344 lines
40 KiB
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344 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8CC4B51E0EA8D3FDEAE0AE4180E0D998">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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2.3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FF275087FE9D5B94" ID-CoL="93MW7" ID-ENA="299367" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[200,359,1245,1271]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FF78517FFE215A5C" bold="true" box="[151,475,1317,1343]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FE0B517FFD8C5A5C" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[484,630,1317,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
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were subject to several nomenclatural changes, with the former
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FAB1517FFF1C5A00" authorityName="Minet" authorityYear="1981" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cathariinae">Cathariinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FF1D5113FE685A00" authorityName="Marion" authorityYear="1955" box="[242,402,1353,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cybalomiinae">Cybalomiinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FE715113FDBE5A00" box="[414,580,1353,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dichogaminae">Dichogaminae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FDBF5113FD195A00" authorityName="Marion" authorityYear="1952" box="[592,739,1353,1379]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Evergestinae">Evergestinae</taxonomicName>
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, and Noordinae now all are considered as synonyms (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC68034FAAD5113FED55AE4" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC68034FED45137FDF35AE4" author="Regier, J. C. & Mitter, C. & Solis, M. A. & Hayden, J. E. & Landry, B. & Nuss, M. & Simonsen, T. J. & Yen, S. H. & Zwick, A. & Cummings, M. P." box="[315,521,1389,1415]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="635 - 656" refId="ref302688" refString="Regier, J. C., Mitter, C., Solis, M. A., Hayden, J. E., Landry, B., Nuss, M., Simonsen, T. J., Yen, S. H., Zwick, A. & Cummings, M. P. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37, 635 - 656. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2012.00641. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
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||
Regier
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FE625134FE3C5AE4" box="[397,454,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2012
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC68034FDFA5137FD215AE4" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[533,731,1389,1415]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Léger
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FDB15134FD6D5AE4" box="[606,663,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
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2020
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The subfamily comprise 509 species in 75 genera worldwide (Nuss
|
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FF3051C8FEED5AC8" box="[223,279,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FEBA51CBFE995AC8" bold="true" box="[341,355,1425,1451]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">–</emphasis>
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2022,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC68034FE4751CBFD905AC8" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[424,618,1425,1451]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Léger
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FE1F51C8FDDD5AC8" box="[496,551,1425,1451]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC68034FD7551CBFD2C5AC8" box="[666,726,1425,1451]" name="India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">India</collectingCountry>
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, 29 species in 10 genera are reported, representing 5.69% of the global
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FF0A51EFFE8D5AAC" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[229,375,1461,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
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||
diversity. Of the 10 genera reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC68034FCBB51EFFC6A5AAC" box="[852,912,1461,1487]" name="India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">India</collectingCountry>
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||
, four genera are represented by single species, five genera by less than 10 species, and one genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FD0A5183FBF95A90" authority="Meyrickis" authorityName="Meyrickis" authorityYear="1884" box="[741,1027,1497,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Trichophysetis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FD0A5183FC725A90" box="[741,904,1497,1523]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Trichophysetis</emphasis>
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||
Meyrickis
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
reported by 11 species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC68034FAF55183FA955A90" box="[1306,1391,1497,1523]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[152,255,1987,2011]" captionTargetBox="[256,1333,503,1948]" captionTargetId="figure-165@30.[241,1347,489,1964]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Species diversity of Indian Glaphyriinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252328" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252328/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC68034FF7851A7FF295974" box="[151,211,1533,1559]" name="India" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">India</collectingCountry>
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||
, the
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC68034FEE651A7FE615974" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[265,411,1533,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
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are most diverse in North East, followed by the West- and North West Himalaya, the Gangetic plain, the Deccan Peninsula, the Western Ghats, the Semi Arid and the central Himalaya biogeographic zones (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFC68034FF70521FFF09593C" box="[159,243,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="31.[152,255,1189,1213]" captionTargetBox="[200,1387,189,1157]" captionTargetId="figure-19@31.[192,1395,181,1165]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 19. Species diversity of Indian Glaphyriinae in different biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252330/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC68036FF285233FD005A2E" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC68037FF285233FB605EB2" blockId="29.[151,1437,1317,2028]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,465]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC68034FF285233FE6659E0" bold="true" box="[199,412,1641,1667]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Adult characters:</emphasis>
|
||
small to medium-sized moths (
|
||
<quantity id="4C9965ECFFC68034FCEA5233FC7859E0" box="[773,898,1641,1667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="28.0" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="10.0">10–46 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with short to long, narrow body, above which the wings are held in a roof-like fashion in resting position. Adults usually nocturnal and attracted to light. Head: ocelli mostly present, chaetosemata absent, proboscis variable from well developed to sometimes reduced or absent. Labial palps usually long, porrect or upturned, first and second palpomeres usually long, third shorter, often with thick, bushy scaling. Maxillary palps often well developed with apical tuft of scales.Antennae shorter than forewing length. Forewing long, narrow to broadly triangular, with fairly simple maculation and well-defined discocellular spot. CuP absent, anal veins free or forming a large loop. Males with fovea between R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC68034FB8B530EFB875801" attach="left" box="[1124,1149,1876,1890]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3+4</subScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC68034FB285309FB355802" attach="left" box="[1223,1231,1875,1889]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">5</subScript>
|
||
. Hindwing broad, maculation plain, pearly-white and darker towards termen, or with similar coloration to forewing. Sc+R
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC68034FAD55322FAB858E5" attach="left" box="[1338,1346,1912,1926]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
|
||
anastomosed with Rs beyond end of discal cell. M
|
||
<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFC68034FD7C53C6FD6158C9" attach="left" box="[659,667,1948,1962]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
|
||
separate or short-stalked with Rs. Base of CuA pectinate with fine piliform scales, or not pectinate. Underside similar but paler, with faint impressions of markings from upper side. Males mostly with frenulum hook, frenulum single in males, multiple or single in females. Praecinctorium unilobed or weakly bilobed. Tympanal organs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC58037FDA054CDFD2A5FD2" authorityName="Minet" authorityYear="1981" box="[591,720,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cathariinae">Cathariinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
sexually dimorphic, being reduced in females, and the tympanal ridge lateral in males, and almost dorsal in females.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFC58037FD3354E1FCEC5FB6" box="[732,790,187,213]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Male</collectingRegion>
|
||
genitalia with well-developed, long, slender uncus (wide, distally rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC58037FE805485FDCD5F9A" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1863" box="[367,567,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Catharia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC58037FE805485FE2E5F9A" box="[367,468,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Catharia</emphasis>
|
||
Lederer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Gnathos variable from reduced or absent to well-developed, articulated with tegumen sides, dorsally spinose, sometimes with transverse bridge and a very short element arising from its centre. Tegumen high and narrowly arched. Transtilla complete to reduced. Valva broadly rounded to narrow and elongate, usually unarmed. Juxta U-shaped or annular, often with spinose lateral elements. Phallus cylindrical, often angled behind centre, where the ductus ejaculatorius attaches to the apodeme, vesica with or without one or multiple cornuti. In female genitalia, corpus bursae with paired, usually rounded and spinose, occasionally fused signa, or signa absent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC58037FF0255EDFE635EB2" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[237,409,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref269899" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, vi + 535 pp." type="book" year="1990">Common 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC58037FE4B55EDFD6B5EB2" author="Robinson, G. S. & Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M." box="[420,657,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC58037FDF855EDFDB55EB2" box="[535,591,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC58037FD7355EDFC685EB2" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[668,914,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC58037FC7255EDFB775EB2" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[925,1165,439,465]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC58037FBFD55EDFBB15EB2" box="[1042,1099,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFC58037FF775399FCEC58BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252328" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252328" box="[152,790,1987,2012]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252328/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[152,255,1987,2011]" targetBox="[256,1333,503,1948]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC58037FF775399FCEC58BF" blockId="30.[152,790,1987,2012]" box="[152,790,1987,2012]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC58037FF775399FEDF58B8" bold="true" box="[152,293,1987,2011]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 18.</emphasis>
|
||
Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC58037FE15539EFDC158BF" box="[506,571,1988,2012]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC58037FDAE539EFD3F58BF" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[577,709,1988,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFC48036FF7750FFFBA15BDE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252330" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252330" box="[152,1115,1189,1213]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252330/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[152,255,1189,1213]" targetBox="[200,1387,189,1157]" targetPageId="31">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF7750FFFBA15BDE" blockId="31.[152,1115,1189,1213]" box="[152,1115,1189,1213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF7750FFFEDF5BDE" bold="true" box="[152,293,1189,1213]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 19.</emphasis>
|
||
Species diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FE1550FFFDC15BDE" box="[506,571,1189,1213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Carangidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FDAE50FFFD3F5BDE" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[577,709,1189,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in different biogeographic zones/zones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF2850B6FD005A2E" blockId="31.[151,1437,1259,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF2850B6FE5F5A65" bold="true" box="[199,421,1260,1286]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
the morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FD6F50B1FCE85A66" authorityName="W. T. M. Forbes" authorityYear="1923" box="[640,786,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glaphyriinae">Glaphyriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FBD650B1FB455A66" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1890" box="[1081,1215,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pyraustinae">Pyraustinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many diagnostic characters are uncertain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FE3A5155FD685A49" author="Solis, M. A. & Metz, M. & Janzen, D. H." box="[469,658,1295,1322]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="766 - 784" refId="ref310261" refString="Solis, M. A., Metz, M. & Janzen, D. H. (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of Cosmopterosis Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae) with discussions on male secondary sexual characters and larval feeding on Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in the Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera (Insecta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102 (5), 766 - 784. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 008.102.0504" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Solis
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FDF8514AFDB25A4A" box="[535,584,1295,1321]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FD72514AFC6D5A49" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[669,919,1295,1322]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larval characters for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FB72514AFA965A4A" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1825" box="[1181,1388,1295,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Evergestis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FB72514AFAEB5A4A" box="[1181,1297,1296,1321]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Evergestis</emphasis>
|
||
Hübner
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FF785169FE8A5A2E" authority="Lederer" authorityName="Lederer" authorityYear="1863" box="[151,368,1331,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Cybalomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF785169FEE85A2E" box="[151,274,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cybalomia</emphasis>
|
||
Lederer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FDC15169FD0C5A2E" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[558,758,1331,1357]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFC48036FF285102FAC0590D" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF285102FAC0590D" blockId="31.[151,1437,1259,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF285102FEA55A11" bold="true" box="[199,351,1368,1394]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae bore in branches, stems or bark, feed in buds or heads, or on folded leaves, where they might feed gregariously under a web. The caterpillars mostly feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FC4C5121FBDB5AF6" box="[931,1057,1403,1429]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Brassicales</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FB875121FB065AF6" authorityName="G.T.Burnett" authorityYear="1835" box="[1128,1276,1403,1429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FAE95126FA625AF5" box="[1286,1432,1404,1430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Capparaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Capparaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FF7851C5FED45ADA" box="[151,302,1439,1465]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moringaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moringaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a feeding habit observed rarely in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FD2551C5FBD05AD9" authority="(Solis et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Solis" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[714,1066,1439,1466]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Lepidoptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FC8E51C5FBD85AD9" author="Solis, M. A. & Metz, M. & Janzen, D. H." box="[865,1058,1439,1466]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="766 - 784" refId="ref310261" refString="Solis, M. A., Metz, M. & Janzen, D. H. (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of Cosmopterosis Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Glaphyriinae) with discussions on male secondary sexual characters and larval feeding on Capparis L. (Capparaceae) in the Pyraloidea and Lepidoptera (Insecta). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102 (5), 766 - 784. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 008.102.0504" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Solis
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FC4C51FAFC275ADA" box="[931,989,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FBD951C5FB135AD9" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[1078,1257,1439,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Hellula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FBD951C5FB705ADA" box="[1078,1162,1439,1465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hellula</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae can be a major pest of crops worldwide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FDE9519EFCFC5ABD" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[518,774,1475,1502]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FCF35199FC045ABE" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1872" box="[796,1022,1475,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Dicymolomia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FCF35199FC495ABE" box="[796,947,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Dicymolomia</emphasis>
|
||
Zeller
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are recorded boring in stems of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FF5951B2FEAB5961" authority="Dyar" authorityName="Dyar" box="[182,337,1512,1538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF5951B2FEE85961" box="[182,274,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||
Dyar
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FE8F51BDFDEA5962" box="[352,528,1511,1537]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Caryophyllales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FDF551B2FD775961" box="[538,653,1512,1538]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and in heads of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FCA051BDFC325961" box="[847,968,1511,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" genus="Typha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FCA051BDFC695962" box="[847,915,1511,1537]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Typha</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FC3851BDFBDC5962" box="[983,1062,1511,1537]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Poales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FBDF51BDFB565962" authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1072,1196,1511,1537]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Typhaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FB0D51B2FED25945" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lecontei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FB0D51B2FA675962" box="[1250,1437,1511,1538]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Cirsium lecontei</emphasis>
|
||
(Asteraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FEDA5256FDB05946" box="[309,586,1547,1574]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Gossypium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FEDA5256FE4B5945" box="[309,433,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Gossypium</emphasis>
|
||
(Malvaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FDB85251FCAC5946" box="[599,854,1547,1573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Astragalus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FDB85251FCAC5946" box="[599,854,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Astragalus canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FC7E5256FB895946" box="[913,1139,1547,1573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lupinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FC7E5256FC115946" box="[913,1003,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lupinus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as predators on eggs and larvae of bagworms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FE6A5275FE07592A" box="[389,509,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Psychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Others feed in flattened cases on lichens, or are commensals in nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FAD85275FA66592A" box="[1335,1436,1583,1609]" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
wasps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FF05520EFE7E590D" author="Wagner, D." box="[234,388,1619,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="13 - 18" refId="ref316250" refString="Wagner, D. (1985) Biology and description of the larva of Dicymolomia metalliferalis: a case-bearing Glaphyriine (Pyralidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 39 (1), 13 - 18." type="journal article" year="1985">Wagner 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FE60520EFDC0590D" author="Common, I. F. B." box="[399,570,1620,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref269899" refString="Common, I. F. B. (1990) Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, vi + 535 pp." type="book" year="1990">Common 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FDAA5209FCCB590D" author="Robinson, G. S. & Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M." box="[581,817,1619,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FD58520EFD15590E" box="[695,751,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FCD3520EFBC8590D" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[828,1074,1619,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FBD25209FAD4590D" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[1085,1326,1619,1646]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FB5C520EFB11590E" box="[1203,1259,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |