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<mods:title id="2CC5CD2B49F2A99B683ACDB5953DA3FC">Rudimentary halteres of some flightless female Phoridae (Diptera) reassessed, and some taxonomic implications</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C37B65533130FFE3364BFAB2FE4051A0" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83130FFE3364BFAB2FCBE5145" blockId="9.[264,867,1377,1438]" box="[264,867,1377,1403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<heading id="D09681B43130FFE3364BFAB2FCBE5145" bold="true" box="[264,867,1377,1403]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE3364BFAB2FCBE5145" bold="true" box="[264,867,1377,1403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE3364BFAB2FD0D5145" ID-CoL="6WPPW" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" box="[264,720,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Puliciphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE3364BFAB2FDF05145" bold="true" box="[264,557,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Puliciphora triangularis</emphasis>
(Borgmeier)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22657B13130FFE3359EFAB2FCBE5145" box="[733,867,1377,1403]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83130FFE3364BFA57FE4051A0" blockId="9.[264,867,1377,1438]" box="[264,413,1412,1438]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3130FFE33653FA57FE4851A0" box="[272,405,1412,1438]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 24" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[542,979,702,1231]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[506,1081,689,1249]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 22 24. Puliciphora triangularis: (22) female, abdominal tergite 5; (23) female, right wing rudiment; (24) male, left face of hypopygium. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 2224</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65533130FFE0364BFA07FD415560" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83130FFE3364BFA07FD2F51D5" blockId="9.[264,754,1492,1515]" box="[264,754,1492,1515]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7111F63130FFE3364BFA07FD2F51D5" box="[264,754,1492,1515]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE3364BFA07FD2F51D5" ID-CoL="8DKCH" authority="Borgmeier, 1960: 338" authorityName="Borgmeier" authorityPageNumber="338" authorityYear="1960" box="[264,754,1492,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Pulicimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE3364BFA07FDDF51D5" box="[264,514,1492,1515]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Pulicimyia triangularis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AC010C93130FFE3354BFA07FD2F51D5" author="Borgmeier" box="[520,754,1492,1515]" page="338" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" year="1960">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293130FFE3354BFA07FD6251D5" author="Borgmeier" box="[520,703,1492,1515]" pageId="9" pageNumber="53" refString="Borgmeier, T. (1960) Gefluegelte und ungefluegelte Phoriden aus der Neotropischen Region, nebst Beschreibung von sieben neuen Gattungen (Diptera, Phoridae). Studia Entomologica, Petropolis, 3, 257 - 374." type="journal article" year="1960">Borgmeier, 1960</bibRefCitation>
: 338
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83130FFE0364BF9CFFD415560" blockId="9.[264,1323,1564,1870]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1323,284,350]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
Among the material sent by Dr Carl Rettenmeyer was a series of somewhat teneral female specimens that had been misidentified by Borgmeier, in 1967, as
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE33377F997FE6952B8" ID-CoL="8BYMN" authority="Borgmeier. He" authorityName="Borgmeier. He" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE33377F997FAF75263" box="[1076,1322,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Ecituncula halterata</emphasis>
Borgmeier. He
</taxonomicName>
failed to realise they were the same as
<typeStatus id="54DA887A3130FFE334C2F9BFFC2C52B8" box="[897,1009,1644,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE3335BF9BFFAF752BB" ID-CoL="8DKCH" box="[1048,1322,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Pulicimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE3335BF9BFFAF752BB" box="[1048,1322,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Pulicimyia triangularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that he had designated in 1959. He also, in 1967, misidentified associated males as?
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE33656F96FFE4952EB" ID-CoL="49SG" box="[277,404,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE33656F96FFE4952EB" box="[277,404,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Ecituncula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. His misidentification of the females was evidently based on the resemblance of the haltere­like wing rudiments to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE33460F937FC6D52C3" ID-CoL="8BYMN" box="[803,944,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE33460F937FC6D52C3" box="[803,944,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">E. halterata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE33315F937FB2252C3" ID-CoL="8DKCH" box="[1110,1279,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Pulicimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE33315F937FB2252C3" box="[1110,1279,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">P. triangularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the wing rudiments bear a subterminal bristle (
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3130FFE33440F8DFFC865318" box="[771,859,1804,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 24" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[542,979,702,1231]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[506,1081,689,1249]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 22 24. Puliciphora triangularis: (22) female, abdominal tergite 5; (23) female, right wing rudiment; (24) male, left face of hypopygium. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169853/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), unlike in
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3130FFE334A2F8DFFBB0531B" ID-CoL="8BYMN" box="[993,1133,1804,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Ecituncula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="halterata">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3130FFE334A2F8DFFBB0531B" box="[993,1133,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">E. halterata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3130FFE3333EF8DFFB3B5318" box="[1149,1254,1804,1830]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 7" captionStartId="3.[264,382,1200,1224]" captionTargetBox="[571,1010,713,1161]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[537,1049,689,1173]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 2 7. Ecitophora females, wing rudiments: (2) E. collegiana, right rudiment; (3 7) E. halterata: (3 5) right rudiments of three different specimens; (6 7) Left and right rudiments of a single specimen. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169848/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 37</figureCitation>
). The species not only has wing rudiments but also a distinctive triangular anterior flap of abdominal tergite 5 (
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3133FFE036BDFECFFD855508" box="[510,600,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 24" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[542,979,702,1231]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[506,1081,689,1249]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 22 24. Puliciphora triangularis: (22) female, abdominal tergite 5; (23) female, right wing rudiment; (24) male, left face of hypopygium. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169853/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). The specific epithet refers to the latter feature. The hitherto unknown male is described below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65533133FFE0364BFE47FB2457B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0364BFE47FE995593" blockId="10.[264,1325,404,910]" box="[264,324,404,429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE0364BFE47FE995593" box="[264,324,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0367BFE6FFB2457B0" blockId="10.[264,1325,404,910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
The specimens are somewhat faded after half a century in alcohol. Frons with four supra­antennal bristles, 2­4­4 bristles and a pair of ocellars. The pre­ocellars are level with the anteroir ocellus and directly in front of the posterior pair. Postpedicels with numerous SPS vesicles whose diameters are subequal to sockets of SAs. Palps with 1416 hairs of which the 56 most distal are progressively longer and more bristle like. Proboscis smaller than that of female and with a much smaller labrum. Eyes with lowest ommatidia larger than uppermost ones. Thorax with bare mesopleuron and three bristles on notopleuron. Scutellum with an anterior pair of hairs (subequal to those at rear of scutum) and a posterior pair of bristles. Abdominal tergites with hairs mainly in the rear third of each, and with T2 and T6 longer than the rest. Hypopygium as
<figureCitation id="135A2A5D3133FFE034F4FCF7FBD25700" box="[951,1039,804,830]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 24" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1275,1299]" captionTargetBox="[542,979,702,1231]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[506,1081,689,1249]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 22 24. Puliciphora triangularis: (22) female, abdominal tergite 5; (23) female, right wing rudiment; (24) male, left face of hypopygium. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169853/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
. Legs typical for genus, except the transverse combs of the hind basitarsus lack any bifid spinules. Wing 0.80.9 mm long. Costal index 0.52. Costal ratios 0.60.7: 1. Costal cilia 0.020.03 mm long.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65533133FFE0364BFC17FE475230" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0364BFC17FEB257E3" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1230]" box="[264,367,964,989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE0364BFC17FEB257E3" box="[264,367,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Material</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0367BFC3FFCFC50F0" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
Material examined: Female
<typeStatus id="54DA887A3133FFE035D4FC3FFD225038" box="[663,767,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37676483133FFE03451FC3FFCA45038" box="[786,889,1004,1030]" name="Panama" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE03451FC3FFCA45038" bold="true" box="[786,889,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Panama</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
, Barro Colorado Island, ex refuse deposit of
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE036C7FBC7FD925013" box="[388,591,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3133FFE036C7FBC7FD965013" box="[388,587,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Eciton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burchellii">Eciton burchellii</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<date id="FFDF10183133FFE03515FBC7FD205010" box="[598,765,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" value="1955-03-01">1 March 1955</date>
, C. W. and M. E, Rettenmeyer (930, ex colony 55­B­iv) (Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut); female
<typeStatus id="54DA887A3133FFE03622FBB7FE145040" box="[353,457,1124,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, same data except
<date id="FFDF10183133FFE035EDFBB7FCBB5040" box="[686,870,1124,1150]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" value="1956-03-26">26 March 1956</date>
(1568, ex colony E­132) (Cambridge University Muzeum of Zoology);
<specimenCount id="9D67FD513133FFE035E6FB5FFCC05098" box="[677,797,1164,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="female">5 females</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D67FD513133FFE0346EFB5FFC505098" box="[813,909,1164,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
, same data except
<date id="FFDF10183133FFE03334FB5FFAF85098" box="[1143,1317,1164,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" value="1963-03-08">8 March 1963</date>
, (2699, ex colony E­313) (
<collectionCode id="ED70AE1D3133FFE03576FB67FD7250F0" box="[565,687,1204,1230]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">DEEBUC</collectionCode>
,
<collectionCode id="ED70AE1D3133FFE035F8FB67FCC850F0" box="[699,789,1204,1230]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/da58-p0xp" name="Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">CUMZ</collectionCode>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0364BFAD7FEAF5123" blockId="10.[264,1323,1284,1550]" box="[264,370,1284,1309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE0364BFAD7FEAF5123" box="[264,370,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">Affinities</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36D83133FFE0367BFAFFFE475230" blockId="10.[264,1323,1284,1550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
A few Afrotropical species, a single Nearctic species,
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3133FFE034F7FAFFFB3D5178" authority="Disney (1998)" authorityName="Disney" authorityYear="1998" box="[948,1248,1324,1350]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Puliciphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE034F7FAFFFBF1517B" box="[948,1068,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">P. nuttingi</emphasis>
Disney (1998)
</taxonomicName>
, and a single Neotropical species,
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3133FFE0350CFA87FC505150" authority="Disney (2005)" authorityName="Disney" authorityYear="2005" box="[591,909,1364,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Pulicimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE0350CFA87FD0A5153" box="[591,727,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">P. hancocki</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293133FFE035A3FA87FC505150" author="Disney" box="[736,909,1364,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (2005) A new species of Puliciphora Dahl (Dipt., Phoridae) from Ecuador, Entomologists's Monthly Magazine, 141, 65 - 67." type="journal article" year="2005">Disney (2005)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, retain small wing rudiments. This species differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3133FFE03540FAAFFDA251AB" box="[515,639,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Puliciphora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuttingi">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE03540FAAFFDA251AB" box="[515,639,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">P. nuttingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its distinctive, subtriangular, tapered anterior flap of abdominal tergite 5 and by the longer hairs on the abdomen. In the key to the Neotropical females (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B293133FFE03630FA1FFDC251D8" author="Disney" box="[371,543,1484,1510]" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" refString="Disney, R. H. L. (2003 a) Seven new species of New World Puliciphora Dahl (Diptera: Phoridae) with a new key to the Neotropical species. Zootaxa, 162, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">Disney, 2003a</bibRefCitation>
) it runs to couplet 27, but the equally distinctive
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5B3133FFE0332BFA1FFB3251DB" box="[1128,1263,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Pulicimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hancocki">
<emphasis id="B915EACA3133FFE0332BFA1FFB3251DB" box="[1128,1263,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">P. hancocki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
runs to couplet 7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>