232 lines
25 KiB
XML
232 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6858D8905046CBE8B5AC9694DE93E5E8">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="321C6C237E54C001819066701B7F6A2A">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59A2ED8CEA1E4D343B7B3FF57A3103CA">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="833817F8032658DB63CD4E7CD47009CF">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DB6CA64DC06787B647133BCE8655D00F">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0450B0CC3266677594C05187E46AB943">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D3864B88241CD9A09F26572400AE4371">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F3F8C58DFAC2A6618E226B0C9B3E1147">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CA3BB0E29E99497A73B7047B64D3A87F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B7DB659C35E361BF2D3EEECBC280182A">
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<mods:date id="40B5176FE372B548EA60A99BAB282192">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CF5516A79B76F290C7100B4ABBDF2539">2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4E1BD13237C8CB50549856E5B0891C3C">5197</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F2853F61AF274F84AE0B4E6C4F54C63A">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="43F6B7E32D41FD546DDF067A25BD6233">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6FD9ABD0BB011D419D0D9A5D4B991B3D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFFF800DFF785175FEAD5A2B" box="[151,343,1326,1353]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFF800DFF785175FEAD5A2B" blockId="36.[151,343,1326,1353]" box="[151,343,1326,1353]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="D0967F65FFFF800DFF785175FEAD5A2B" bold="true" box="[151,343,1326,1353]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFF785175FEAD5A2B" bold="true" box="[151,343,1326,1353]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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2.8.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFF275174FEAD5A2B" ID-CoL="93MZM" ID-ENA="40080" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[200,343,1326,1352]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFFF800FFF78512CFC7B5ECF" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFF800DFF78512CFEBD59EE" blockId="36.[151,1437,1398,2038]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFF78512CFE235AF3" bold="true" box="[151,473,1398,1425]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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the third largest subfamily in
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFCDD512DFC575AF2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[818,941,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
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and globally comprises 1,274 valid species in 172 genera (Nuss
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFE6D51C6FE465AD6" box="[386,444,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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2003–2022,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFF800DFDBF51C1FCEC5AD6" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[592,790,1435,1461]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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||
Léger
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFD7651C6FD285AD6" box="[665,722,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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2020
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
), with 94 genera (52%) monotypic and only three genera with more than 50 species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFE2A519AFD685ABA" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[453,658,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Loxostege" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFE2A519AFDCD5ABA" box="[453,567,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Loxostege</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFD7351E5FCBD5ABA" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1823" box="[668,839,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Anania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFD7351E5FD175ABA" box="[668,749,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Anania</emphasis>
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Hübner
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFC94519AFBB85ABA" authority="Schrank" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1802" box="[891,1090,1471,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Pyrausta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFC94519AFC1A5ABA" box="[891,992,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Pyrausta</emphasis>
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Schrank
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</taxonomicName>
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(Nuss
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFB60519AFB3C5ABA" box="[1167,1222,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
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2003–2022). From
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFFF800DFF7851B9FF295A9E" box="[151,211,1507,1533]" name="India" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">India</collectingCountry>
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, 183 species in 53 genera are reported, representing 14.36% of the global species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFB7451B9FADB5A9E" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1179,1313,1507,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
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. 24 genera are known through single species only, 26 genera are reported by 10 species or less and three genera are reported by having more than 10 species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFE0F5271FD265926" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1863" box="[480,732,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Crocidophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFE0F5271FD845926" box="[480,638,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Crocidophora</emphasis>
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Lederer
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFD095276FC595926" authority="Shrank" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1802" box="[742,931,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Pyrausta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFD095276FCB15926" box="[742,843,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Pyrausta</emphasis>
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Shrank
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFF800DFC335271FB7D5926" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1859" box="[988,1159,1579,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Pagyda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFC335271FBC85926" box="[988,1074,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Pagyda</emphasis>
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Walker
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFFF800DFB795271FB135925" box="[1174,1257,1579,1606]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="37.[152,255,847,871]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,187,818]" captionTargetId="figure-19@37.[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 25. Species diversity of Indian Pyraustinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252342/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
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). The subfamily is most diverse in the North East and central Himalaya, with fewer species in the remainder of the biogeographic zones (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFFF800DFF095229FEC159EE" box="[230,315,1651,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="37.[152,255,1971,1995]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,905,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-32@37.[151,1436,896,1948]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURE 26. Species diversity of Indian Pyraustinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252346/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFF800DFF2852CCFBFC5896" blockId="36.[151,1437,1398,2038]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFF2852CCFE6059D2" bold="true" box="[199,410,1686,1713]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Adult characters:</emphasis>
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generally, have the triangular forewings, long legs and a somewhat satiny appearance. The antennae are long and sometimes crossing the forewing apex. In both sexes, the third labial palpomere is well developed. The forewing in males often exhibits a retinacular hook. CuP of the forewing is absent or represented by a fold, and 2A and 1A form a large, closed loop. M
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<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFFF800DFD38534FFD255840" attach="left" box="[727,735,1813,1827]" fontSize="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
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of the hindwing is often stalked with Rs, and the base of CuA is not pectinate. In the paired tympanal organ, the surface of the fornix tympani is recessed within the tympanic frame. In the genitalia, males have a conical uncus and a tegumen with a distinct sclerotisation pattern. The gnathos is almost rudimentary or lost. The valvae often exhibit a sclerotised process (sella) carrying strong hairs of different shapes (editum). The female genitalia usually exhibit an appendix bursae and a long, coiled ductus bursae. The signum is usually rhombical and broad, with the transverse axis longer than the longitudinal axis, it often exhibits distinct ridges (carinae) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFF800DFE415381FDBE5895" author="Marion, H." box="[430,580,2011,2038]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="260 - 270" refId="ref291838" refString="Marion, H. (1952) Ebauche d'une classification nouvelle des Pyraustidae. Revue francaise de Lepidopterologie, 13, 260 - 270." type="journal article" year="1952">Marion 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFF800DFDA05381FCD05896" author="Solis, M. A. & Maes, K. V. N." box="[591,810,2011,2037]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="53 - 95" refId="ref310216" refString="Solis, M. A. & Maes, K. V. N. (2003) Preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Crambidae (Pyraloidea Lepidoptera). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 4 (2002), 53 - 95." type="journal article" year="2003">Solis & Maes 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFF800DFCDA5381FC015896" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[821,1019,2011,2037]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mally
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFF800DFC905386FC4D5896" box="[895,951,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFFE800CFF775715FCF25C0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252342" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252342" box="[152,776,847,872]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252342/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[152,255,847,871]" targetBox="[157,1430,187,818]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFE800CFF775715FCF25C0B" blockId="37.[152,776,847,872]" box="[152,776,847,872]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFE800CFF775715FEDF5C04" bold="true" box="[152,293,847,871]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFE800CFE15570AFDC15C0B" box="[506,571,848,872]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFE800CFDAE570AFD4D5C0B" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[577,695,848,872]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFFE800CFF7753E9FBB758A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252346" box="[152,1101,1971,1995]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252346/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[152,255,1971,1995]" targetBox="[160,1427,905,1940]" targetPageId="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFE800CFF7753E9FBB758A8" blockId="37.[152,1101,1971,1995]" box="[152,1101,1971,1995]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFE800CFF7753E9FEDF58A8" bold="true" box="[152,293,1971,1995]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFE800CFE1553E9FDC158A8" box="[506,571,1971,1995]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFE800CFDAE53E9FD4D58A8" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[577,695,1971,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in different biogeographic zones/zones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFD800FFF2854CCFCBC5E07" blockId="38.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFF2854CCFE525FD3" bold="true" box="[199,424,150,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFD800FFDAC54CCFD085FD3" author="Allyson, S." box="[579,754,150,176]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="463 - 518" refId="ref260637" refString="Allyson, S. (1981) Last instar larvae of Pyraustini of America north of Mexico (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 113 (6), 463 - 518. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 113463 - 6" type="journal article" year="1981">Allyson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, last-instar larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFC0D54CCFB9F5FD3" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[994,1125,150,176]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit the following diagnostic characters: Posterior angle of frons extending to two-thirds or more of distance to occipital foramen, prothorax with two L setae, D- and SD-bearing pinacula never fused on metathorax,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFFD800FFBD65484FB9B5F9B" box="[1081,1121,222,248]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 bearing pinaculum always present on A2 and A7, distance of V1-V1 larger on A10 than on A9, latter with one L seta, L2 present on A1 to A8, proleg crochets bi- or triordinal, arranged in a complete or incomplete circle. These characters are shared with the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFEAF5510FE3C5E07" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[320,454,330,356]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFE155510FCB85E07" authority="(Allyson 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Allyson" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[506,834,330,356]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
Spilomelinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFD800FFD735510FCC05E07" author="Allyson, S." box="[668,826,330,356]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="1301 - 1334" refId="ref260686" refString="Allyson, S. (1984) Description of last instar larvae of 22 species of North American Spilomelini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Pyraustinae) with a key to species. The Canadian Entomologist, 116 (10), 1301 - 1334. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1161301 - 10" type="journal article" year="1984">Allyson 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFD800FFF285534FC7B5ECF" blockId="38.[151,1437,150,429]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFF285534FEA45EEB" bold="true" box="[199,350,366,392]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae feed on a variety of dicotyledonous plants, with the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFBD45534FB515EEB" box="[1083,1195,366,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="tribe" tribe="Euclastini">Euclastini</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFB3A5534FA965EEB" box="[1237,1388,366,392]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFF7855C8FEA75ECF" box="[151,349,402,428]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Portentomorphini">Portentomorphini</taxonomicName>
|
||
primarily on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFD800FFE1955C8FC875ECF" authority="(Mally et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Mally" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[502,893,402,428]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Phyllanthaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFD800FFD4155C8FC8C5ECF" author="Mally, R. & Hayden, J. E. & Neinhuis, C. & Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M." box="[686,886,402,428]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="141 - 204" refId="ref291212" refString="Mally, R., Hayden, J. E., Neinhuis, C., Jordal, B. H. & Nuss, M. (2019) The phylogenetic systematics of Spilomelinae and Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) inferred from DNA and morphology. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 77 (1), 141 - 204." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mally
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFD800FFD1555C9FCC85ECF" box="[762,818,402,428]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |