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<document id="6CDED603B9ED63E05A0F42627D8BBB85" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172619" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fc2cfbf1-64f7-401d-8752-9bef74bc7eee" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172619" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459759026330" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sutou, Mitsuaki" docDate="2006" docId="03C887CB2D69FFEA5A0310F7FE37DBA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01223p018.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1223" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Plecia adiastola Hardy &amp; Takahashi 1960" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFF1FFB32D6DFFEF5B0B1351FFD6DD59" masterDocTitle="Immature stages of three Japanese species of the genus Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="18" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698214459310" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="313DC409B1A788430C8A3560100512F8">Immature stages of three Japanese species of the genus Plecia Wiedemann (Diptera: Bibionidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8DA2FBB6A1096103F3E754C1F90A8444">Sutou, Mitsuaki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6DCACBEF4D688541C7AC15D984F81F40">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8689A08F4492BA7FB6B795F46AB78A1D">1223</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1B987E313AE6ACB6D8AE0486A5152885" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.172619</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C887CB2D69FFEA5A0310F7FE37DBA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6260291" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119344376" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6260291" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C887CB2D69FFEA5A0310F7FE37DBA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C887CB2D69FFEA5A0310F7FE37DBA7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="C37B65562D69FFEB5A0310F7FCC7DE99" box="[264,785,934,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D69FFEB5A0310F7FCC7DE99" blockId="4.[264,785,934,960]" box="[264,785,934,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="D09681B12D69FFEB5A0310F7FCC7DE99" bold="true" box="[264,785,934,960]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5E2D69FFEB5A0310F7FCC7DE99" ID-CoL="4K2FN" authority="Hardy &amp; Takahashi, 1960" authorityName="Hardy &amp; Takahashi" authorityYear="1960" box="[264,785,934,960]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adiastola">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5A0310F7FCC7DE99" bold="true" box="[264,785,934,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5A0310F7FE11DE99" bold="true" box="[264,455,934,960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Plecia adiastola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2C2D69FFEB5AC410F7FCC7DE99" author="Hardy" box="[463,785,934,960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="17" refString="Hardy, D. E. &amp; Takahashi, M. (1960) Revision of the Japanese Bibionidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Pacific Insects, 2, 383 - 449." type="journal article" year="1960">Hardy &amp; Takahashi, 1960</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37B65562D69FFEA5A0310A3FE37DBA7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D69FFEB5A0310A3FE44D952" blockId="4.[264,1325,1010,1876]" box="[264,402,1010,1035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5A0310A3FE44D952" box="[264,402,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D69FFEB5A33174BFB0ED96D" blockId="4.[264,1325,1010,1876]" box="[312,1240,1050,1076]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5A33174BFEB1D96A" box="[312,359,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Egg</emphasis>
: Shiny brown with smooth surface (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5819174BFC83D96D" box="[786,853,1050,1076]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A),
<quantity id="4C999B382D69FFEB588D174BFBE7D96D" box="[902,1073,1050,1076]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="0.59" valueMax="0.65" valueMin="0.53">0.53–0.65 mm</quantity>
long (
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5F70174BFB5CD96A" box="[1147,1162,1050,1075]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n</emphasis>
= 20).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D69FFEA5A331713FB14DCDF" blockId="4.[264,1325,1010,1876]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,710]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D69FFEB5A331713FDC2D902" box="[312,532,1090,1115]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Final­instar larva</emphasis>
: Genae with 6 setae anteriorly and 18 sensory pits dorsally including 8 sensory pits along posterior stem of ecdysial suture (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5F15173BFBB2D9DD" box="[1054,1124,1130,1156]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G: 4–7). Frontal apotome with 2 setae anteriorly, 2 minute setae posteriorly, and 2 sensory pits between them (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5A5F17EBFE4ED98D" box="[340,408,1210,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G: 1–3). Clypeus with 4 setae and 6 sensory pits dorsally (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5F5317EBFB4DD98D" box="[1112,1179,1210,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G). Labrum with 2 minute setae and 2 sensory pits dorsally, about 10 small papillae and fine setae on its anterior membranous part (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5967165BFD78D87D" box="[620,686,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G). Epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5871165BFC6AD87D" box="[890,956,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
H) with many fine setae, small conical processes, 8 differentiated small papillae and 4 sensory pits. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5FA71663FB2DD815" box="[1196,1275,1330,1356]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figs.
<date id="FFDF101D2D69FFEB5FE51663FB2DD815" box="[1262,1275,1330,1356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</date>
</figureCitation>
I, J) with 3 large and 2 small teeth, well­developed prostheca attached inside, 3 setae and 2 dorsal sensory pits on its basal half. Cardo with 3 setae and sensory pit ventrally (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5FB016D3FB2AD8C5" box="[1211,1276,1410,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M). Galeolacinia nearly quadrilateral in shape, with conical projection and 2–3 small papillae on anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5AFC1683FD90D8B5" box="[503,582,1490,1516]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
L, M); dorsal surface with many fine setae, spinules, and 5–7 sensory pits (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5AAD16ABFE3CDB4D" box="[422,490,1530,1556]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
L); ventral surface with 1 seta (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB586D16ABFC7FDB4D" box="[870,937,1530,1556]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M). Stipes composed of 3 parts: proximal isolated appendage, middle sclerite with seta and sensory pit, and distal membranous ring with sensory pit (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB59A3151BFD3CDB3D" box="[680,746,1610,1636]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M). Maxillary palpus with sensory pit and 11–13 apical papillae, 1 or 2 of which slightly longer than others (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB58B41523FBD6DBD5" box="[959,1024,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
M). Central membranous area of labium with 12–14 small papillae and fine setae on its anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5FB515CBFAD7DBED" box="[1214,1281,1690,1716]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). Hypopharynx nearly wing­like in shape with some pubescence (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5F211593FBA4DB85" box="[1066,1138,1730,1756]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). Body dark brown, arrangement of processes as shown in
<tableCitation id="C6E303662D69FFEB582415BBFC53DA5D" box="[815,901,1770,1796]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 1. Arrangement of the processes on the body segments. a: final­instar larva, b: pupa. T: thorax, A: abdomen. Arrangement of the processes is divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts except for T 1 and A 9. Dorsal and ventral processes of each of T 2 – A 8 of the final­instar larva are subdivided into anterior, medial, and posterior rows. Venter of A 1 and A 2 of the pupa are covered by the leg and wing sheaths." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
a, but following deformations were found in some specimens: number of lateral processes of T3 only 4, posterior row of ventral processes of A1 and A2 absent. Plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D69FFEB5FCD146BFADFDA0D" box="[1222,1289,1850,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C) with 3 processes, central one smaller than lateral ones. Body cuticle covered with many spinules (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D68FFEA5A731215FE6FDC07" box="[376,441,324,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1574,1598]" captionTargetBox="[355,1242,314,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[293,1301,312,1564]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plecia adiastola. A, egg. B – M, final­instar larva. B, habitus, lateral view. C, plate­like ventral swelling of prothorax. D, spinules on dorsum of fourth abdominal segment. E, prothoracic spiracle. F, eighth abdominal spiracle. G, head, dorsal view. H, epipharynx. I, right mandible, dorsal view. J, right mandible, inner view. K, labium and hypopharynx, ventral view. L, left maxilla, dorsal view. M, left maxilla, ventral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant p (antennal plate), a st (appendage of stipes), cd (cardo), cly (clypeus), ec su (ecdysial suture), e st (eye spot), fr ap (frontal apotome), gala (galeolacinia), ge (gena), hyp (hypopharynx), lb (labium), lr (labrum), md (mandible), mxp (maxillary palpus), prs (prostheca), st (stipes). Scales: G, 0.5 mm. D – F and H – M, 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172620/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D). Width of head capsule
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA59FD1215FC77DC07" box="[758,929,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="6.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.8" valueMax="0.92" valueMin="0.68">0.68–0.92 mm</quantity>
(mean ± SD = 0.78 ±
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5FAE1215FAC6DC07" box="[1189,1296,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.06">0.06 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5E171215FAFDDC04" box="[1308,1323,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 67;
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D68FFEA5A47123DFE44DCDF" box="[332,402,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1670,1694]" captionTargetBox="[309,1277,342,1610]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,329,1624]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Width of head capsule of final­instar larva. a: P. adiastola; larvae were collected from several locations. b: P. hadrosoma; larval exuviae were collected from a cluster of pupae. Two peaks in b indicate that the size difference between males and females (males &lt;females) is apparent in the final­instar larva." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172626/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
a); Body length
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5945123DFD2EDCDF" box="[590,760,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" metricValueMax="1.67" metricValueMin="1.17" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="14.2" valueMax="16.7" valueMin="11.7">11.7–16.7 mm</quantity>
(mean ± SD = 14.2 ±
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA58F5123DFB8CDCDF" box="[1022,1114,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5F6D123DFBA3DCDC" box="[1126,1141,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 66).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D68FFEA5A3312C5FD27DF9F" blockId="5.[264,1323,284,710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5A3312C5FEA0DCF4" box="[312,374,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pupa</emphasis>
. Male (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D68FFEA5ADE12C5FDFEDCF7" box="[469,552,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,750,774]" captionTargetBox="[300,1262,322,749]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,307,762]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plecia adiastola, pupa. A, male, frontal view. B, male, lateral view. C, female, lateral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant (antenna), mxp (maxillary palpus), pro sp (prothoracic spiracle), rt (rostrum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172621/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A, B): Vertex uneven in frontal view; antenna arched, extending obliquely; maxillary palpus extending laterally; rostrum short. Extremities of hind legs reaching posterior margin of 2nd abdominal segment or anterior margin of 3rd abdominal segment. Arrangement of body processes as shown in
<tableCitation id="C6E303662D68FFEA589E115DFC3DDF7F" box="[917,1003,524,550]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[264,352,283,307]" captionText="TABLE 1. Arrangement of the processes on the body segments. a: final­instar larva, b: pupa. T: thorax, A: abdomen. Arrangement of the processes is divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral parts except for T 1 and A 9. Dorsal and ventral processes of each of T 2 – A 8 of the final­instar larva are subdivided into anterior, medial, and posterior rows. Venter of A 1 and A 2 of the pupa are covered by the leg and wing sheaths." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1</tableCitation>
b, but venter of A3 with 2 setae in some specimens. Abdominal spiracles flat, not protruded from body surface. Body length 6.3–10.0 mm (mean ± SD = 8.5 ± 1.0 mm,
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5865110DFCABDF2C" box="[878,893,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 26). Female (
<figureCitation id="135A2A582D68FFEA5F49110DFB5DDF2F" box="[1090,1163,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,750,774]" captionTargetBox="[300,1262,322,749]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,307,762]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Plecia adiastola, pupa. A, male, frontal view. B, male, lateral view. C, female, lateral view. Abbreviations (full terms in parentheses): ant (antenna), mxp (maxillary palpus), pro sp (prothoracic spiracle), rt (rostrum)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172621/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C): similar to male, but compound eye smaller, abdomen thicker than that of male. Body length
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5FCE11D5FEE0DF9F" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.35" metricValueMax="11.1" metricValueMin="7.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="9.35" valueMax="11.1" valueMin="7.6">7.6–11.1 mm</quantity>
(mean ± SD = 9.5 ±
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA592611FDFD5CDF9F" box="[557,650,684,710]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
,
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA599E11FDFD72DF9C" box="[661,676,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">n</emphasis>
= 24).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D68FFEA5A0311ADFE2ADE4C" blockId="5.[264,1323,764,1270]" box="[264,508,764,789]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5A0311ADFE2ADE4C" box="[264,508,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Specimens examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D68FFEA5A331075FB59D9AF" blockId="5.[264,1323,764,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5A331075FEB1DE64" box="[312,359,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Egg</emphasis>
: Laid by females reared from larvae or pupae collected on
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5F671075FB39DE67" box="[1132,1263,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1998-03-29">29.III.1998</date>
and
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5A03101DFE5CDE3F" box="[264,394,844,870]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2001-04-17">
17.IV.
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5A47101DFE5CDE3F" box="[332,394,844,870]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08254" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="2001.0">2001</quantity>
</date>
in Tokiwadai,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA5947101DFD64DE3F" box="[588,690,844,870]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="35.466667">35°28’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA59CB101DFCE5DE3F" box="[704,819,844,870]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="139.58333">139°35’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA584E101DFC5EDE3F" box="[837,904,844,870]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
alt., Hodogaya ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa Pref. and on
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA593D1025FD6EDED7" box="[566,696,884,910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-04-29">
29.IV.
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA59711025FD6EDED7" box="[634,696,884,910]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="2000.0">2000</quantity>
</date>
in Mt. Inao,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA586E1025FC1CDED7" box="[869,970,884,910]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="31.116667">31°07’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA58DC1025FB9DDED7" box="[983,1099,884,910]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="130.88333">130°53’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5F571025FB7DDED7" box="[1116,1195,884,910]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
alt., Sata, Kagoshima Pref.
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5AE010CDFD1FDEEC" box="[491,713,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Final­instar larva</emphasis>
: 14 examples,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA589710CDFBDEDEEF" box="[924,1032,924,950]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2003-05-06">6.V.2003</date>
, Mukaiyama,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA5FCE10CDFAFCDEEF" box="[1221,1322,924,950]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="38.233334">38°14’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA5A031095FEADDE87" box="[264,379,964,990]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="140.86667">140°52’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5A871095FE1ADE87" box="[396,460,964,990]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
alt., Taihaku ward, Sendai, Miyagi Pref.; 6 examples,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5F7D1095FB2BDE87" box="[1142,1277,964,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1998-03-29">29.III.1998</date>
, 21 examples,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5A8210BDFDDBD95F" box="[393,525,1004,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2001-04-17">17.IV.2001</date>
, 18 examples (10 examples in NSMT),
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA58F210BDFBAAD95F" box="[1017,1148,1004,1030]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2002-12-05">5.XII.2002</date>
, 14 examples,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5A031745FEABD977" box="[264,381,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2003-04-04">4.IV.2003</date>
, Tokiwadai, Yokohama; 5 examples,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA58641745FBC5D977" box="[879,1043,1044,1070]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-03-09" valueMax="2000-03-10" valueMin="2000-03-09">9–10.III.2000</date>
, Shiroyama,
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA5FCE1745FAFCD977" box="[1221,1322,1044,1070]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="31.583334">31°35’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE55501A2D68FFEA5A03176DFEACD90F" box="[264,378,1084,1110]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="925" value="130.53334">130°32’E</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5A81176DFE1FD90F" box="[394,457,1084,1110]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
alt., Kagoshima, Kagoshima Pref.
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5878176DFC67D90C" box="[883,945,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pupa</emphasis>
:
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA58C8176DFC24D916" box="[963,1010,1084,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">13♂</specimenCount>
, 14Ψ (
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA5F43176DFBBFD916" box="[1096,1129,1084,1110]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">5♂</specimenCount>
, 5Ψ in NSMT), reared from larvae collected on
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA59961735FCD0D927" box="[669,774,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2003-05-06">
6.V.
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA59C31735FCD0D927" box="[712,774,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.087619999999999" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="2003.0">2003</quantity>
</date>
in Mukaiyama, Sendai;
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA5F341735FB89D92E" box="[1087,1119,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">2♂</specimenCount>
, 2Ψ,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5FA01735FAF3D927" box="[1195,1317,1124,1150]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1998-05-10">10.V.1998</date>
, Tokiwadai, Yokohama;
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA592E17DDFD90D9C6" box="[549,582,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">4♂</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA595317DDFDAFD9C6" box="[600,633,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">5♂</specimenCount>
and 3Ψ, reared from larvae collected on
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5F7917DDFB23D9FF" box="[1138,1269,1164,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1998-03-29">29.III.1998</date>
and
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5A0317E5FE5FD997" box="[264,393,1204,1230]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2001-04-17">17.IV.2001</date>
respectively in Tokiwadai, Yokohama; 3Ψ, reared from larvae collected on
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5A03178DFE7FD9AF" box="[264,425,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-03-09" valueMax="2000-03-10" valueMin="2000-03-09">
9–10.III.
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5A62178DFE7FD9AF" box="[361,425,1244,1270]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="2000.0">2000</quantity>
</date>
in Shiroyama, Kagoshima;
<specimenCount id="9D67FD542D68FFEA59FA178DFCC4D9B6" box="[753,786,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="generic">3♂</specimenCount>
, 2Ψ,
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA585A178DFC00D9AF" box="[849,982,1244,1270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-04-29">29.IV.2000</date>
, Mt. Inao, Sata.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D68FFEA5A03167DFE1AD81C" blockId="5.[264,1323,1324,1790]" box="[264,460,1324,1349]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5A03167DFE1AD81C" box="[264,460,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ecological notes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDE36DD2D68FFEA5A331605FE37DBA7" blockId="5.[264,1323,1324,1790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The distribution of this species appears to be restricted to
<collectingCountry id="F376764D2D68FFEA5F1F1605FB8DD837" box="[1044,1115,1364,1390]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
. In the plains of central
<collectingCountry id="F376764D2D68FFEA5A6A162DFE71D8CF" box="[353,423,1404,1430]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
, the adults emerge from mid­May to early June, and the final­instar larvae develop beyond the winter (univoltine). The larvae and pupae are usually gregarious in soil. The number of individuals in a single cluster ranged from
<quantity id="4C999B382D68FFEA5F1F169DFB4BD8BF" box="[1044,1181,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5112999999999999" metricValueMax="2.4384" metricValueMin="0.5842" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="59.5" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="23.0">23 to 96 in</quantity>
the present study. The larvae of this species prefer damp soil in a forest, e.g., directly under rotting wood. According to
<bibRefCitation id="EFF04B2C2D68FFEA5904154DFD2BDB6F" author="Krivosheina" box="[527,765,1564,1590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="17" refString="Krivosheina, N. P. (1998) Morphological varieties of the xylophilous east-palaearctic species Plecia thulinigra Hardy, 1961 (Diptera, Pleciidae). International Journal of Dipterological Research, 9, 99 - 104." type="journal article" year="1998">Krivosheina (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, the larvae of the closely related species
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5E2D68FFEA5E1E154DFEABDB04" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thulinigra">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5E1E154DFEABDB04" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. thulinigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
live in rotting wood at the final stage of decomposition in Far East
<collectingCountry id="F376764D2D68FFEA5FDD1515FAFEDB07" box="[1238,1320,1604,1630]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Russia</collectingCountry>
. Many males of
<taxonomicName id="4C614D5E2D68FFEA5AC2153DFD80DBDC" box="[457,598,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Bibionidae" genus="Plecia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adiastola">
<emphasis id="B915EACF2D68FFEA5AC2153DFD80DBDC" box="[457,598,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. adiastola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed walking on piles of decayed wood trying to mate with females (
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5AFD15C5FD55DBF7" box="[502,643,1684,1710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2000-05-29">29. V. 2000</date>
, Hachioji, Tokyo). Flight activity was rarely seen in this species, but several males were once observed flying during daylight hours (
<date id="FFDF101D2D68FFEA5FBE15EDFE90DBA7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="2001-05-25" valueMax="2001-05-26" valueMin="2001-05-25">25–26. V. 2001</date>
, Yokohama).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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