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<document id="A0DF0A9717C154306551A2FC59A9C108" ID-CLB-Dataset="2633" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5091.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="22e66303-82d5-4c5d-b688-a4d511f551de" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5840523" ID-ZooBank="964647F3-9828-4E34-A495-67E03BAFC2EF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1641986864005" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wu, Meng Yue, Schodde, Richard &amp; Rheindt, Frank E." docDate="2022" docId="03E287AEFFA7FFB986B26C3CFF42F9D2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5091.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5091 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cacomantis variolosus" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="FFDBFFD6FFBDFFA386256826FF8EFFA4" masterDocTitle="Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="69" pageNumber="95" updateTime="1699301481879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="668C79F0713C75E0BAFA630BBBBFEF4F">Integrating voice and phenotype in a revision of the brush cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus (Aves: Cuculidae) complex</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="30221737BE6B13D49CDA7F83AB5B910B">Wu, Meng Yue</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E5FD5D0970E48D206D92E03ACD1EEC0C">National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore. &amp; dbswmy @ nus. edu. sg; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8562 - 7667</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E0BFD59D307042DDDFBB77FB297B516E" type="email">dbswmy@nus.edu.sg</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="0A35F6A01652496FE39D5F357B1742B0">Schodde, Richard</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="C821C665C6B81D407FF33E06481FAF2F" type="ORCID">0000-0002-8255-4773</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="7DBF0BCF6E981A69019F4C2F1F7881BB">Australian National Wildlife Collection, National Research Collections Australia, CSIRO, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia. rschodde @ grapevine. com. au; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8255 - 4773</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C797E6F25DB0A634127792543ABED884">Rheindt, Frank E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="179685A7E2453846C83E7B42DEF0770A">National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore. &amp; dbsrfe @ nus. edu. sg; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8946 - 7085</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="5B406651276C0D205826C973D5474CD4">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E287AEFFA7FFB986B26C3CFF42F9D2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5840621" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192044158" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5840621" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E287AEFFA7FFB986B26C3CFF42F9D2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E287AEFFA7FFB986B26C3CFF42F9D2" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
<subSubSection id="C3516533FFA7FFB986B26C3CFA9DFBD9" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF436B8FFA7FFB986B26C3CFCA6FB90" blockId="26.[151,808,1050,1077]" box="[151,808,1050,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
<heading id="D0BC81D4FFA7FFB986B26C3CFCA6FB90" bold="true" box="[151,808,1050,1077]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB986B26C3CFCA6FB90" bold="true" box="[151,808,1050,1077]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
4.4
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3BFFA7FFB986E66C3DFCA6FB90" ID-CoL="P5WV" authority="(Vigors &amp; Horsfield, 1827)" baseAuthorityName="Vigors &amp; Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[195,808,1050,1077]" class="Aves" family="Cuculidae" genus="Cacomantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cuculiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosus">
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB986E66C3DFE58FB91" bold="true" box="[195,470,1050,1077]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Cacomantis variolosus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA4B49FFA7FFB987C06C3CFCAEFB90" author="Vigors, N. A. &amp; Horsfield, T." box="[485,800,1050,1076]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" pagination="170 - 331" refId="ref27914" refString="Vigors, N. A. &amp; Horsfield, T. (1827) A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 15, 170 - 331. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1826. tb 00115. x" type="journal article" year="1827">Vigors &amp; Horsfield, 1827</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF436B8FFA7FFB986B26C45FA9DFBD9" blockId="26.[151,1437,1123,1654]" box="[151,1299,1123,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB986B26C45FF63FBD9" bold="true" box="[151,237,1123,1149]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Range:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F35C7628FFA7FFB986D16C45FEEAFBD9" box="[244,356,1123,1149]" name="Indonesia" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
, Timor-Rote,
<collectingCountry id="F35C7628FFA7FFB987D86C45FDE9FBD9" box="[509,615,1123,1149]" name="Australia" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Australia</collectingCountry>
, New
<collectingCountry id="F35C7628FFA7FFB9848B6C45FD71FBD9" box="[686,767,1123,1149]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Guinea</collectingCountry>
and its satellite islands,
<collectingCountry id="F35C7628FFA7FFB982356C45FA81FBD9" box="[1040,1295,1123,1149]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Bismarck Archipelago</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3516533FFA7FFB986E26CA0FF42F9D2" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BF436B8FFA7FFB986E26CA0FEF2F9AD" blockId="26.[151,1437,1123,1654]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB986E26CA0FECAFB04" bold="true" box="[199,324,1158,1184]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
main song of
<specimenCount id="9D4DFD31FFA7FFB987C36CA1FDC7FB05" box="[486,585,1159,1185]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" type="generic" typeStatus="type">one type</specimenCount>
, elements consistently and characteristically M-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13702A3DFFA7FFB982F26CA1FA95FB05" box="[1239,1307,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[388,1205,925,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-251@11.[378,1210,921,1673]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. The seven element shapes found in the Cacomantis variolosus complex. Taxon names given represent the following geographic song types (see Results): sepulcralis—Sundaland and Philippines, virescens—Sulawesi and Sula, aeruginosus—resident Moluccas, variolosus—Australasia, blandus—Admiralty Islands, addendus—Solomon Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5840531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5840531/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) and delivered at moderate pace; basic morph of Australasian morphotype that varies from pale to dark (see 3.2.2(3) above); body medium-sized to large and tail proportionally short to mid-length: wing
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB985D86CE9FB9EFB4C" box="[1021,1040,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">c.</emphasis>
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, tail/wing ratio 0.80 1.06 (
<tableCitation id="C6C90303FFA7FFB986F26CD5FEA3FAA9" box="[215,301,1267,1293]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,244,466,493]" captionTargetBox="[165,2020,579,1643]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements and proportions of regional forms and populations of the Cacomantis variolosus complex. Bracketed measurements are of extreme ranges; those in between cover 75% of variation. Records of numbers of morphs per population are not exhaustive because morphs were not recorded for all museum collections. Abbreviations: M—males, F—females." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF346630FFBEFFA086B269F4FDDDFD91" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="DF346630FFBEFFA086B269F4FDDDFD91">Table 2</tableCitation>
); barred females with dorsa grading from plain with russet flecking on shoulders in paler populations to dully barred dusky on cinnamon in darker birds, and ventral white barred finely dusky in paler populations to boldly black in darker ones, with light to moderate cinnamon wash; juveniles ranging from dark in tone and clouded in markings to pale, brightly and coarsely patterned (Australian populations). In this group, the acoustic impression of the elements of the main song is dominated by the final deflection (
<figureCitation id="13702A3DFFA7FFB985CF6DA5FBBEFA39" box="[1002,1072,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[388,1205,925,1672]" captionTargetId="figure-251@11.[378,1210,921,1673]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. The seven element shapes found in the Cacomantis variolosus complex. Taxon names given represent the following geographic song types (see Results): sepulcralis—Sundaland and Philippines, virescens—Sulawesi and Sula, aeruginosus—resident Moluccas, variolosus—Australasia, blandus—Admiralty Islands, addendus—Solomon Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5840531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5840531/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). This is reflected quantitatively in terms of the frequency change between element sections, with significant differences from elements in all other primary differentiates (
<figureCitation id="13702A3DFFA7FFB987BA6DEDFE66FA41" box="[415,488,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[362,1228,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@14.[353,1235,181,1924]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Boxplots of vocal measurements. Explanation of variables: pacing—elements per second; element duration in seconds; changes in center frequency in Hertz. For further explanation of vocal parameters, see Methods." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5840539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5840539/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Element duration is also generally longer, with some overlap only with Sundaic populations (
<figureCitation id="13702A3DFFA7FFB9870C6DC9FEE1F9AD" box="[297,367,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1948,1972]" captionTargetBox="[362,1228,192,1912]" captionTargetId="figure-23@14.[353,1235,181,1924]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Boxplots of vocal measurements. Explanation of variables: pacing—elements per second; element duration in seconds; changes in center frequency in Hertz. For further explanation of vocal parameters, see Methods." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5840539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5840539/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF436B8FFA7FFB986E26E35FF42F9D2" blockId="26.[151,1437,1123,1654]" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">
This species, known traditionally as the “Brush Cuckoo” throughout Australasia, varies more regionally than any other in the
<taxonomicName id="4C4B4D3BFFA7FFB9876F6E11FE31F9F5" baseAuthorityName="Vigors &amp; Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[330,447,1591,1617]" class="Aves" family="Cuculidae" genus="Cacomantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cuculiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="95" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variolosus">
<emphasis id="B93FEAAAFFA7FFB9876F6E11FE31F9F5" box="[330,447,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="95">variolosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex, and has differentiated into 89 subspecies, as detailed below (see 4.4.1 following).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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