In The Dinosauria (eds. Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.) 225 - 244 (University of California Press, 1990)." title="Ornithomimosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria" year="1990">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1126,1141,826,840]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">28</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and some ornithomimosaurs have broad short ungulas
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lee, Y. - N." box="[610,625,853,867]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="257 - 360" part="515" refId="ref8134" refString="29. Lee, Y. - N. et al. Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus. Nature 515, 257 - 360 (2014)." title="Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[610,625,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">29</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Key to this study is the overall conservative morphology of most carnivorous theropod limbs, and limiting the considered taxa to carnivores, therefore, removes a substantial source of potential variation from the dataset. Finally, it has been argued that the limb proportions of herbivorous theropods have a different (nearly isometric) ontogeny
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lu, J." box="[763,778,933,947]" journalOrPublisher="Naturwissenschafien" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="165 - 175" part="100" refId="ref8167" refString="30. Lu, J. et al. Chicken-sized oviraptorid dinosaurs from central China and their ontogenetic implications. Naturwissenschafien 100, 165 - 175 (2013)." title="Chicken-sized oviraptorid dinosaurs from central China and their ontogenetic implications" type="journal article" year="2013">
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||
<superScript attach="left" box="[763,778,933,947]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">30</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and this difference would confound the later consideration of ontogenetic variation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,1013,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,976,1013,1037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calculating cursorial-limb-proportion (CLP) score.</emphasis>
|
||
To evaluate lower-leg proportions in the context of body mass requires a measureable osteological correlate of body mass. Femoral length is here used as that correlate. Femoral size has been found to be a reasonable indicator of body mass in multiple studies of both modern animals and dinosaurs
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[633,686,1093,1107]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Currie, P. J." box="[633,649,1093,1107]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref7618" refString="16. Currie, P. J. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 651 - 665 (2003)." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Christiansen, P." box="[651,666,1093,1107]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="666 - 680" part="19" refId="ref8197" refString="31. Christiansen, P. Long bone scaling and limb posture in non-avian theropods: evidence for differential allometry. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19, 666 - 680 (1999)." title="Long bone scaling and limb posture in non-avian theropods: evidence for differential allometry" type="journal article" year="1999">31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Farlow, J. O. & Hurlburt, G. R. & Elsey, R. M. & Britton, A. R. & Langston Jr, W." box="[669,686,1093,1107]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="354 - 369" part="25" refId="ref8231" refString="32. Farlow, J. O., Hurlburt, G. R., Elsey, R. M., Britton, A. R. & Langston Jr, W. Femoral dimensions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25, 354 - 369 (2005)." title="Femoral dimensions and body size of Alligator mississippiensis: estimating the size of extinct mesoeucrocodylians" type="journal article" year="2005">32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Although other femoral dimensions (such as femur circumference and diameter) are slightly better size correlates than length
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campione, N. E. & Evans, D. C." box="[839,854,1120,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Bmc Biology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="60" part="10" refId="ref8295" refString="33. Campione, N. E. & Evans, D. C. A universal scaling relationship between body mass and proximal limb bone dimensions in quadrupedal terrestrial tetrapods. Bmc Biology 10, 60 (2012)." title="A universal scaling relationship between body mass and proximal limb bone dimensions in quadrupedal terrestrial tetrapods" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[839,854,1120,1134]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">33</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
, length was selected as the measure of femur size, because femur length is seldom distorted by taphonomic factors and could be reliably measured from the largest number of specimens. By comparison, theropod femoral circumference and diameter are often impossible to reliably measure, because theropod femora are relatively thin walled and hollowed and are, therefore, prone to collapsing internally when fossilized and buried. As noted by Campione and Evans
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campione, N. E. & Evans, D. C." box="[1019,1034,1227,1241]" journalOrPublisher="Bmc Biology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="60" part="10" refId="ref8295" refString="33. Campione, N. E. & Evans, D. C. A universal scaling relationship between body mass and proximal limb bone dimensions in quadrupedal terrestrial tetrapods. Bmc Biology 10, 60 (2012)." title="A universal scaling relationship between body mass and proximal limb bone dimensions in quadrupedal terrestrial tetrapods" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[1019,1034,1227,1241]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">33</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, femur-length/mass scaling follows a roughly isometric pattern in modern animals, and multiple studies have shown femoral length to be among the least variable hindlimb dimensions
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[705,782,1280,1294]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12,16,34–36</superScript>
|
||
. Femoral length does, therefore, provide a generally reliable indicator of body mass, especially when compared among members of the same taxonomic group with the same general limb forms, and the morphology of non-avian theropod hindlimbs has long been recognised as highly conservative
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Farlow, J. O. & Gatesy, S. M. & Holtz, T. R. & Hutchinson, J. R. & Robinson, J. M." box="[1459,1474,1333,1347]" journalOrPublisher="American Zoologist" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="640 - 663" part="40" refId="ref7780" refString="20. Farlow, J. O., Gatesy, S. M., Holtz, T. R., Hutchinson, J. R. & Robinson, J. M. Theropod locomotion. American Zoologist 40, 640 - 663 (2000)." title="Theropod locomotion" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1459,1474,1333,1347]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">20</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Additionally, it should be remembered, as pointed out by Carrano
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano, M. T & Carrano, M. T." box="[1044,1059,1360,1374]" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="225 - 268" part="8" refId="ref8437" refString="37. Carrano, M. T. Body-size evolution in the dinosauria In Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles (eds Carrano, M. T. et al.) Ch. 8, 225 - 268 (University of Chicago Press, 2006)." title="Body-size evolution in the dinosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1044,1059,1360,1374]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">37</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his seminal work on dinosaur size evolution, that, because femoral length has an established linear relationship with body mass, femoral length serves as a valid proxy for body mass and allows the relative sizes of dinosaurs to be compared on the same scale (which is all that is needed in this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1480,1013,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The initial theropod dataset was used to create a bivariate plot
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J." box="[1044,1059,1467,1481]" journalOrPublisher="WH Freeman & Co" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref8493" refString="38. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. Biometry, The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research (WH Freeman & Co. 1969)" title="Biometry, The Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research" type="book" year="1969">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[1044,1059,1467,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">38</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, with femur length and lower-leg length on either axis. A simple best-fit power curve was then applied to the plot (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1080,1136,1497,1519]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[415,480,791,813]" captionTargetBox="[417,1213,496,754]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[415,1215,494,755]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Log/log plot of femur vs. lower-leg length for the initial dataset of 53 theropod taxa. The red line denotes the best-fit power curve and the dotted lines denote the confidence interval." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748500/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). All analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2013. This power curve (which is generated by Equation 1:
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1150,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">l</emphasis>
|
||
= 4.178
|
||
<emphasis box="[1229,1236,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">f</emphasis>
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[1239,1281,1520,1534]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.8371</superScript>
|
||
, where
|
||
<emphasis box="[1357,1363,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">l</emphasis>
|
||
is lower-leg length and
|
||
<emphasis box="[526,533,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">f</emphasis>
|
||
is femur length), is here interpreted as representing the normal relationship between body mass (approximated by femur length) and lower-leg length, as established by the dataset as a whole. As such, Equation 1 offers a way of predicting the lower-leg length of a particular species based on its femur length, and comparisons between a predicted lower-leg length and its true lower-leg length offers a way to quantitatively evaluate the relative abnormality of the lower-leg length of that species, irrespective of allometry. The percentage difference by which the true lower-leg length of a particular species differs from the lower-leg length predicted for that species by Equation 1 is here reported as the “cursorial-limb-proportion” (CLP) score of that species. This approach of deriving a comparative score of how a particular taxon differs from a prediction based on the absolute size of that taxon and analysis of a size-dependent relationship seen in a large sample of taxa is commonly used in assessments of allometricly influenced traits, with perhaps the most well-known example being the derivation of encephalization quotient (EQ) scores as a way of estimating animal intelligence from relative brain size
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jerison, H. J." box="[1389,1404,1813,1827]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the New YorK Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="146 - 160" part="299" refId="ref8527" refString="39. Jerison, H. J. The theory of encephalization. Annals of the New YorK Academy of Sciences 299, 146 - 160 (1977)." title="The theory of encephalization" type="journal article" year="1977">
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<superScript attach="left" box="[1389,1404,1813,1827]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">39</superScript>
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[415,1479,1867,1972]" lastBlockId="4.[415,1480,926,1108]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,525,1867,1891]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Example.</emphasis>
|
||
To better explain how the CLP scores were derived in this study, it may be helpful to briefly consider an example. The ceratosaurian theropod
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,1046,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Deltadromeus agilis</emphasis>
|
||
was given its name, which means “agile delta runner”, because Sereno
|
||
<emphasis box="[656,704,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C." box="[703,718,1920,1934]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="986 - 991" part="272" refId="ref8557" refString="40. Sereno, P. C. et al. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272, 986 - 991 (1996)." title="Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
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<superScript attach="left" box="[703,718,1920,1934]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">40</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
interpreted its elongate hindlimbs as being highly adapted for cursoriality. To evaluate the limb proportions of
|
||
<emphasis box="[723,797,1950,1972]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
using the methods of this study, the femur length (741 mm) is input into the equation for predicted lower-leg length (Equation 1) and yields a predicted length of 1055 mm. In actuality,
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,492,953,975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
has a lower-leg length of 1134 mm. So, the true lower-leg length of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1153,1230,953,975]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
differs from its predicted lower-leg length by 79 mm. Thus the inference of Sereno
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,1008,980,1002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C." box="[1007,1022,976,990]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="986 - 991" part="272" refId="ref8557" refString="40. Sereno, P. C. et al. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272, 986 - 991 (1996)." title="Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
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<superScript attach="left" box="[1007,1022,976,990]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">40</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is here supported, as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1229,1304,980,1002]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
is found to have a lower-leg that is 7.5% longer than would be “normal” for a theropod of its size (based on the relationship seen in the initial 53 taxa dataset) and is given a CLP score of +7.5. Note: if
|
||
<emphasis box="[1060,1135,1033,1055]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D. agilis</emphasis>
|
||
had failed to live up to its name and had been found to have a lower-leg length that was abnormally short (below the predicted length), its CLP score would be reported as a negative value.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<table box="[423,1466,134,1935]" colsContinueIn="4.[423,1466,134,388]" gridcols="6" gridrows="57" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,134,171]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,134,171]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,480,154,171]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[776,1032,134,171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[893,914,154,170]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ID</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1069,1124,134,171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Femur Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1167,1222,134,171]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tibia Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1256,1364,134,171]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Metatarsal III Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1389,1466,134,171]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1466,134,170]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lower-leg length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,185,202]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,185,202]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Basal Theropods</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,216,233]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,216,233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,571,216,233]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,216,233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CMNH 10971a</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,216,233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">229</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,216,233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">227</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,216,233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">138</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,216,233]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">365</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,247,264]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,247,264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,621,247,264]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilophosaurus wetherilli</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,247,264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UCMP 77270</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,247,264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">600</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,247,264]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">560</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,247,264]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">298</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,247,264]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">858</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,278,295]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,278,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,650,278,295]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,544,278,295]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,278,295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCN-PV 2355</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,278,295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">214</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,278,295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">202</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,278,295]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">95</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,278,295]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">297</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,309,326]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,309,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,669,309,326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[442,548,309,325]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,309,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">PVL 2566</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,309,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">473</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,309,326]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">413</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,309,326]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">223</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,309,326]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">636</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,340,357]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,340,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,616,340,357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Liliensternus liliensterni</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,340,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">HMN R1291</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,340,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">424</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,340,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">415</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,340,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">220</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,340,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">635</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,371,388]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,371,388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,650,371,388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Procompsognathus triassicus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,371,388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SMNS 12951</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,371,388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">96</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,371,388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">110</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,371,388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">70</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,371,388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">180</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,402,419]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,402,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,555,402,419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Segisaurus halli</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,402,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UCMP 32101</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,402,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">143</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,402,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">164</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,402,419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">98</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,402,419]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">262</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,433,450]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,433,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,593,433,449]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sinosaurus triassicus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,433,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">KMV 8701</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,433,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">556</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,433,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">460</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,433,450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">231</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,433,450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">691</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,464,481]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,464,481]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ceratosaurs</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,495,512]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,495,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,591,495,512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,528,495,511]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aucasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
garridoi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,495,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCF-PBPH-236</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,495,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">700</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,495,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">640</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,495,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">346</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,495,512]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">986</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,526,543]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,526,543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,632,526,542]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ceratosaurus magnicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,526,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MWC 1.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,526,543]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">630</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,526,543]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">520</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,526,543]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">234</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,526,543]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">754</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,557,574]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,557,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,617,557,573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ceratosaurus nasicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,557,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">USNM 4735</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,557,574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">620</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,557,574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">555</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,557,574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">254</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,557,574]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">809</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,588,605]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,588,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,585,588,605]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Deltadromeus agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,588,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">SGM-Din 2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,588,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">741</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,588,605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">700</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,588,605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">434</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,588,605]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1134</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,619,636]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,619,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,594,619,636]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,524,619,636]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indosuchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
raptorius
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,619,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ISI R 401-454</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,619,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">872</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,619,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">795</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,619,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">333</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,619,636]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1128</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,650,667]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,650,667]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Megalosauroids</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,681,698]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,681,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,675,681,698]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Chuandongocoelurus primitivus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,681,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">CCG 20010</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,681,698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">201</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,681,698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">231</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,681,698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">122</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,681,698]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">353</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,712,729]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,712,729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,661,712,729]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" box="[442,582,712,729]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eustreptospondylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
oxoniensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,712,729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">OUM J13558</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,712,729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">510</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,712,729]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">495</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,712,729]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">240</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,712,729]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">735</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,743,760]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,743,760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,611,743,760]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1979" box="[442,565,743,760]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piatnitzkysaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
floresi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,743,760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">PVL 4073</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,743,760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">590</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,743,760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">541</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,743,760]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">289</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,743,760]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">830</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,774,791]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,774,791]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carnosaurs</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,805,822]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,805,822]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,643,805,822]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stovall & Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[442,573,805,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acrocanthosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
atokensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,805,822]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">NCSM 14345</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,805,822]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1120</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,805,822]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">952</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,805,822]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">453</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,805,822]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1405</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,836,853]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,836,853]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,573,836,853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[442,520,836,853]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,836,853]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">AMNH 290</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,836,853]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">985</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,836,853]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">810</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,836,853]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">423</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,836,853]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1233</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,867,884]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,867,884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,670,867,884]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1964" box="[442,559,867,884]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Chilantaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chilantaisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tashuikouensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,867,884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP V.2884</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,867,884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1190</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,867,884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">954</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,867,884]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">460</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,867,884]" gridcol="5" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1414</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,898,915]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,898,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,623,898,914]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,543,898,914]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Concavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Concavenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
corcovatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,898,915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCCM-LH 6666</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,898,915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">580</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,898,915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">580</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,898,915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">287</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,898,915]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">867</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,929,946]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,929,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,614,929,945]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gasosaurus constructus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,929,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP V.7264</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,929,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">454</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,929,946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">382</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,929,946]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">251</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,929,946]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">633</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,960,977]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,960,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,574,960,977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,526,960,976]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neovenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
salerii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,960,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MIWG 6348/BMNH R.10001</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,960,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">780</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,960,977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">670</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,960,977]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">340</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,960,977]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1010</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,991,1008]" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,991,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,554,991,1008]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,510,991,1007]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
dongi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,991,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP 87002</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,991,1008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">875</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,991,1008]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">772</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,991,1008]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">410</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,991,1008]" gridcol="5" gridrow="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1182</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1022,1039]" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1022,1039]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,665,1022,1039]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,579,1022,1039]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Yangchuanosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
zigongensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1022,1039]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP V.239</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1022,1039]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">364</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1022,1039]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">360</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1022,1039]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">200</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1022,1039]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">560</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1053,1070]" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,1053,1070]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Basal Coelurosaurs</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1084,1101]" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1084,1101]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,572,1084,1101]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Juravenator starki</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1084,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">JME Sch 200</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1084,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">52</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1084,1101]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">58</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1084,1101]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">34</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1084,1101]" gridcol="5" gridrow="30" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">92</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1114,1132]" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1114,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,651,1115,1132]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1114,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TMP 96.90.2 (cast of CEUM 5071)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1114,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">145</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1114,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">199</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1114,1132]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">107</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1114,1132]" gridcol="5" gridrow="31" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">306</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1146,1163]" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,1146,1163]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Compsognathids</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1177,1194]" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1177,1194]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,620,1177,1194]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,559,1177,1194]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Compsognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Compsognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
longipes
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1177,1194]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MNHN CNJ 79</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1177,1194]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">110</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1177,1194]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">130</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1177,1194]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">81</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1177,1194]" gridcol="5" gridrow="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">211</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1208,1225]" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1208,1225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,626,1208,1225]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,554,1208,1225]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Huaxiagnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Huaxiagnathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
orientalis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1208,1225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">NIGP Mv97</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1208,1225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">235</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1208,1225]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">280</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1208,1225]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">160</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1208,1225]" gridcol="5" gridrow="34" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">440</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1239,1256]" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1239,1256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,598,1239,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,559,1239,1256]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Sinocalliopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinocalliopteryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
gigas
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1239,1256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">JMP-V-05-8-01</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1239,1256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">210</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1239,1256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">280</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1239,1256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">147</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1239,1256]" gridcol="5" gridrow="35" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">427</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1270,1287]" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1270,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,608,1270,1286]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sinosauropteryx prima</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1270,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">GMV 2124</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1270,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">108</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1270,1287]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">152</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1270,1287]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">96</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1270,1287]" gridcol="5" gridrow="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">248</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1301,1318]" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,1301,1318]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tyrannosauroids</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1332,1349]" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1332,1349]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,636,1332,1349]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[442,544,1332,1349]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1332,1349]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ROM 807</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1332,1349]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1020</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1332,1349]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">980</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1332,1349]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">595</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1332,1349]" gridcol="5" gridrow="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1575</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1363,1380]" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1363,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,589,1363,1380]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Alectrosaurus olsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1363,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">AMNH 6554</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1363,1380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">727</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1363,1380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">730</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1363,1380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">480</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1363,1380]" gridcol="5" gridrow="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1210</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1394,1411]" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1394,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,700,1394,1411]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1394,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">RMM6670</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1394,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">786</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1394,1411]" gridcol="3" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">781</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1394,1411]" gridcol="4" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">482</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1394,1411]" gridcol="5" gridrow="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1263</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1425,1442]" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1425,1442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,609,1425,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[442,554,1425,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
torosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1425,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MOR 590</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1425,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">865</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1425,1442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">815</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1425,1442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">498</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1425,1442]" gridcol="5" gridrow="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1313</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1456,1473]" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1456,1473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,571,1456,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dilong paradoxus</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1456,1473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP V14243</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1456,1473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">185</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1456,1473]" gridcol="3" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">203</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1456,1473]" gridcol="4" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">118</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1456,1473]" gridcol="5" gridrow="42" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">321</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1487,1524]" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1487,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,631,1497,1514]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dryptosaurus aquilunguis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1487,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TMP 84.181.2 (cast of ANSP 9995/10006)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1487,1524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">778</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1487,1524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">796</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1487,1524]" gridcol="4" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">380</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1487,1524]" gridcol="5" gridrow="43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1176</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1538,1555]" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1538,1555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[442,594,1538,1555]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,594,1538,1555]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1538,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">NMC 2120</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1538,1555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1030</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1538,1555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">980</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1538,1555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">615</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1538,1555]" gridcol="5" gridrow="44" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1595</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1569,1586]" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1569,1586]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,566,1569,1586]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Guanlong wucaii</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1569,1586]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">IVPP V14531</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1569,1586]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">343</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1569,1586]" gridcol="3" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">395</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1569,1586]" gridcol="4" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">189</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1569,1586]" gridcol="5" gridrow="45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">584</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1600,1617]" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1600,1617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,585,1600,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[442,533,1600,1617]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
baatar
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1600,1617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MPC-D100/63</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1600,1617]" gridcol="2" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1020</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1600,1617]" gridcol="3" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">980</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1600,1617]" gridcol="4" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">595</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1600,1617]" gridcol="5" gridrow="46" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1575</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1630,1648]" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1630,1648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[442,578,1631,1647]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,578,1631,1647]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1630,1648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388316" box="[792,1016,1630,1648]" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="CM 9380 (cast of AMNH 973)">CM 9380 (cast of AMNH 973)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1630,1648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1269</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1630,1648]" gridcol="3" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1166</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1630,1648]" gridcol="4" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">680</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1630,1648]" gridcol="5" gridrow="47" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1846</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1662,1679]" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1662,1679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,567,1662,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Yutyrannus huali</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1662,1679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ZCDM V5001, IVPP FV1961</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1662,1679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">650</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1662,1679]" gridcol="3" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">655</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1662,1679]" gridcol="4" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">350</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1662,1679]" gridcol="5" gridrow="48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1005</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1693,1709]" gridrow="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,1693,1709]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="49" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dromaeosaurs</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1724,1741]" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1724,1741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,608,1724,1741]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,531,1724,1741]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Achillobator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Achillobator</taxonomicName>
|
||
giganticus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1724,1741]" gridcol="1" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MNUFR-15</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1724,1741]" gridcol="2" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">505</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1724,1741]" gridcol="3" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">490</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1724,1741]" gridcol="4" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">234</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1724,1741]" gridcol="5" gridrow="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">725</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1755,1772]" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1755,1772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,618,1755,1772]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,521,1755,1772]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Adasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Adasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1755,1772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MPC-D100/20</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1755,1772]" gridcol="2" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">270</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1755,1772]" gridcol="3" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">295</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1755,1772]" gridcol="4" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">147</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1755,1772]" gridcol="5" gridrow="51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">442</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1786,1803]" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1786,1803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,625,1786,1803]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[442,536,1786,1803]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deinonychus</taxonomicName>
|
||
antirrhopus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1786,1803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MCZ 4371</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1786,1803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">336</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1786,1803]" gridcol="3" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">368</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1786,1803]" gridcol="4" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">164</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1786,1803]" gridcol="5" gridrow="52" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">532</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1817,1834]" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1817,1834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,591,1817,1834]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,516,1817,1834]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mahakala</taxonomicName>
|
||
omnogovi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1817,1834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">MPC 100/1033</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1817,1834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">79</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1817,1834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">110</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1817,1834]" gridcol="4" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">82</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1817,1834]" gridcol="5" gridrow="53" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">192</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1848,1865]" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1848,1865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,557,1848,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,530,1848,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
gui
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1848,1865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">QM V1002</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1848,1865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">108</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1848,1865]" gridcol="3" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">145</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1848,1865]" gridcol="4" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">72</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1848,1865]" gridcol="5" gridrow="54" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">217</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1879,1896]" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,700,1879,1896]" gridcol="0" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,636,1879,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sues" authorityYear="1978" box="[442,567,1879,1896]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Saurornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornitholestes</taxonomicName>
|
||
langstoni
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[776,1032,1879,1896]" gridcol="1" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TMP 88.121.39</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,1879,1896]" gridcol="2" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">212</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,1879,1896]" gridcol="3" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">285</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,1879,1896]" gridcol="4" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">117</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,1879,1896]" gridcol="5" gridrow="55" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">402</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,1913,1935]" gridrow="56" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,1913,1935]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="56" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Continued</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<table box="[423,1466,134,388]" colsContinueFrom="3.[423,1466,134,1935]" gridcols="6" gridrows="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,134,171]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,134,171]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,480,154,171]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[852,956,134,171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[893,914,154,170]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ID</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1069,1124,134,171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Femur Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1167,1222,134,171]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tibia Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1256,1364,134,171]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Metatarsal III Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1389,1466,134,171]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1389,1466,134,170]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lower-leg length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,185,202]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,185,202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,626,185,202]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,567,185,202]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Sinornithosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
millenii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,185,202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IVPP V.12811</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,185,202]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">148</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,185,202]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">125</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,185,202]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">93</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,185,202]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">218</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,216,233]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,216,233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,627,216,233]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" box="[442,531,216,233]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Velociraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,216,233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IGM 100/986</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,216,233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">238</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,216,233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">255</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,216,233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">99</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,216,233]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">354</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,247,264]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,1466,247,264]" colspan="6" colspanRight="5" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Troodontids</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,278,295]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,278,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,654,278,295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,558,278,295]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,278,295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">AMNH 6516</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,278,295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">198</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,278,295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">243</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,278,295]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">139</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,278,295]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">382</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,309,326]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,309,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,600,309,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,547,309,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
youngi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,309,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IVPP V.9612</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,309,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">140</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,309,326]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">191</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,309,326]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">177</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,309,326]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">368</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,340,357]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,340,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,586,340,357]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[442,529,340,356]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinovenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
changii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,340,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IVPP V12615</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,340,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">117</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,340,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">149</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,340,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">86</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,340,357]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">235</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1466,371,388]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<th box="[423,654,371,388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[442,574,371,388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[442,504,371,388]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Troodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
formosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[852,956,371,388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MOR 748</td>
|
||
<td box="[1069,1124,371,388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">320</td>
|
||
<td box="[1167,1222,371,388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">352</td>
|
||
<td box="[1256,1364,371,388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">210</td>
|
||
<td box="[1389,1466,371,388]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">562</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[415,1363,421,443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[415,469,421,442]" targetBox="[423,1466,134,388]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1363,421,443]" box="[415,1363,421,443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1. Hindlimb measurements form the initial theropod dataset (all measurements in mm).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748500" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748500/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[415,480,791,813]" targetBox="[417,1213,496,754]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1460,791,839]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,1342,791,813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 2. Log/log plot of femur vs. lower-leg length for the initial dataset of 53 theropod taxa.</emphasis>
|
||
The red line denotes the best-fit power curve and the dotted lines denote the confidence interval.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1481,1142,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,947,1142,1166]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Exploring consistency in multi-specimen taxa.</emphasis>
|
||
Because calculating the CLP score for any particular species requires femoral, tibia, and metatarsal III length measurements, CLP scores can only be calculated from specimens with relatively complete hindlimbs. This limits the number of taxa that are able to contribute to the initial dataset. It also means that, for the vast majority of species, it is only possible to base the CLP score calculation on measurements taken from a single specimen. For the sake of consistency, all species in the initial dataset are represented only by single specimens (in instances where more than one potential specimen was available, the largest or the best preserved specimen was generally chosen). This imparts a potential source of error. In the first place, the initial dataset does not consider the amount of individual variation that may be present within a species. Secondly, and potentially more seriously, some species may be represented by specimens that are ontogenetically immature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1481,1142,1540]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The few theropod species for which multiple specimens with sufficiently complete hindlimbs are known offer a chance to explore both the degree of individual variation in CLP score and the effect of ontogeny. Limb measurements were taken from multiple specimens of six theropod species (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1160,1416,1465,1486]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1160,1294,1465,1486]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n = 4,
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,589,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[415,518,1492,1513]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n = 8,
|
||
<emphasis box="[658,828,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
n = 10,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[909,1110,1492,1513]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,1110,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n = 6,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1179,1479,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[1179,1318,1492,1513]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n = 7, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[517,692,1519,1540]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[517,692,1519,1540]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n = 4) (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[767,839,1518,1540]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[415,469,1639,1660]" captionTargetBox="[423,975,134,1606]" captionTargetId="graphics@5.[415,993,124,1611]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Hindlimb measurements form the multi-specimen dataset (all measurements in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1480,1572,1972]" box="[415,507,1572,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[415,507,1572,1598]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,507,1572,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Results</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1480,1572,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The CLP scores derived from the initial dataset are reported in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1001,1068,1604,1626]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="6.[415,469,990,1011]" captionTargetBox="[814,1205,133,926]" captionTargetId="graphics@6.[415,1230,124,962]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 3. Cursorial-limb-proportion (CLP) scores from the initial dataset." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
, with all taxa arranged in rank order of CLP score, and in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[543,597,1630,1652]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[415,480,1748,1770]" captionTargetBox="[417,1470,1078,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[415,1471,1076,1713]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Theropod phylogeny, with CLP scores reported for individual species and average CLP scores reported for larger clades." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748502/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, with taxa arranged phylogenetically. The scores range from -20.4 to +40.6, with an average of +0.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1480,1572,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The CLP scores derived from the multi-specimen dataset are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1144,1212,1684,1706]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[415,469,1639,1660]" captionTargetBox="[423,975,134,1606]" captionTargetId="graphics@5.[415,993,124,1611]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Hindlimb measurements form the multi-specimen dataset (all measurements in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1257,1311,1684,1706]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[415,480,704,726]" captionTargetBox="[418,1053,126,667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[415,1055,124,669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. CLP scores vs. femur length for the multi-specimen and Nanotyrannus datasets. Herrerasaurus ischigualestensis n =6, variance=1.7, coefficient of variance=0.09; Coelophysis bauri n =10, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= −0.25; Allosaurus fragilis (n= 8, variance= 1.7, coefficient of variance= −0.16; Albertosaurus sarcophagus n=4, variance= 1.4, coefficient of variance= 0.76; Gorgosaurus libratus n= 6, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= 0.08; Tyrannosaurus rex n= 5, variance= 7.5, coefficient of varianc =0.22; Nanotyrannus lancensis n= 2, variance=4.9, coefficient of variance= 0.06)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748504/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
. The highest variation in the scores within any species was found in the four specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1101,1276,1711,1732]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1276,1711,1732]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—scores ranged from +15.5 to +9.1, a difference of 6.4. However, a series of F-tests confirm that the amount of variance seen in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[415,589,1764,1785]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,589,1764,1785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
data is not significantly greater than that observed in any of the other multi-specimen taxa. The greatest deviation of any score from the mean score of its species was found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1205,1381,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1205,1381,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen MOR 555, which deviates from the mean by 3.2. This suggests that, when interpreting the scores derived from the initial dataset, it is reasonable to assume that the reported CLP scores may deviate from the average CLP score of that species by as much +/−3.2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[415,1480,1572,1972]" lastBlockId="5.[415,1480,1742,1950]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Of the eight oldest and phylogenetically least-derived theropods included in the initial dataset, none had a positive CLP score.
|
||
<emphasis box="[606,879,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[606,739,1924,1945]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[932,1229,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[932,1070,1924,1945]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, the most basal dinosaurs included in the study, both have scores below −10 (implicating them as among the least cursorially adapted). These results contradict previous interpretations that some early theropods are examples of highly cursorial forms, and suggests that such interpretations were misled by the effect of allometry and the relative small size of these early theropods. Instead, the primitive theropod condition appears to have been hindlimb proportions that are relatively non-cursorial. Evidence of high cursorial limb proportions were found among deinonychosaurs, tyrannosauroids, compsognathids, and also found in the non-coelurosaurian theropods
|
||
<emphasis box="[1246,1479,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1246,1376,1849,1870]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Concavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Concavenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
corcovatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,640,1875,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Deltadromeus agilis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<table box="[423,975,134,1606]" gridcols="5" gridrows="46" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,134,170]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,134,170]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,444,154,170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ID</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[616,671,134,170]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Femur Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[700,755,134,170]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tibia Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[783,866,134,170]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,866,134,170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Metatarsal III Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[898,975,134,170]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[898,975,134,170]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lower-leg length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,185,202]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,185,202]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,651,185,202]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[423,529,185,201]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,216,233]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,216,233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MACN 18.060</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,216,233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">280.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,216,233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">259</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,216,233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">132</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,216,233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">391</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,247,264]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,247,264]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MACN 18.090</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,247,264]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">286</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,247,264]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">280</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,247,264]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">134</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,247,264]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">414</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,278,295]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,278,295]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PVL 2054</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,278,295]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">370</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,278,295]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">335</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,278,295]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">176</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,278,295]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">511</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,309,326]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,309,326]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PVL 2566</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,309,326]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">482</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,309,326]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">415</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,309,326]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">221</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,309,326]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">636</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,340,357]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,340,357]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PVSJ 373</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,340,357]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">345</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,340,357]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">315</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,340,357]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">164</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,340,357]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">479</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,371,388]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,371,388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">PVSJ 373</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,371,388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">354</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,371,388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">318</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,371,388]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">165</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,371,388]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">483</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,402,419]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,402,419]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,552,402,419]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,433,450]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,433,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7223</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,433,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">209</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,433,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">224</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,433,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">126</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,433,450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">350</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,464,481]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,464,481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7224</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,464,481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">203</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,464,481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">221</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,464,481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">120</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,464,481]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">341</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,495,512]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,495,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7229</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,495,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">135</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,495,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">154</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,495,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">85</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,495,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">239</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,526,543]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,526,543]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7232</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,526,543]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">141</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,526,543]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">157</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,526,543]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">95</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,526,543]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">252</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,557,574]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,557,574]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7233</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,557,574]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">126</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,557,574]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">140</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,557,574]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">81</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,557,574]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">221</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,588,605]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,588,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7246</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,588,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">122</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,588,605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">136</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,588,605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">79</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,588,605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">215</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,619,636]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,619,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7247</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,619,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">125</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,619,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">138</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,619,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">84</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,619,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">222</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,650,667]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,650,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 7249</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,650,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">196</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,650,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">207</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,650,667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">110</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,650,667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">317</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,681,698]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,681,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">CMNH 10971a</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,681,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">229</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,681,698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">227</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,681,698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">138</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,681,698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">365</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,712,729]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,712,729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MNA V3318</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,712,729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">123</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,712,729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">136</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,712,729]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">82</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,712,729]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">218</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,743,760]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,743,760]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,554,743,760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[423,501,743,760]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,774,791]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,774,791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 290</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,774,791]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">985</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,774,791]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">810</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,774,791]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">423</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,774,791]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1233</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,805,822]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,805,822]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 324</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,805,822]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">850</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,805,822]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">738</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,805,822]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">327</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,805,822]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1065</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,836,853]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,836,853]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 6125</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,836,853]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">850</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,836,853]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">732</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,836,853]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">355</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,836,853]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1087</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,867,884]" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,867,884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">CM 11844</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,867,884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">843</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,867,884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">724</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,867,884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">360</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,867,884]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1084</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,898,915]" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,898,915]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">USNM 4734</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,898,915]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">753</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,898,915]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">658</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,898,915]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">320</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,898,915]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">978</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,929,946]" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,929,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UUVP 6000</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,929,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">865</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,929,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">738</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,929,946]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">374</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,929,946]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1112</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,960,977]" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,960,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UUVP 60001</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,960,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">850</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,960,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">745</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,960,977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">372</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,960,977]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1117</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,991,1008]" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,991,1008]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">UUVP 6000r</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,991,1008]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">880</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,991,1008]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">730</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,991,1008]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">375</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,991,1008]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1105</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1022,1039]" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,1022,1039]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,617,1022,1039]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[423,525,1022,1039]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1053,1070]" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1053,1070]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NMC 11315</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1053,1070]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">680</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1053,1070]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">690</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1053,1070]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">445</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1053,1070]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1135</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1084,1101]" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1084,1101]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ROM 807</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1084,1101]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1020</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1084,1101]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">980</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1084,1101]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">595</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1084,1101]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1575</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1115,1132]" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1115,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TMP 1981.10.1</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1115,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">940</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1115,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">900</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1115,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">575</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1115,1132]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1475</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1146,1163]" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1146,1163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TMP 1985.98.1</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1146,1163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">750</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1146,1163]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">770</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1146,1163]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">475</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1146,1163]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1245</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1177,1194]" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,1177,1194]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[423,574,1177,1194]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,574,1177,1194]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1208,1225]" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1208,1225]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH 5423</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1208,1225]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">605</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1208,1225]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">640</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1208,1225]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">432</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1208,1225]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1072</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1239,1256]" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1239,1256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TCMI 2001.89.1</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1239,1256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">830</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1239,1256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">885</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1239,1256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">538</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1239,1256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1423</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1270,1287]" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1270,1287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FMNH PR 2211</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1270,1287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">445</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1270,1287]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">472</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1270,1287]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">343</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1270,1287]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">815</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1301,1318]" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1301,1318]" gridcol="0" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">NMC 11593</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1301,1318]" gridcol="1" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">940</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1301,1318]" gridcol="2" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">925</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1301,1318]" gridcol="3" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">605</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1301,1318]" gridcol="4" gridrow="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1530</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1332,1349]" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1332,1349]" gridcol="0" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ROM 1247</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1332,1349]" gridcol="1" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">765</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1332,1349]" gridcol="2" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">785</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1332,1349]" gridcol="3" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">500</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1332,1349]" gridcol="4" gridrow="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1285</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1363,1380]" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1363,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TMP 91.163.001</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1363,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">755</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1363,1380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">770</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1363,1380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">513</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1363,1380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1283</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1394,1410]" gridrow="40" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,975,1394,1410]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="40" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[423,559,1394,1410]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,559,1394,1410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1425,1442]" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1425,1442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388303" box="[441,513,1425,1442]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="BHI 6230">BHI 6230</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1425,1442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1100</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1425,1442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1025</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1425,1442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">660</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1425,1442]" gridcol="4" gridrow="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1685</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1456,1493]" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1456,1493]" gridcol="0" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388307" collectionCode="CM" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&specimen_id=52853 " pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="CM 9380 (cast of AMNH 973)">CM 9380 (cast of AMNH 973)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1456,1493]" gridcol="1" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1269</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1456,1493]" gridcol="2" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1166</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1456,1493]" gridcol="3" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">680</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1456,1493]" gridcol="4" gridrow="42" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1846</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1507,1524]" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1507,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388308" box="[441,514,1507,1524]" collectionCode="MOR" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MOR 555">MOR 555</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1507,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1280</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1507,1524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1150</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1507,1524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">670</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1507,1524]" gridcol="4" gridrow="43" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1820</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1538,1575]" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1538,1575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388301" collectionCode="RTMP" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="RTMP 81.12.1 (cast of NMC 9950)">RTMP 81.12.1 (cast of NMC 9950)</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1538,1575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1200</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1538,1575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1095</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1538,1575]" gridcol="3" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">650</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1538,1575]" gridcol="4" gridrow="44" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1745</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,975,1589,1606]" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th box="[423,593,1589,1606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388304" box="[441,542,1589,1606]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="5" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,1589,1606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">825</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,755,1589,1606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">825</td>
|
||
<td box="[783,866,1589,1606]" gridcol="3" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">508</td>
|
||
<td box="[898,975,1589,1606]" gridcol="4" gridrow="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1333</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979" box="[415,1362,1639,1661]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3466641977FFA7E7C7F9EB6A455979" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[415,469,1639,1660]" targetBox="[423,975,134,1606]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1362,1639,1661]" box="[415,1362,1639,1661]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 2. Hindlimb measurements form the multi-specimen dataset (all measurements in mm).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[415,1480,1742,1950]" lastBlockId="6.[415,1479,1869,1948]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Note that we have treated
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,983,1902,1923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[705,841,1902,1923]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1038,1341,1902,1924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[1038,1178,1903,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as theropods. There is currently debate over whether these taxa belong within the Theropoda proper or if they fall outside it
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[428,467,1869,1883]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C. & Novas, F. E." box="[428,442,1869,1883]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="451 - 476" part="13" refId="ref8589" refString="41. Sereno, P. C. & Novas, F. E. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13, 451 - 476 (1994)." title="The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis" type="journal article" year="1994">41</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C. & Forster, C. A. & Rogers, R. R. & Monetta, A. M." box="[451,467,1869,1883]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="64 - 66" part="361" refId="ref8711" refString="44. Sereno, P. C., Forster, C. A., Rogers, R. R. & Monetta, A. M. Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature 361, 64 - 66 (1993)." title="Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria" type="journal article" year="1993">44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Additionally, it has been argued that
|
||
<emphasis box="[822,1089,1873,1894]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[822,953,1873,1894]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may have closer affinities to the sauropodamorpha
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[514,548,1896,1910]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C. & Martinez, R. N. & Alcober, O. A." box="[514,529,1896,1910]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="83 - 179" part="32" refId="ref8762" refString="45. Sereno, P. C., Martinez, R. N. & Alcober, O. A. Osteology of Eoraptor lunensis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32, 83 - 179 (2012)." title="Osteology of Eoraptor lunensis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha)" type="journal article" year="2012">45</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ezcurra, M. D." box="[532,548,1896,1910]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="371 - 425" part="8" refId="ref8807" refString="46. Ezcurra, M. D. A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8, 371 - 425 (2010)." title="A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2010">46</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<emphasis box="[654,921,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[654,785,1899,1920]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has the lowest CLP score in the dataset, it is not a statistical outlier (according to a Grubbs’ test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table box="[423,788,133,957]" colsContinueIn="6.[814,1205,133,926]" gridcols="2" gridrows="27" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,133,151]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[423,651,133,151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,607,134,151]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,548,134,151]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Sinornithosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
millenii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[742,788,133,151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−20.4</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,164,182]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,164,182]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,632,165,182]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,525,165,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Guaibasauridae" genus="Guaibasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guaibasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
candelariensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,164,182]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−20.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,195,213]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,195,213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,554,196,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Juravenator starki</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,195,213]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−19.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,226,244]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,226,244]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,613,227,243]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ceratosaurus magnicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,226,244]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−18.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,257,275]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,257,275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,574,258,274]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sinosaurus triassicus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,257,275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−16.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,288,306]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,288,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,609,289,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" box="[423,512,289,306]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Velociraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,288,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−13.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,319,337]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,319,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,651,320,337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[423,529,320,336]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,319,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−12.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,350,368]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,350,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,598,351,367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ceratosaurus nasicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,350,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−11.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,381,399]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,381,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,651,382,399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1964" box="[423,540,382,399]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Chilantaisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chilantaisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tashuikouensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,381,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−9.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,412,430]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,412,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,595,413,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gasosaurus constructus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,412,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−9.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,443,461]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,443,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,555,444,461]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,507,444,460]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neovenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
salerii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,443,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−8.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,474,492]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,474,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,554,475,492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[423,501,475,492]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,474,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−7.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,505,523]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,505,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,552,506,523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,505,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−7.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,536,554]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,536,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,575,537,554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,505,537,554]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Indosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indosuchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
raptorius
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,536,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−6.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,567,585]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,567,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,625,568,585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stovall & Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[423,554,568,585]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acrocanthosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
atokensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,567,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−5.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,598,616]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,598,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,631,599,616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Procompsognathus triassicus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,598,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−5.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,629,647]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,629,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,590,630,647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,512,630,647]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Achillobator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Achillobator</taxonomicName>
|
||
giganticus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,629,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−5.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,660,678]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,660,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,593,661,678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1979" box="[423,546,661,678]" class="Reptilia" family="Piatnitzkysauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piatnitzkysaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
floresi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,660,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−4.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,691,709]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,691,709]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,643,692,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1964" box="[423,563,692,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eustreptospondylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
oxoniensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,691,709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−4.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,722,740]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,722,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,598,723,740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Liliensternus liliensterni</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,722,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−4.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,753,771]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,753,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,647,754,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,560,754,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Metriacanthosauridae" genus="Yangchuanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Yangchuanosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
zigongensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,753,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,784,802]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,784,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,602,785,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dilophosaurus wetherilli</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,784,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−3.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,815,833]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,815,833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,552,816,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dilong paradoxus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,815,833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−2.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,846,864]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,846,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,600,847,864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,502,847,864]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Adasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Adasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,846,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−2.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,877,895]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,877,895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,535,878,895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,491,878,894]" class="Reptilia" family="Neovenatoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
dongi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,877,895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−2.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,908,926]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,908,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,606,909,926]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[423,517,909,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deinonychus</taxonomicName>
|
||
antirrhopus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,908,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−2.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,788,939,957]" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[423,651,939,957]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[423,572,940,957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[423,509,940,956]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Aucasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aucasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
garridoi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[742,788,939,957]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−2.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table box="[814,1205,133,926]" colsContinueFrom="6.[423,788,133,957]" gridcols="2" gridrows="26" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,133,151]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1072,133,151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,927,134,151]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Segisaurus halli</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1163,1205,133,151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−1.6</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,164,182]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,164,182]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,992,165,182]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,931,165,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Compsognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Compsognathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
longipes
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,164,182]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−1.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,195,213]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,195,213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1046,196,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chuandongocoelurus primitivus</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,195,213]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">−0.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,227,244]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,227,244]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,995,227,243]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,915,227,243]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Concavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Concavenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
corcovatus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,227,244]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">0.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,258,275]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,258,275]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,929,258,274]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,902,258,274]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
gui
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,258,275]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,289,306]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,289,306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,957,289,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,901,289,305]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinovenator</taxonomicName>
|
||
changii
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,289,306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,320,337]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,320,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,937,320,337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Guanlong wucaii</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,320,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">5.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,351,368]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,351,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,939,351,368]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Yutyrannus huali</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,351,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">6.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,382,399]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,382,399]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1003,382,399]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dryptosaurus aquilunguis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,382,399]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,413,430]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,413,430]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,956,413,430]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deltadromeus agilis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,413,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,444,461]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,444,461]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,945,444,461]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[814,876,444,461]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Troodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
formosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,444,461]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">7.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,475,492]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,475,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1008,475,492]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sues" authorityYear="1978" box="[814,939,475,492]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Saurornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornitholestes</taxonomicName>
|
||
langstoni
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,475,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,506,523]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,506,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,998,506,523]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,926,506,523]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Huaxiagnathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Huaxiagnathus</taxonomicName>
|
||
orientalis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,506,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,537,554]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,537,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1026,537,554]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,930,537,554]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
mongoliensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,537,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,568,585]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,568,585]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,980,568,585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1970" box="[814,926,568,585]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Daspletosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Daspletosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
torosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,568,585]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">9.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,599,616]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,599,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[814,949,599,615]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,949,599,615]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,599,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">11.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,630,647]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,630,647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1022,630,647]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nedcolbertia justinhofmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,630,647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,661,678]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,661,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1072,661,678]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,661,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">13.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,692,709]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,692,709]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,1008,692,709]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[814,916,692,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,692,709]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,723,740]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,723,740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,956,723,740]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[814,905,723,740]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tarbosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
baatar
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,723,740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,754,771]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,754,771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[814,965,754,771]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,965,754,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,754,771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,785,802]" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,785,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,970,785,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,931,785,802]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Sinocalliopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinocalliopteryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
gigas
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,785,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,816,833]" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,816,833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,960,816,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Alectrosaurus olsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,816,833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">16.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,847,864]" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,847,864]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,979,847,863]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sinosauropteryx prima</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,847,864]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">17.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,878,895]" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,878,895]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,963,878,895]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,888,878,895]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mahakala</taxonomicName>
|
||
omnogovi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,878,895]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">18.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1205,909,926]" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td box="[814,1072,909,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,971,909,926]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,919,909,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
youngi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1163,1205,909,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">40.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption box="[415,1145,990,1012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[415,469,990,1011]" targetBox="[814,1205,133,926]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[415,1145,990,1012]" box="[415,1145,990,1012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3. Cursorial-limb-proportion (CLP) scores from the initial dataset.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748502" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748502/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[415,480,1748,1770]" targetBox="[417,1470,1078,1712]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[415,1437,1748,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3. Theropod phylogeny, with CLP scores reported for individual species and average CLP scores reported for larger clades.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748504" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748504/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[415,480,704,726]" targetBox="[418,1053,126,667]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1445,704,860]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,1304,704,726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Figure 4. CLP scores vs. femur length for the multi-specimen and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1071,1213,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
datasets.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[1309,1445,705,726]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n = 6, variance = 1.7, coefficient of variance = 0.09;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1062,1227,731,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
n = 10, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= −0.25;
|
||
<emphasis box="[719,887,758,779]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[719,819,758,779]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragilis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(n = 8, variance= 1.7, coefficient of variance = −0.16;
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,666,784,805]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[415,547,784,805]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n = 4, variance = 1.4, coefficient of variance = 0.76;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[1161,1356,784,806]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1356,784,806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n = 6, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= 0.08;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[905,1081,812,833]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[905,1081,812,833]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n = 5, variance= 7.5, coefficient of varianc = 0.22;
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[562,785,838,859]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,785,838,859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
n = 2, variance = 4.9, coefficient of variance= 0.06).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,944,1637]" box="[415,856,944,970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[415,856,944,970]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,856,944,970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Discussion and Additional Analyses</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,944,1637]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,617,972,996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tyrannosauroids.</emphasis>
|
||
One clear result from the initial dataset CLP score calculations is that tyrannosauroids have high CLP scores. Among the sampled tyrannosauroids, the basal taxa
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1286,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dilong paradoxus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dryptosaurus aquilunguis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[493,651,1029,1050]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Guanlong wucaii</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[701,862,1029,1050]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Yutyrannus huali</emphasis>
|
||
have the lowest scores, while the more advanced tyrannosauroids
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,606,1055,1076]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Alectrosaurus olsoni</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[652,985,1055,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis</emphasis>
|
||
and all tyrannosaurs have much higher scores. This confirms previous assessments that tyrannosauroids are characterised by proportionately elongate hindlimbs and that lower-leg length became more exaggerated in later and more advanced forms
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1228,1280,1105,1119]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano, M." box="[1228,1242,1105,1119]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="29 - 42" part="247" refId="ref7446" refString="11. Carrano, M. What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology 247, 29 - 42 (1999)." title="What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holtz Jr, T. R." box="[1245,1261,1105,1119]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="480 - 519" part="14" refId="ref7485" refString="12. Holtz Jr, T. R. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14, 480 - 519 (1995)." title="The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1995">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Farlow, J. O. & Gatesy, S. M. & Holtz, T. R. & Hutchinson, J. R. & Robinson, J. M." box="[1263,1280,1105,1119]" journalOrPublisher="American Zoologist" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="640 - 663" part="40" refId="ref7780" refString="20. Farlow, J. O., Gatesy, S. M., Holtz, T. R., Hutchinson, J. R. & Robinson, J. M. Theropod locomotion. American Zoologist 40, 640 - 663 (2000)." title="Theropod locomotion" type="journal article" year="2000">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The development of high CLP scores in derived tyrannosauroids is consistent with the evolution of an arctometatarsus. The arctometatarsus is a modified metatarsal form that has been linked to fast linear locomotion
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1200,1233,1158,1172]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holtz Jr, T. R." box="[1200,1215,1158,1172]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="480 - 519" part="14" refId="ref7485" refString="12. Holtz Jr, T. R. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14, 480 - 519 (1995)." title="The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1995">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, M. C. & Currie, P. J." box="[1217,1233,1158,1172]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1813 - 1817" part="22" refId="ref8852" refString="47. Wilson, M. C. & Currie, P. J. Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 1813 - 1817 (1985)." title="Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure" type="journal article" year="1985">47</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
and enhanced agility
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1435,1473,1158,1172]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snively, E." box="[1435,1450,1158,1172]" journalOrPublisher="University of Calgary" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref8905" refString="48. Snively, E. Functional morphology of the tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus (University of Calgary, 2000)." title="Functional morphology of the tyrannosaurid arctometatarsus" type="book" year="2000">48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snively, E. & Russell, A. P. & Powell, G. L." box="[1458,1473,1158,1172]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="525 - 553" part="142" refId="ref8962" refString="50. Snively, E., Russell, A. P. & Powell, G. L. Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142, 525 - 553 (2004)." title="Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches" type="journal article" year="2004">50</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,944,1637]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">That tyrannosauroids have exceptionally elongate lower-legs is a factor that may modify how the results of this study should be interpreted. Because of their more recent heritage and the resulting high abundance of more complete specimens, tyrannosauroids make a large contribution to the initial dataset (eleven taxa, accounting for more than 20%). In particular, tyrannosauroids are disproportionately represented among the extremely large theropods in the initial dataset (tyrannosauroids account for seven of the thirteen theropods with femur length greater than 750 mm and four of the six theropods with femur length greater than 1000 mm). This high concentration of proportionately long legged but extremely large theropods may have skewed the dataset and had undue influence on the derivation of the predicted lower-leg length equation. To test this possibility, the tyrannosauroids data was separated from the initial dataset and the resulting two new datasets were subjective to an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using R statistical software. The result suggests that the tyrannosauroid data does have a significant influence (F = 21.06, p> 0.001). This indicates that special caution is warranted when interpreting the scores of species found by this study to have negative or “abnormally” low CLP scores. In fact, the proportions of these species may actually be closer to the norm or even above it, but have received a negative score because they are being considered within a dataset that has a high concentration of the extremely leggy tyrannosauroids. In particular, the low scores reported for other large theropods should be interpreted cautiously, and the method and approach here outlined will benefit from the future addition of more large non-tyrannosauroid taxa, but, at present, sufficiently complete specimens from such taxa are lacking.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[415,1480,1670,1936]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,622,1671,1695]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deinonychosaurs.</emphasis>
|
||
Gatesy and coauthors
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[855,911,1670,1684]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">18,51–54</superScript>
|
||
observed that a major change in hindlimb locomotive style occurred during the evolution of birds and their close relatives: the size and importance of the caudofemoral musculature was greatly reduced and the importance of knee flexion increased, while the importance of femoral retraction decreased. Although it was originally hypothesised that this change in locomotive musculature and emphasis occurred gradually across the whole of the theropod lineage, caudofemoral musculature remained important and unreduced in many coelurosaurian groups
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[975,1009,1804,1818]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Persons IV, W. S. & Currie, P. J." box="[975,991,1804,1818]" journalOrPublisher="The Anatomical Record" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="119 - 131" part="294" refId="ref9155" refString="55. Persons IV, W. S. & Currie, P. J. The tail of Tyrannosaurus: reassessing the size and locomotive importance of the M. caudofemoralis in non-avian theropods. The Anatomical Record 294, 119 - 131 (2011)." title="The tail of Tyrannosaurus: reassessing the size and locomotive importance of the M. caudofemoralis in non-avian theropods" type="journal article" year="2011">55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Persons IV, W. S. & Currie, P. J. & Norell, M. A." box="[993,1009,1804,1818]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="553 - 567" part="59" refId="ref9203" refString="56. Persons IV, W. S., Currie, P. J. & Norell, M. A. Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59, 553 - 567 (2013)." title="Oviraptorosaur tail forms and functions" type="journal article" year="2013">56</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. However, even the most basal deinonychosaurs show evidence of substantial caudofemoral reduction and are inferred to have begun the corresponding change in locomotor style
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Persons, W. S. & Currie, P. J." box="[590,605,1857,1871]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Geologica Sinica" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1402 - 1412" part="86" refId="ref9244" refString="57. Persons, W. S. & Currie, P. J. Dragon tails: convergent caudal morphology in winged archosaurs. Acta Geologica Sinica 86, 1402 - 1412 (2012)." title="Dragon tails: convergent caudal morphology in winged archosaurs" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[590,605,1857,1871]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">57</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This means that the CLP scores calculated for deinonychosaurs should be interpreted with special caution. As seen in modern birds, greater emphasis on knee flexion requires, if stride length and speed are not to be diminished, greater elongation of the lower leg and concomitantly reduced femora
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1285,1319,1910,1924]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gatesy, S. M." box="[1285,1300,1910,1924]" editor="Thomason, J." journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="219 - 234" refId="ref9072" refString="53. Gatesy, S. M. Functional evolution of the hind limb and tail from basal theropods to birds In Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology (ed. Thomason, J.), 219 - 234 (Cambridge University Press, 1995)." title="Functional evolution of the hind limb and tail from basal theropods to birds" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology" year="1995">53</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Christiansen, P. & Bonde, N." box="[1303,1319,1910,1924]" journalOrPublisher="Journal fur Ornithologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="356 - 371" part="143" refId="ref9281" refString="58. Christiansen, P. & Bonde, N. Limb proportions and avian terrestrial locomotion. Journal fur Ornithologie 143, 356 - 371 (2002)." title="Limb proportions and avian terrestrial locomotion" type="journal article" year="2002">58</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,136,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Because increased emphasis on knee flexion generally requires proportionately longer metatarsals and shorter femora to still accomplish high speed running and because deinonychosaurs are classically regarded as among the more cursorily adapted theropods, deinonychosaurs would be doubly expected to have high CLP scores. However, this expectation is only partially met. All four troodontid species were found to have high CLP scores (ranging from +4.5 to +40.6 – the highest score of any of the considered taxa), and a Grubbs’ test found
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1342,1479,243,264]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
youngi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which has the highest CLP score in the dataset (40.6) to be a significant outlier (Z = 3.337, critical Z= 3.151). This suggests that at least some troodontids had adapted avian-like limb proportions. However, the CLP scores of the eight dromaeosaurs were decidedly mixed (ranging from −20.4 to +18.5). Of these,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1381,1479,323,344]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mahakala</taxonomicName>
|
||
omnogovi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[519,669,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[519,634,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microraptor</taxonomicName>
|
||
gui
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,976,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sues" authorityYear="1978" box="[722,885,350,371]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Saurornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornitholestes</taxonomicName>
|
||
langstoni
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have extremely high scores, while the CLP scores of the other five dromaeosaurs are all negative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,136,612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
That a majority of the considered dromaeosaurs were found to have low scores indicates dromaeosaurs, as a group, did not undergo strong adaptive limb specialization for high-speed running. Indeed, given the reduced caudofemoral musculature of dromaeosaurs and the higher CLP scores of most compsognathids and tyrannosauroids (both more basal coelurosaurian groups), the opposite seems true: a majority of dromaeosaurs appear to have undergone a de-emphasis on cursorial limb proportions and to have been exposed to strong selective pressures favoring reduced running ability. These results are largely consistent with those of Carrano (1990)
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano, M." box="[1403,1418,533,547]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="29 - 42" part="247" refId="ref7446" refString="11. Carrano, M. What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology 247, 29 - 42 (1999)." title="What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<superScript attach="none" box="[1403,1418,533,547]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As in tyrannosauroids, the deinonychosaurs CLP scores are consistent with the presence/absence of an arctometatarsus: the consistently high scoring troodontids possess an arctometatarsus, while the dromaeosaurs do not.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,640,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,944,640,664]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ontogenetic variation and controversial taxa.</emphasis>
|
||
Among the multi-specimen dataset were individuals of the same species that differed from each other substantially in terms of femur length, and, therefore, assumed body mass. Although absolute size is not always an indicator of relative age, it is reasonable to assume that many of the smaller specimens probably represent younger individuals. For instance, the largest of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1316,1478,724,745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Coelophysis bauri</emphasis>
|
||
specimens (CMNH 10971a) has a femur that is more than 53% longer than the smallest (AMNH 7246), and the largest of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,846,777,799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Reig" authorityYear="1963" box="[546,684,778,799]" class="Reptilia" family="Herrerasauridae" genus="Herrerasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Herrerasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ischigualestensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimens (PVL 2566) has a femur that is more than 58% longer than the smallest (MACN 18.060). Four of the tyrannosaur specimens are known juveniles (the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1345,1479,804,825]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Albertosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sarcophagus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
specimen NMC 11315, the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lambe, 1914" box="[797,994,830,852]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="libratus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[797,994,830,852]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gorgosaurus libratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens AMNH 5423 and FMNH PR 2211, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[450,624,858,879]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[450,624,858,879]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388309" box="[724,857,857,879]" collectionCode="LACM" httpUri="https://collections.nhm.org/dinosaur-institute/ContactSheet.php?QueryName=DetailedQuery&StartAt=1&QueryPage=%2Fdinosaur-institute%2Findex.php&Restriction=%28exists+%28SecDepartment_tab+where+%28SecDepartment+contains+%27Dinosaur+Institute%27%29%29%29&col_SpeSpecimenNoInteger=23845&LimitPerPage=20&Search=Search& " pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="LACM 23845">LACM 23845</materialsCitation>
|
||
). Of these, FMNH PR 2211 has a femur length that is less than half that of NMC 11593 (implying an order of magnitude difference in likely bodyweight). Yet, the CLP scores calculated for even these exceptionally large and small specimens do not strongly vary from each other and fall within or near the range of scores calculated from other more moderately sized members of the same species (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1410,1467,937,959]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[415,480,704,726]" captionTargetBox="[418,1053,126,667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[415,1055,124,669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. CLP scores vs. femur length for the multi-specimen and Nanotyrannus datasets. Herrerasaurus ischigualestensis n =6, variance=1.7, coefficient of variance=0.09; Coelophysis bauri n =10, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= −0.25; Allosaurus fragilis (n= 8, variance= 1.7, coefficient of variance= −0.16; Albertosaurus sarcophagus n=4, variance= 1.4, coefficient of variance= 0.76; Gorgosaurus libratus n= 6, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= 0.08; Tyrannosaurus rex n= 5, variance= 7.5, coefficient of varianc =0.22; Nanotyrannus lancensis n= 2, variance=4.9, coefficient of variance= 0.06)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748504/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The CLP score of a particular theropod species, therefore, appears to neither increase nor decrease with mass and age. This indicates that the widely documented changes in theropod hindlimb proportions over ontogeny can be largely explained by factors simply relating to growth in body mass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,640,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Aside from indicating a generalized growth pattern across theropods, the recognition that, with respect simply to body mass, theropod hindlimb proportions follow roughly the same trend ontogenetically as interspecifically has several implications. First, it suggests that even if some specimens included in the initial dataset are immature, the CLP scores derived for those specimens are not likely to be misrepresentative. Second, it means that comparing CLP scores offers a potential independent method for assessing the validity of novel taxa erected based on immature or age-indeterminate specimens, which are suspected of belonging to pre-existing species, particularly when differences in limb proportions are hypothesised to be discriminating characters.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,640,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
For example, the controversial Late Cretaceous tyrannosaur
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1024,1249,1230,1252]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1024,1249,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been interpreted by some as a separate genus
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[647,685,1253,1267]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larson, P." box="[647,662,1253,1267]" editor="Parrish, J." journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="15 - 53" refId="ref9311" refString="59. Larson, P. The case for Nanotyrannus In Tyrannosaurid paleobiology (eds Parrish, J. et al.) 15 - 53 (Indiana University Press, 2013)." title="The case for Nanotyrannus In Tyrannosaurid paleobiology" type="book chapter" year="2013">59</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Currie, P. J. & Hurum, J. H. & Sabath, K." box="[670,685,1253,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="227 - 234" part="48" refId="ref9431" refString="62. Currie, P. J., Hurum, J. H. & Sabath, K. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48, 227 - 234 (2003)." title="Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">62</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
and by others as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1040,1214,1258,1279]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1040,1214,1258,1279]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1214,1266,1253,1267]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Currie, P. J." box="[1214,1229,1253,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="651 - 665" part="40" refId="ref7618" refString="16. Currie, P. J. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 651 - 665 (2003)." title="Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia" type="journal article" year="2003">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D." box="[1232,1248,1253,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref9471" refString="63. Carr, T. D. Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19, 497 - 520 (1999)." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">63</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E." box="[1250,1266,1253,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref9502" refString="64. Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142, 479 - 523 (2004)." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">64</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Arguments that favor the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[584,699,1284,1305]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[584,699,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[748,803,1284,1305]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[748,803,1284,1305]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
center on the interpretation of the various traits that appear to differ between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[501,614,1310,1332]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[501,614,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[660,714,1311,1332]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[660,714,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(which include various proportions of the skull, a small foramen in the quadratojugal, braincase morphology, tooth counts, and the form of the glenoid) as being ontogenetically dependent and indicating that all alleged
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[706,820,1364,1385]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[706,820,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens are, in actuality, immature specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1322,1376,1364,1385]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1322,1376,1364,1385]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There has been much discussion over the legitimacy of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[837,947,1390,1412]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,947,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the literature, but there will be no attempt here to summarize the points and counterpoints of, and to, the various arguments made by both camps (instead, readers are directed to consult Carr
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D." box="[682,697,1440,1454]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="497 - 520" part="19" refId="ref9471" refString="63. Carr, T. D. Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19, 497 - 520 (1999)." title="Craniofacial ontogeny in tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria)" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[682,697,1440,1454]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">63</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Larson
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larson, P." box="[813,828,1440,1454]" editor="Parrish, J." journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="15 - 53" refId="ref9311" refString="59. Larson, P. The case for Nanotyrannus In Tyrannosaurid paleobiology (eds Parrish, J. et al.) 15 - 53 (Indiana University Press, 2013)." title="The case for Nanotyrannus In Tyrannosaurid paleobiology" type="book chapter" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript attach="right" box="[813,828,1440,1454]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">59</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These arguments include a variety of anatomical proportions and characters, with Carr
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E." box="[613,628,1467,1481]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="479 - 523" part="142" refId="ref9502" refString="64. Carr, T. D. & Williamson, T. E. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142, 479 - 523 (2004)." title="Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[613,628,1467,1481]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">64</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
emphasising synapomorphies and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[958,1068,1470,1492]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1068,1470,1492]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diagnoses generally focusing on differences between it and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[563,617,1498,1519]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[563,617,1498,1519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The elongate hindlimb proportions of specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1216,1331,1497,1519]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1216,1331,1497,1519]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been specifically implicated in the debate as a trait that distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[994,1107,1524,1545]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[994,1107,1524,1545]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, alternatively, as a trait that can be explained away as simply reflecting immaturity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,640,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The allegedly elongate hindlimbs of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[790,1014,1577,1599]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[790,1014,1577,1599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have potential paleoecological implications. Excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[519,634,1604,1625]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[519,634,1604,1625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[645,824,1604,1625]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[645,824,1604,1625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only large carnivorous theropod known from the uppermost Maastrichtian beds of North America. This implies a lower diversity in large predators than is seen in most other well sampled dinosaur faunas. Furthermore, it has been postulated that the more elongate hindlimbs of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflect a form of predatory ecological niche partitioning between
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1123,1239,1684,1705]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1123,1239,1684,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1288,1343,1684,1705]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1343,1684,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Bakker
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Trivedi, B." box="[1425,1440,1680,1694]" journalOrPublisher="National geographic today" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" publicationUrl="news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0809_0208080_TVhadrosaur.html" refId="ref9547" refString="65. Trivedi, B., Tiny tyrant-fossil may be mini T. rex cousin. National geographic today. (2002) Avalible at: news. nationalgeographic. com / news / 2002 / 08 / 0809 _ 0208080 _ TVhadrosaur. html. (Accessed: 7 th December 2015)." title="Tiny tyrant-fossil may be mini T. rex cousin" type="book" year="2002">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1425,1440,1680,1694]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">65</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has suggested that the two tyrannosaurs are analogous to modern lions and cheetahs, with the smaller, more gracile, and longer legged
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[586,696,1737,1759]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[586,696,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being adapted for high-speed running. Such a comparison implies that
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1369,1479,1737,1759]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1369,1479,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should have proportionately more elongate hindlimbs and should, therefore, be predicted to have a much higher CLP score than
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[566,618,1791,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[566,618,1791,1812]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[415,1480,640,1972]" lastBlockId="9.[415,1480,388,837]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
To test this prediction, leg measurements were taken from two specimens that have been referred to
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,648,1844,1865]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[415,643,1844,1865]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">Nanotyrannus lancensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The first of these specimens is
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388312" box="[942,1176,1844,1866]" collectionCode="BMRP" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="BMRP 2002.4.1 (“Jane”)">BMRP 2002.4.1 (“Jane”)</materialsCitation>
|
||
. The second is
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388305" box="[1318,1417,1843,1865]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="BHI 6437">BHI-6437</materialsCitation>
|
||
, a 3-D digital specimen produced through photogrammetry
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Larson, P." box="[935,950,1867,1881]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" part="159" refId="ref9345" refString="60. Larson, P. The validity of Nanotyrannus lancensis (Theropoda, Lancian - Upper Maastrichtian of North America) Supplement to the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2013 Annual Meeting Abstract Volume, 159 (2013)." title="The validity of Nanotyrannus lancensis (Theropoda, Lancian - Upper Maastrichtian of North America)" type="proceedings" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[935,950,1867,1881]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">60</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and accessioned in the digital collections of the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research (see acknowledgments). The measurements and resulting CLP scores for
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388313" box="[415,563,1924,1945]" collectionCode="BMRP" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="BMRP 2002.4.1">BMRP 2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388310" box="[609,703,1924,1946]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="BHI 6437">BHI-6437</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[714,785,1924,1946]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[415,469,266,287]" captionTargetBox="[423,1204,134,233]" captionTargetId="graphics@9.[415,1216,124,238]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Limb measurements and CLP scores from the Nanotyrannus lancensis dataset (all measurements in mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346664197BFFABE7C7FE866EE75E3F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="DF346664197BFFABE7C7FE866EE75E3F">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) are very close to one another (35.8 and 32.7, respectively), and the scores of both these specimens fall well above the range of scores established from the four specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="0" order="Dinosauria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, the scores of
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388302" box="[696,851,389,410]" collectionCode="BMRP" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BMRP 2002.4.1">BMRP 2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388311" box="[901,999,388,410]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BHI 6437">BHI-6437</materialsCitation>
|
||
exceed the range of scores established by any of the other tyrannosauroids, including similarly sized and immature
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1068,1202,415,436]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1068,1202,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1946" box="[1250,1372,416,437]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1372,416,437]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[422,479,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[415,480,704,726]" captionTargetBox="[418,1053,126,667]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[415,1055,124,669]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. CLP scores vs. femur length for the multi-specimen and Nanotyrannus datasets. Herrerasaurus ischigualestensis n =6, variance=1.7, coefficient of variance=0.09; Coelophysis bauri n =10, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= −0.25; Allosaurus fragilis (n= 8, variance= 1.7, coefficient of variance= −0.16; Albertosaurus sarcophagus n=4, variance= 1.4, coefficient of variance= 0.76; Gorgosaurus libratus n= 6, variance= 2.6, coefficient of variance= 0.08; Tyrannosaurus rex n= 5, variance= 7.5, coefficient of varianc =0.22; Nanotyrannus lancensis n= 2, variance=4.9, coefficient of variance= 0.06)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748504/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The prediction that the alleged
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[792,1017,442,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[792,1017,442,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens should show limb proportions indicative of high cursorial adaptation is, therefore, met. Indeed, the two
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1058,1170,469,490]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1058,1170,469,490]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
scores exceed those of any other non-avialan theropod included in the initial dataset, making
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[996,1107,495,517]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[996,1107,495,517]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
arguably the most cursorily adapted of all non-avialan carnivorous theropods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<table box="[423,1204,134,233]" gridcols="6" gridrows="3" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<tr box="[423,1204,134,171]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<th box="[423,539,134,171]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[423,444,154,170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">ID</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[616,671,134,171]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Femur Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[713,812,134,171]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[713,812,154,171]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Tibia Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[851,959,134,171]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Metatarsal III Length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1014,1091,134,171]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1014,1091,134,170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Lower-leg length</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1129,1204,134,171]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1129,1204,154,171]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Leg Score</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1204,185,202]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<th box="[423,539,185,202]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388314" box="[423,539,185,202]" collectionCode="BMRP" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BMRP 2002.4.1">BMRP 2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,185,202]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">720</td>
|
||
<td box="[713,812,185,202]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">836</td>
|
||
<td box="[851,959,185,202]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">563</td>
|
||
<td box="[1014,1091,185,202]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">1399</td>
|
||
<td box="[1129,1204,185,202]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">35.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,1204,216,233]" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<th box="[423,539,216,233]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388306" box="[423,498,216,233]" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BHI 6437">BHI-6437</materialsCitation>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[616,671,216,233]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">657</td>
|
||
<td box="[713,812,216,233]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">720</td>
|
||
<td box="[851,959,216,233]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">546</td>
|
||
<td box="[1014,1091,216,233]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">1266</td>
|
||
<td box="[1129,1204,216,233]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">32.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF346664197BFFABE7C7FE866EE75E3F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346664197BFFABE7C7FE866EE75E3F" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" startId="9.[415,469,266,287]" targetBox="[423,1204,134,233]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[415,1466,266,315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
Table 4. Limb measurements and CLP scores from the
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[966,1201,266,288]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[966,1201,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dataset (all measurements in mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[415,1480,388,837]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
Nevertheless, some caution is warranted in the interpretation of the exceptionally high CLP scores here reported for the two alleged
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[684,908,575,597]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,908,575,597]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Nanotyrannus lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. Although the score of
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388317" box="[1235,1383,575,597]" collectionCode="BMRP" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BMRP 2002.4.1">BMRP 2002.4.1</materialsCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396388315" collectionCode="BHI" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" specimenCode="BHI 6437">BHI- 6437</materialsCitation>
|
||
exceed those of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[672,848,603,624]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[672,848,603,624]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Tyrannosaurus rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens and those of juvenile specimens of other tyrannosaurs, there is, as yet, no clearly identified juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[832,884,629,650]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[832,884,629,650]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen with limb proportions different from the referred
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens. It could, therefore, still be argued that
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[970,1022,656,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[970,1022,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gilmore" baseAuthorityYear="1946" box="[1067,1177,655,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Nanotyrannus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lancensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1067,1177,655,677]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">N. lancensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are synonymous, and that these results simply show that juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1905" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[725,777,683,704]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis box="[725,777,683,704]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">T. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possessed abnormally cursorial limb proportions that became altered over ontogeny. This is an interpretation with its own significant ecological implications – perhaps for ontogenetic diet shifts and adult vs. juvenile niche partitioning. However, such an interpretation is an argument for a special case, because, in at least two other genera of large-bodied tyrannosaurs (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1056,1188,762,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1056,1188,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1946" box="[1234,1354,762,783]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Gorgosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1234,1354,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), it is known that no similar changes in limb proportions occur. Establishing growth series for other large tyrannosaurs, including the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Maleev" authorityYear="1955" box="[625,741,815,836]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[625,741,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Tarbosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, will help further address this challenge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[415,1480,861,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,549,861,885]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Conclusion.</emphasis>
|
||
Accounting for the influence of allometry permits cursorial hindlimb proportions to be scored across all carnivorous theropods, regardless of body mass. CLP scores are generally low among early primitive theropods but are high in more derived forms, including both the small-bodied compsognathids and the large-bodied tyrannosaurs. This supports previous arguments that coelurosaurs are characterised by highly cursorial limb proportions
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[638,671,968,982]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carrano, M." box="[638,653,968,982]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" pagination="29 - 42" part="247" refId="ref7446" refString="11. Carrano, M. What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology 247, 29 - 42 (1999)." title="What, if anything, is a cursor? Categories versus continua for determining locomotor habit in mammals and dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holtz Jr, T. R." box="[655,671,968,982]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" pagination="480 - 519" part="14" refId="ref7485" refString="12. Holtz Jr, T. R. The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14, 480 - 519 (1995)." title="The arctometatarsalian pes, an unusual structure of the metatarsus of Cretaceous Theropoda (Dinosauria: Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1995">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
and supports more general inferences of increased relative limb elongation throughout the evolutionary history of predatory theropods
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bakker, R. T. & Bir, G." box="[902,917,995,1009]" editor="Currie, P." pageId="9" pageNumber="0" pagination="301 - 342" refId="ref9603" refString="66. Bakker, R. T. & Bir, G. 14. Dinosaur crime scene investigations: theropod behavior at Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the evolution of birdness In Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds (eds Currie, P. et al.) 301 - 342 (2004)." title="Dinosaur crime scene investigations: theropod behavior at Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the evolution of birdness" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds" year="2004">
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[902,917,995,1009]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">66</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, dromaeosaurs constitute an exception, as several dromaeosaur taxa appear to have strongly reduced cursorial limb proportions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[415,1480,861,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">
|
||
That the same allometric correcting method derived from interspecific comparisons also appears effective in intraspecific ontogenetic comparisons, indicates that much of the ontogenetic limb variation previously reported within different theropod taxa can be explained in terms of simple allometry. Although in the tyrannosaurs
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[415,549,1131,1152]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Albertosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="9" pageNumber="0" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,549,1131,1152]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Albertosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[597,719,1132,1153]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Gorgosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, small bodied juveniles were found to fall within the same CLP-score range as large-bodied adults, CLP scores calculated for the tyrannosaur
|
||
<emphasis box="[1011,1145,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
fell well outside the range of scores calculated for
|
||
<emphasis box="[551,693,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. This result suggests that the proportionately elongate lower legs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1343,1479,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Nanotyrannus</emphasis>
|
||
are not allometrically equivalent to those of
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,981,1212,1233]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and are, therefore, a legitimate character to cite as a morphological discriminator between the two. This illustrates how CLP scores may in future studies be used in taxonomic assessments of juvenile specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[415,1480,861,1447]" pageId="9" pageNumber="0">Unlike many previous attempts at estimating maximum running speeds in theropods and other approaches to allometric assessments of cursorial adaptations, the method here outlined is simple and Equation 1 can easily be applied to other theropod taxa. This method offers a way to quantify the degree of hindlimb elongation in descriptions of new theropod taxa, such that cursoriality can be quantitatively and more accurately assessed. Hopefully this method will be refined and utilized as new specimens become available, and the methodology will be applied to other dinosaur groups.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |