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<mods:title id="33095CAA2AC85CFDD0082F33D5D29884">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="94426EB2BFEC5F892316B72E005C5AB9">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF7852C1FE9D59D6" blockId="31.[151,359,1691,1717]" box="[151,359,1691,1717]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="D0967F65FFC48036FF7852C1FE9D59D6" bold="true" box="[151,359,1691,1717]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="3">
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2.4.
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FF2752C1FE9D59D6" authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1961" box="[200,359,1691,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliothelinae">Heliothelinae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF7852B9FDBB58ED" blockId="31.[151,1437,1763,2042]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF7852B9FE22599E" bold="true" box="[151,472,1763,1790]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
comprise 29 valid species in three genera globally (Nuss
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FB8952BEFB65599E" box="[1126,1183,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
20032022). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC48036FAB352B9FA62599E" box="[1372,1432,1763,1789]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">India</collectingCountry>
, the subfamily is known by a single species,
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FD7B535DFBE35842" authority="(Walker)" baseAuthorityName="Walker" box="[660,1049,1799,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Heliothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophideresana">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FD7B535DFC505842" box="[660,938,1799,1825]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Heliothela ophideresana</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
, representing 3.44% of the global
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FF785371FED45826" authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,302,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliothelinae">Heliothelinae</taxonomicName>
diversity.
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC48036FE495371FDC75826" authorityName="Amsel" authorityYear="1961" box="[422,573,1835,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heliothelinae">Heliothelinae</taxonomicName>
are present on all the Old World continents, where they mostly inhabit arid habitats (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FF12530AFE835809" author="Nuss, M." box="[253,377,1872,1898]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="475 - 528" refId="ref297950" refString="Nuss, M. (1998) The Scopariinae and Heliothelinae stat. rev. (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Crambidae) of the Oriental Region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the Philippines and Sumatra. Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Supplement 17, 475 - 528." type="journal article" year="1998">Nuss 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FE6B5315FE345809" author="Nuss, M." box="[388,462,1871,1898]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="109 - 111" refId="ref298004" refString="Nuss, M. (2005 a) Heliothelinae. In: Goater, B., Nuss, M. &amp; Speidel, W. (Eds.), Pyraloidea I. In: Huemer, P. &amp; Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera of Europe 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 109 - 111 + 182 + 223 + 257." type="journal article" year="2005">2005a</bibRefCitation>
). In
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC48036FE105315FDC1580A" box="[511,571,1871,1897]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">India</collectingCountry>
, the subfamily is distributed in the Himalaya, North East, the Western Ghats, the Deccan Peninsula, and the Coasts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFC48036FF2853CDFF165899" blockId="31.[151,1437,1763,2042]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC48036FF2853CDFE6758D1" bold="true" box="[199,413,1943,1970]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Adult characters:</emphasis>
small, dark-winged diurnal moths with yellow to orange hindwings in many species. In the female genitalia, the corpus bursae exhibit an invaginated spine, and appendix bursae are absent (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FAF453E6FA6258B5" author="Nuss, M." box="[1307,1432,1980,2006]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="475 - 528" refId="ref297950" refString="Nuss, M. (1998) The Scopariinae and Heliothelinae stat. rev. (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea, Crambidae) of the Oriental Region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the Philippines and Sumatra. Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Supplement 17, 475 - 528." type="journal article" year="1998">Nuss 1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC48036FF785385FF1B5899" author="Nuss, M." box="[151,225,2015,2042]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" pagination="109 - 111" refId="ref298004" refString="Nuss, M. (2005 a) Heliothelinae. In: Goater, B., Nuss, M. &amp; Speidel, W. (Eds.), Pyraloidea I. In: Huemer, P. &amp; Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera of Europe 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 109 - 111 + 182 + 223 + 257." type="journal article" year="2005">2005a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFB8009FF2854CCFC6C5FB6" blockId="32.[151,1437,150,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FF2854CCFE5D5FD3" bold="true" box="[199,423,150,176]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Larval characters:</emphasis>
larvae are poorly studied. The body of fully-grown,
<quantity id="4C9965ECFFFB8009FC1554CCFBC15FD2" box="[1018,1083,150,177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
long larvae is alternately lightdark striped, with an almost black head and prothorax (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFB8009FCEE54E0FC715FB6" author="Nuss, M." box="[769,907,186,213]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="109 - 111" refId="ref298004" refString="Nuss, M. (2005 a) Heliothelinae. In: Goater, B., Nuss, M. &amp; Speidel, W. (Eds.), Pyraloidea I. In: Huemer, P. &amp; Karsholt, O. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera of Europe 4. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 109 - 111 + 182 + 223 + 257." type="journal article" year="2005">Nuss 2005a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFFB8009FF285484FF145E23" blockId="32.[151,1437,150,320]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FF285484FE9A5F9B" bold="true" box="[199,352,222,248]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Food plants:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFB8009FE845484FDE25F9B" author="Schutze, K. T." box="[363,536,222,248]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="ref306383" refString="Schutze, K. T. (1931) Die Biologie der Kleinschmetterlinge unter besonderer Berucksichtigung ihrer Nahrpflanzen und Erscheinungszeiten. Handbuch der Microlepidopteren. Raupenkalender - geordnet nach der Illustrierten deutschen Flora von H. Wagner. Verlag des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins e. V., Frankfurt am Main, 235 pp." type="book" year="1931">Schütze (1931)</bibRefCitation>
found the larva of the related
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFB8009FC6E5484FB245F9B" authority="Scopoli" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1763" box="[897,1246,222,248]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Heliothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wulfeniana">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FC6E5484FB845F9B" box="[897,1150,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Heliothela wulfeniana</emphasis>
Scopoli
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFB8009FAE05484FEDC5E7F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Mentha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FAE05484FA9F5F9B" box="[1295,1381,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mentha</emphasis>
spp. (Lamiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFFB8009FEB05559FE015E7F" author="Jensen, H. K." box="[351,507,258,285]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="341 - 342" refId="ref284686" refString="Jensen, H. K. (1968) En klaekning af Heliothela atralis Hb. (Lep., Pyralidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser, 36, 341 - 342." type="journal article" year="1968">Jensen (1968)</bibRefCitation>
reports the same species (as
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFB8009FCD25559FBFF5E7F" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[829,1029,258,284]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Heliothela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atralis">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FCD25559FC525E7F" box="[829,936,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H. atralis</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
) from cultivated
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFFB8009FB2B5558FF105E23" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tricolor">
<emphasis id="B915141BFFFB8009FB2B5558FAA15E7F" box="[1220,1371,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Viola tricolor</emphasis>
(Violaceae)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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