896 lines
100 KiB
XML
896 lines
100 KiB
XML
<document id="B46602CE492A39F26811F60D80847D23" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.294071" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e9843b3b-f109-49b3-9c85-69738eb93bb2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="294071" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460191009294" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Xu, Xing, Choiniere, Jonah N., Pittman, Michael, Tan, Qingwei, Xiao, Dong, Li, Zhiquan, Tan, Lin, Clark, James M., Norell, Mark A., Hone, David W. E. & Sullivan, Corwin" docDate="2010" docId="03B4CC2AFFDAD77BFF77FD39FBB09BA7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02403p009.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2403" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Linheraptor exquisitus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FF8DB452FFDBD77DFFE0FFCEFFA49E4B" masterDocTitle="A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698236434885" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A8A9D9B76F1E33762384C2E8E33903F4">A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Wulansuhai Formation of Inner Mongolia, China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D8ED93BEDFCFBE988B94FFBB4209320D">Xu, Xing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AFBD82954FF9FC2C0F792A05CCAAB598">Choiniere, Jonah N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1EF1C72469A69C8915B3B1FBE5C878FD">Pittman, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="29838227A3022563AED57F930D4DA666">Tan, Qingwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="036A4007D2CA5EE59905097B116784FC">Xiao, Dong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="266EB5A541B4F9D7886FCD068C931F2C">Li, Zhiquan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DC074E31B8D7EEC234C6A72230AB31E7">Tan, Lin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC3609F80D17160DABBA8E475EEAE4E6">Clark, James M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A15E2E3AA790792468722D6C8CFBCBE9">Norell, Mark A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="911E45F98AFEDC95B007DFF4F700B0FD">Hone, David W. E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A2DF3CD56270336B2FF8EA71E9DA7BB">Sullivan, Corwin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9E8586EE951536FC1B4E1F9FA2F4C8C8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A73214B2C3472A46F3C5ED9E9703E98B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1945B95BA80EEA81BD3F524B751D11B8">
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<mods:date id="1521943B2BA6DFCCEC54D64405F1CCBC">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="FABE3D2D619BF07CEBD43605C95FBCB2" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="469EB3E124783E8F72239B389DF7FAE5">2403</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9D2B083046C6FB465E57407E33515D05">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="67884F9C5D1B4A861BBFA00B01DF9995">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C832471ABDFE5E232BCE0ACDF99A4F02" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.294071</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5DFE221D5F25B24B291FF412FF86D5F3" type="GBIF-Dataset">e9843b3b-f109-49b3-9c85-69738eb93bb2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C8D14F8356232D726FAC1BAC5A561964" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0B83EF02D8489D6F0190CFD6D4CBF3FB" type="Zenodo-Dep">294071</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B4CC2AFFDAD77BFF77FD39FBB09BA7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6202487" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119383708" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6202487" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B4CC2AFFDAD77BFF77FD39FBB09BA7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B4CC2AFFDAD77BFF77FD39FBB09BA7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<subSubSection id="C3072EB7FFDAD77CFF77FD39FDCC9D5A" box="[151,616,759,785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF77FD39FDCC9D5A" blockId="1.[151,616,759,785]" box="[151,616,759,785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<heading id="D0EACA50FFDAD77CFF77FD39FDCC9D5A" bold="true" box="[151,616,759,785]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF77FD39FDCC9D5A" bold="true" box="[151,616,759,785]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFF77FD39FE0F9D5A" box="[151,427,759,785]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exquisitus">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF77FD39FE0F9D5A" bold="true" box="[151,427,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Linheraptor exquisitus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et sp. nov.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3072EB7FFDAD77CFF77FCF1FEA99DEF" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF77FCF1FEA99DEF" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF77FCF1FEB89D12" bold="true" box="[151,284,831,857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology</emphasis>
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. The generic name refers to the animal’s status as a predatory dinosaur (‘raptor’) from Linhe, Nei Mongol,
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<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFDAD77CFEE8FCABFEF59D34" box="[264,337,869,895]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">China</collectingCountry>
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(area of origin); the specific name refers to the exceptional preservation of the
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<typeStatus id="54A6C39EFFDAD77CFAD1FCABFA389D34" box="[1329,1436,869,895]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3072EB7FFDAD77CFF24FC61FDFC9A5F" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF24FC61FC7D9D81" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" box="[196,985,943,970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF24FC61FE999D82" bold="true" box="[196,317,943,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="54A6C39EFFDAD77CFF24FC61FE9C9D82" box="[196,312,943,969]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED0CE5F9FFDAD77CFEA4FC7EFE279D81" box="[324,387,944,970]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/wd8c-kdma" name="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">IVPP</collectionCode>
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||
<accessionNumber id="944EE0DFFFDAD77CFE6BFC7EFE559D81" box="[395,497,944,970]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V16923" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="EnaNcbi">V 16923</accessionNumber>
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, an articulated, nearly complete skeleton.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF24FC1BFDFC9A5F" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF24FC1BFE749DA4" bold="true" box="[196,464,981,1007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Locality and Horizon</emphasis>
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||
. Bayan Mandahu, “The Gate” locality, Wulansuhai Formation, Campanian, Upper Cretaceous (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFEC8FC34FDEF9A5F" author="Jerzykiewicz" box="[296,587,1018,1044]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Jerzykiewicz, T., Currie, P. J., Eberth, D. A., Johnston, P. A., Koster, E. H. & Zheng, J. - J. (1993) Djadokhta Formation correlative strata in Chinese Inner Mongolia: an overview of the stratigraphy, sedimentary geology, and paleontology and comparisons with the type locality in the pre-Altai Gobi. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2180 - 2190." type="journal article" year="1993">
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||
Jerzykiewicz
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||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFE2AFC34FDA19A58" box="[458,517,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
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||
1993
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3072EB7FFDAD77CFF24FBD1FAAE9BB1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF24FBD1FAAE9BB1" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF24FBD1FEE09A72" bold="true" box="[196,324,1055,1081]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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||
. Dromaeosaurid that can be distinguished from other known dromaeosaurid taxa by the presence of the following autapomorphies: greatly enlarged maxillary fenestra sub-equal in size to external naris; several large foramina on lateral surface of jugal. Differs from other known dromaeosaurids except
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<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFF77FB5EFF589AE2" box="[151,252,1168,1193]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF77FB5EFF589AE2" box="[151,252,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tsaagan</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the following features: large and anteriorly located maxillary fenestra; lacrimal lacking lateral flange over descending process and with relatively broad medial lamina; sharp angle between anterior and ascending processes of quadratojugal; contact between jugal and squamosal that excludes postorbital from infratemporal fenestra. Differs from
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFDABFACEFD0A9B52" box="[587,686,1280,1305]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFDABFACEFD0A9B52" box="[587,686,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tsaagan</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in the following features: absence of osseous inner wall partly blocking antorbital fenestra; sharply rimmed ventral margin of antorbital fossa; considerably smaller angle between frontal and jugal processes of postorbital; anteroventrally curved postorbital process of squamosal; considerably shorter quadratojugal process of squamosal; dorsoventrally shorter lateral flange of quadrate; less curved and less posteriorly inclined quadrate shaft; paroccipital process more laterally oriented; angular more extended posteriorly towards glenoid fossa; considerably deeper posterior end of mandible such that glenoid fossa is approximately level with tooth row; pneumatic foramen present on axis vertebra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3072EB7FFDAD77BFF26F9CBFBB09BA7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
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<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77CFF26F9CBFD1A98FF" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF26F9CBFD8B9854" bold="true" box="[198,559,1541,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Description and comparison.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A6C39EFFDAD77CFD8DF9CBFD779854" box="[621,723,1541,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
specimen is probably an adult individual as indicated by the complete closure of the neurocentral sutures of all preserved vertebrae and the fusion of the tibiotarsus. Measuring approximately 1.8m in total length,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFD36F99EFCCC9822" box="[726,872,1616,1641]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFD36F99EFCCC9822" box="[726,872,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is a relatively small theropod (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69F4887FFDAD77CFB02F99EFA9A9821" box="[1250,1342,1616,1642]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,241,338,362]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of selected elements in Linheraptor exquisitus, IVPP V 16923 (in millimeters; * indicates estimated measurement). Measurements are lengths except where noted." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), but is similar in size to other Asian Late Cretaceous dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFC70F9BBFB7798C4" author="Norell" box="[912,1235,1653,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1997) Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates, 3215, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1997">Norell & Makovicky 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFB00F9BBFABB98C4" author="Makovicky" box="[1248,1311,1653,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFACCF9BBFA3398C4" author="Xu" box="[1324,1431,1653,1679]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFF77F954FECD98FF" author="Norell" box="[151,361,1690,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFF09F955FE8098FF" box="[233,292,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFE95F954FDF398FF" author="Turner" box="[373,599,1690,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Hwang, S. H. & Norell, M. A. (2007 a) A small derived theropod from Oosh, Early Cretaceous, Baykhangor Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3557, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFE2BF955FDA298FF" box="[459,518,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFD83F954FD1598FF" author="Turner" box="[611,689,1690,1716]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. (2007 b). A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science, 317, 1378 - 1381." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">2007b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDAD77FFF24F90EFCFA9F69" blockId="1.[151,1437,831,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,290]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
The skull as preserved is shallower than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFD1FF90EFCC69892" box="[767,866,1728,1753]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFD1FF90EFCC69892" box="[767,866,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a taller maxilla (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFB56F90EFA349891" author="Norell" box="[1206,1424,1728,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFAEBF90EFAEC9892" box="[1291,1352,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, preserved skulls of the dromaeosaurid taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFCFAF92BFBEA98B5" box="[794,1102,1765,1790]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mongoliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFCFAF92BFBEA98B5" box="[794,1102,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Velociraptor mongoliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show considerable variation in their proportions due to preservational deformation. Thus, caution is warranted when differentiating dromaeosaurid taxa based on skull proportions alone. For comparison, the ratio of snout length to snout depth at the level of the anterior border of the antorbital fossa is about 0.2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFC06F89BFBD19925" box="[998,1141,1877,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFC06F89BFBD19925" box="[998,1141,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 0.3 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFB1CF89BFAFB9925" box="[1276,1375,1877,1902]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFB1CF89BFAFB9925" box="[1276,1375,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The skull is only slightly longer than the femur (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69F4887FFDAD77CFD43F8B4FD5F99DF" box="[675,763,1914,1940]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,241,338,362]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of selected elements in Linheraptor exquisitus, IVPP V 16923 (in millimeters; * indicates estimated measurement). Measurements are lengths except where noted." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), whereas derived dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDAD77CFAE2F8B5FA3899DF" box="[1282,1436,1915,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDAD77CFAE2F8B5FA3899DF" box="[1282,1436,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to have proportionally longer skulls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFD4DF86EFCF599F1" author="Ostrom" box="[685,849,1952,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 30, 1 - 165." type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cranial openings are similar in size, shape, and position to those of most other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDAD77CFCE3F80BFBE09994" author="Norell" box="[771,1092,1989,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (2004). Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 196 - 209." type="book chapter" year="2004">Norell & Makovicky 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): the external naris is located relatively posteriorly, with most of its area lying posterior to the anterior extremity of the maxilla; the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the antorbital fossa is less than half the snout length; the obliquely oriented oval orbit extends further dorsally than the sub-triangular antorbital fenestra; the infratemporal fenestra is kidney-shaped; and the quadrate foramen is large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF622DB4FFD9D77FFF77FE9CFC389FC2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF77FE9CFC389FC2" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD9D77FFF77FE9CFEA99F21" bold="true" box="[151,269,338,362]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of selected elements in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD9D77FFD20FE9CFC1E9F22" box="[704,954,338,361]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exquisitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD9D77FFD20FE9CFC1E9F22" box="[704,954,338,361]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Linheraptor exquisitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IVPP
|
||
<accessionNumber id="944EE0DFFFD9D77FFBEBFE9CFBCE9F22" box="[1035,1130,338,361]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V16923" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="EnaNcbi">V 16923</accessionNumber>
|
||
(in millimeters; * indicates estimated measurement). Measurements are lengths except where noted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFE6BFB8C9C77" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Skull length (from snout tip to ventral end of quadrate) 225 Cervical series 320 Trunk length (first dorsal to acetabulum) 365* Anteriormost caudal vertebra 20</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFD9EFB8C9C2C" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,592,615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A middle caudal vertebra (the longest preserved one) 30</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFDB4FB8C9D5A" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Right scapula 160* Right humerus 155* Right radius 110 Metacarpal
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEFDFD34FB8C9D5A" box="[285,1064,762,785]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1925-02">II 25</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFCEBFB8C9D77" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,805,828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Metacarpal
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEFDFCEBFB8C9D77" box="[285,1064,805,828]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1963-03">III 63</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFC9EFB8C9D2C" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,848,871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Metacarpal
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEFDFC9EFB8C9D2C" box="[285,1064,848,871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1952-04">IV 52</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFCB4FB8C9DDA" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,890,913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FCB4FB8C9DDA" box="[338,1064,890,913]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1949-02-01">II-1 49</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFC6BFB8C9DAC" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FC6BFB8E9DF7" box="[338,1066,933,956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1937-03-01">III-1 37</date>
|
||
* Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FC1EFB8C9DAC" box="[338,1064,976,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1952-03-02">III-2 52</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFC34FB8C9A5A" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1018,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FC34FB8C9A5A" box="[338,1064,1018,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1941-03-03">III-3 41</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFBEBFB8C9A77" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1061,1084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FBEBFB8C9A77" box="[338,1064,1061,1084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1925-04-01">IV-1 25</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFB9EFB8C9A2C" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1104,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FB9EFB8C9A2C" box="[338,1064,1104,1127]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1912-04-02">IV-2 12</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFBB4FB8C9AF7" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEB2FBB4FB8E9ADA" box="[338,1066,1146,1169]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1936-04-03">IV-3 36</date>
|
||
* Sternal plate length 80
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFB1EFB8C9AAC" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1232,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sternal plate width (each plate) 55</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FFB34FB8C985A" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Right pubis 240 Right femur 230 Right tibiotarsus 255 Right metatarsal II 105 Right metatarsal III 125 Right metatarsal IV 110 Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCFA34FB8C985A" box="[316,1064,1530,1553]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1925-02-02">II-2 25</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FF9EBFB8C9877" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1573,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF9EBFB8C9877" box="[316,1064,1573,1596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1975-02-03">II-3 75</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FF99EFB8C982C" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1616,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF99EFB8C982C" box="[316,1064,1616,1639]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1950-03-01">III-1 50</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FF9B4FB8C995A" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF9B4FB8E98DA" box="[316,1066,1658,1681]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1925-03-02">III-2 25</date>
|
||
* Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF96BFB8E98F7" box="[316,1066,1701,1724]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1920-03-03">III-3 20</date>
|
||
* Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF91EFB8E98AC" box="[316,1066,1744,1767]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1945-03-04">III-4 45</date>
|
||
* Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF934FB8C995A" box="[316,1064,1786,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1922-04-04">IV-4 22</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77FFF7FF8EBFB8C9977" blockId="2.[151,1436,338,1852]" box="[159,1064,1829,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Pedal phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFD9D77FFEDCF8EBFB8C9977" box="[316,1064,1829,1852]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1918-04-05">IV-5 18</date>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD9D77EFF24F84CFEA49899" blockId="2.[151,1436,1922,2023]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The premaxilla bears a long subnarial process that excludes the maxilla from the external naris, as in most dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD9D77FFEBFF866FD0C9989" author="Barsbold" box="[351,680,1960,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD9D77FFD54F866FC4A9989" author="Norell" box="[692,1006,1960,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (2004). Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press, Berkeley, 196 - 209." type="book chapter" year="2004">Norell & Makovicky 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but in relative length this process is intermediate between the extremely long one in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD9D77FFD31F803FB6399AC" authority="Barsbold & Osmolska 1999" authorityName="Barsbold & Osmolska" authorityYear="1999" box="[721,1223,1997,2023]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD9D77FFD31F803FCC099AD" box="[721,868,1997,2022]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD9D77FFC93F803FB1B99AC" author="Barsbold" box="[883,1215,1997,2023]" pageId="2" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the relatively short ones in most other taxa such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD8AFF56FC6D9EF9" authority="Ostrom 1969" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[618,969,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD8AFF56FCAE9EFA" box="[618,778,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFCFBFF56FC659EF9" author="Ostrom" box="[795,961,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 30, 1 - 165." type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFBE6FF56FACF9EF9" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[1030,1387,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFBE6FF56FBC89EFA" box="[1030,1132,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB9EFF56FAC69EF9" author="Norell" box="[1150,1378,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB37FF56FAAA9EFA" box="[1239,1294,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An important similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFE57FF73FCBF9E9C" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[439,795,189,215]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE57FF73FDB99E9D" box="[439,541,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFDCFFF73FCB69E9C" author="Norell" box="[559,786,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD68FF73FD1B9E9D" box="[648,703,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a probable synapomorphy for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB33FF73FACC9E9D" box="[1235,1384,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB33FF73FACC9E9D" box="[1235,1384,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FF2CFF5E9EB0" box="[151,250,226,251]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FF2CFF5E9EB0" box="[151,250,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
amongst dromaeosaurids, is that the large maxillary fenestra is anteriorly located and extends to the anterior border of the antorbital fossa. In other dromaeosaurids, including the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB7FFEC6FA9E9F6A" box="[1183,1338,264,289]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB7FFEC6FA9E9F6A" box="[1183,1338,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFF7EFEE3FE059F0C" author="Godefroit" box="[158,417,301,327]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Godefroit, P., Currie, P. J., Li, H., Shang, C. - Y. & Dong, Z. M. (2008) A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 432 - 438." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Godefroit
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFEFCFEE3FEFD9F0D" box="[284,345,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the maxillary fenestra is located considerably posterior to the anterior border of the antorbital fossa. However, the maxillary fenestra of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFCECFE9CFC399F20" box="[780,925,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFCECFE9CFC399F20" box="[780,925,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is narrower and more slit-like than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FEB6FF5F9FDA" box="[151,251,376,401]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FEB6FF5F9FDA" box="[151,251,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is relatively round. Unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD5EFEB6FBB09FD9" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[702,1044,376,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD5EFEB6FC869FDA" box="[702,802,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFCD2FEB6FBA89FD9" author="Norell" box="[818,1036,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC68FEB6FC189FDA" box="[904,956,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a small promaxillary fenestra is visible in lateral view and is located ventral to the maxillary fenestra. Comparatively, the promaxillary fenestra is larger and more dorsally located in the two
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFCFBFE0CFC0F9F90" box="[795,939,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ve lo c ir a pt o r</emphasis>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFBFAFE0CFABD9F97" author="Godefroit" box="[1050,1305,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Godefroit, P., Currie, P. J., Li, H., Shang, C. - Y. & Dong, Z. M. (2008) A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 28, 432 - 438." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Godefroit
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB76FE0CFB769F90" box="[1174,1234,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FE26FD329C49" authority="Barsbold & Osmolska 1999" authorityName="Barsbold & Osmolska" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,662,488,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FE26FE8F9C4A" box="[151,299,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFEDBFE26FD299C49" author="Barsbold" box="[315,653,488,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD43FE26FCA29C4A" box="[675,774,488,513]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD43FE26FCA29C4A" box="[675,774,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB55FE26FA2A9C49" author="Norell" box="[1205,1422,488,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFAEBFE26FAE49C4A" box="[1291,1344,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the ventral margin of the antorbital fossa is sharply rimmed laterally.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFD8D77EFC33FDC3FC509C6C" box="[979,1012,525,551]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in most other non-avian theropods,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FDFCFE819C00" box="[151,293,562,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FDFCFE819C00" box="[151,293,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a fully open antorbital fenestra. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD10FDFCFC269C00" box="[752,898,562,587]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD10FDFCFC269C00" box="[752,898,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFC5BFDFCFAAD9C07" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[955,1289,562,588]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC5BFDFCFBB99C00" box="[955,1053,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFBCDFDFCFAA59C07" author="Norell" box="[1069,1281,562,588]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB61FDFCFB109C00" box="[1153,1204,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anterior portion of the antorbital fenestra has a small osseous medial wall; in some Liaoning deinonychosaurian specimens such as the
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE51FDB3FD849CDD" box="[433,544,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mei long</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A6C39EFFD8D77EFDC8FDB3FD379CDC" box="[552,659,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFD45FDB3FC2A9CDC" author="Xu" box="[677,910,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. & Norell, M. A. (2004) A new troodontid from China with avian-like sleeping posture. Nature, 431, 838 - 841." type="journal article" year="2004">Xu & Norell 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the antorbital fenestra has an even larger osseous floor. Unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFE5CFD6CFDBB9CF0" box="[444,543,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE5CFD6CFDBB9CF0" box="[444,543,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the nasal is only shallowly inflected, the nasal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB10FD6CFA249CF0" box="[1264,1408,674,699]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB10FD6CFA249CF0" box="[1264,1408,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is dorsally concave in lateral view. It bears a row of distinctive foramina close to the lateral edge as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FD23FE4B9D4C" authority="Ostrom 1969" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,495,749,775]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FD23FE979D4D" box="[151,307,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFEA2FD23FE429D4C" author="Ostrom" box="[322,486,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 30, 1 - 165." type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE1CFD23FD299D4D" box="[508,653,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ve l o c i r a p t o r</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFD42FD23FC529D4C" author="Barsbold" box="[674,1014,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFBDFFD23FA3D9D4C" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[1087,1433,749,775]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFBDFFD23FB079D4D" box="[1087,1187,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB53FD23FA349D4C" author="Norell" box="[1203,1424,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFAEAFD23FA9B9D4D" box="[1290,1343,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The T-shaped lacrimal is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD7DFCDCFC509D67" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[669,1012,786,812]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD7DFCDCFCA59D60" box="[669,769,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFCF1FCDCFC489D67" author="Norell" box="[785,1004,786,812]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC89FCDCFC3A9D60" box="[873,926,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking a lateral flange over the descending process, and in bearing a relatively broad medial lamina that floors the posterodorsal corner of the antorbital fossa. The robust jugal bears a few relatively large foramina on its lateral surface. The postorbital process of the jugal contacts the squamosal to exclude the postorbital from the infratemporal fenestra, a feature otherwise known only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFDFCFC66FCC99D89" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[540,877,936,962]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFDFCFC66FDDA9D8A" box="[540,638,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFD6EFC66FCC19D89" author="Norell" box="[654,869,936,962]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD03FC66FCB39D8A" box="[739,791,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFC7AFC66FB829D8A" box="[922,1062,936,961]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC7AFC66FB829D8A" box="[922,1062,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the frontal and jugal processes of the postorbital are angled at slightly more than 90 degrees to each other, while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB5BFC03FA869DAD" box="[1211,1314,973,998]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB5BFC03FA869DAD" box="[1211,1314,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the angle between these processes is approximately 135 degrees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFCABFC3CFB959A47" author="Norell" box="[843,1073,1010,1036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC45FC3CFC789A40" box="[933,988,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFD8D77EFBA6FC3CFBCC9A47" box="[1094,1128,1010,1036]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFF7FFBD6FED99A79" author="Norell" box="[159,381,1048,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF16FBD6FE889A7A" box="[246,300,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the quadratojugal is shaped like an inverted T, with the posterior process being much larger than the anterior process.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFD8D77EFDC0FBF3FDE59A1C" box="[544,577,1085,1111]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFD8AFBF3FD6B9A1D" box="[618,719,1085,1110]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFD8AFBF3FD6B9A1D" box="[618,719,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the angle between the anterior and ascending processes is smaller than 90 degrees. The quadratojugal forms the anterior and lateral borders of the quadrate foramen, which is proportionally even larger than in other dromaeosaurids except
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC11FB46FB259AEA" box="[1009,1153,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ve lo c ir a pt o r</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB74FB46FF7C9A8C" author="Barsbold" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ratio of the maximum diameter of the quadrate foramen to the height of the quadrate is 0.56 in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FB1DFE879AA7" box="[151,291,1235,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FB1DFE879AA7" box="[151,291,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but significantly smaller than 0.5 in other dromaeosaurids except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFBCEFB1DFB1B9AA7" box="[1070,1215,1235,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFBCEFB1DFB1B9AA7" box="[1070,1215,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The presence of a greatly enlarged and more laterally-facing foramen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFCD7FB36FC6F9B5A" box="[823,971,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFCD7FB36FC6F9B5A" box="[823,971,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFBE9FB36FB079B5A" box="[1033,1187,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFBE9FB36FB079B5A" box="[1033,1187,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with a number of features that distinguish these taxa from most other dromaeosaurids. These include proportionally longer ascending and posterior processes of the quadratojugal and a dorsoventrally shorter lateral flange of the quadrate. The posterior edge of the quadrate is less concave than in other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB5BFAA6FA2B9BC9" author="Norell" box="[1211,1423,1384,1410]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFAEFFAA6FAED9BCA" box="[1295,1353,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFD8D77EFF77FA43FF1C9BEC" box="[151,184,1421,1447]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in other dromaeosaurids, the squamosal has an anteroventrally oriented quadratojugal process that is inset from the lateral margin of the bone. This process is considerably shorter than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB75FA7DFF439BB9" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB75FA7DFB5D9B87" box="[1173,1273,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFAE9FA7CFF7A9BB9" author="Norell" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFABFFA7DFA309B87" box="[1375,1428,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The postorbital process of the squamosal curves distinctly ventrally as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB22FA16FAC29BBA" box="[1218,1382,1496,1521]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB22FA16FAC29BBA" box="[1218,1382,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77FA33FE56985C" authority="Ostrom 1969" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[151,498,1533,1559]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77FA33FE90985D" box="[151,308,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFEA4FA33FE4D985C" author="Ostrom" box="[324,489,1533,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 30, 1 - 165." type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unlike the straight postorbital process of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFC12FA33FAEB985C" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[1010,1359,1533,1559]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFC12FA33FBF3985D" box="[1010,1111,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFB87FA33FAE2985C" author="Norell" box="[1127,1350,1533,1559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB5FFA33FB50985D" box="[1215,1268,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFD8D77EFABBFA33FAD8985C" box="[1371,1404,1533,1559]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77F9EDFE939877" box="[151,311,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77F9EDFE939877" box="[151,311,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFD7EF9ECFBAD9877" author="Barsbold" box="[670,1033,1570,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the paroccipital processes are posterolaterally oriented. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFE06F986FDED982A" box="[486,585,1608,1633]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE06F986FDED982A" box="[486,585,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the processes are pendant and are proximodistally longer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFAEBF986FF7E98CC" author="Norell" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFA80F986FA31982A" box="[1376,1429,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFE60F9A3FE5998CD" box="[384,509,1645,1670]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFE60F9A3FE5998CD" box="[384,509,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Mahakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are intermediate in condition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFC20F9A3FB1E98CC" author="Turner" box="[960,1210,1645,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. (2007 b). A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science, 317, 1378 - 1381." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFBFEF9A3FBFB98CD" box="[1054,1119,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The braincase is currently under preparation, so it is not possible to determine if the basipterygoid processes are elongate as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF77F976FF5D989A" box="[151,249,1720,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF77F976FF5D989A" box="[151,249,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFD8D779FF24F913FBE29EB7" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The mandible has a slightly downturned anterior end, a feature described in some basal dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFF16F8CDFDAA9957" authority="Xu 2002" authorityName="Xu" authorityYear="2002" box="[246,526,1794,1820]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFF16F8CDFE2C9957" box="[246,392,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Microraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFE78F8CCFDA29957" author="Xu" box="[408,518,1794,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is nevertheless similar to those of other dromaeosaurids in possessing the following features: symmetric concave dorsal margin and convex ventral margin, two rows of mental foramina on the dentary, and prominent surangular crest overhanging an enlarged surangular foramen. A second surangular foramen appears to be present, a feature also seemingly present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB76F8BDFF4499F9" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB76F8BDFB5D99C7" box="[1174,1273,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFD8D77EFAEAF8BCFF7399F9" author="Norell" pageId="3" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFA80F8BDFA3099C7" box="[1376,1428,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Relative to other dromaeosaurids, other distinctive features of the mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFD8D77EFB78F856FA8399FA" box="[1176,1319,1944,1969]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFD8D77EFB78F856FA8399FA" box="[1176,1319,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include a greater posterior extension of the angular that approaches the posterior level of the mandibular glenoid fossa, and a considerably taller posterior end of the mandible such that the glenoid fossa is approximately level with the tooth row (in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FE87FF73FE6E9E9D" box="[359,458,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FE87FF73FE6E9E9D" box="[359,458,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FDE5FF73FD669E9D" box="[517,706,189,214]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Dromaeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FDE5FF73FD669E9D" box="[517,706,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dromaeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the posterior end of the mandible is shallow, and the glenoid fossa lies considerably ventral to the tooth row:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FD29FF2CFCFE9EB7" author="Currie" box="[713,858,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Currie, P. J. (1995) New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15, 576 - 591." type="journal article" year="1995">Currie 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FC86FF2CFB9E9EB7" author="Norell" box="[870,1082,226,252]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FC58FF2CFC579EB0" box="[952,1011,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDFD779FF24FEC6FBBF9FFC" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Poor preservation of the dentition precludes exact counts of the premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary teeth. However, the dentary is inferred to bear about 15 teeth, a number similar to the counts recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FAD2FEE3FA319F0D" box="[1330,1429,301,326]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FAD2FEE3FA319F0D" box="[1330,1429,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FF77FE9CFE8C9F20" box="[151,296,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FF77FE9CFE8C9F20" box="[151,296,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some other dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FD59FE9CFBA09F27" author="Barsbold" box="[697,1028,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" refString="Barsbold, R. & Osmolska, H. (1999) The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44, 189 - 219." type="journal article" year="1999">Barsbold & Osmólska 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FBF0FE9CFB409F27" author="Norell" box="[1040,1252,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FB82FE9CFB399F20" box="[1122,1181,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The maxillary and dentary teeth are relatively sparsely distributed.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFDFD779FCECFEB6FC899FD9" box="[780,813,376,402]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FCB5FEB6FB0D9FD9" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" box="[853,1193,376,402]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FCB5FEB6FC1D9FDA" box="[853,953,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FC29FEB6FB059FD9" author="Norell" box="[969,1185,376,402]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FBFFFEB6FBF09FDA" box="[1055,1108,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and also most basal dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FE80FE53FE689FFC" author="Xu" box="[352,460,413,439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), all teeth lack serrations along the anterior carina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDFD779FF24FE0CFD659B84" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
There are 10 cervical vertebrae including the atlas and axis. Corresponding to the S-shaped neck, the neural spines are oriented as follows along the cervical series: posteriorly in the second (axis), third and fourth cervicals; subvertically in the fifth cervical; anteriorly in the sixth through ninth cervicals; and nearly vertically again in the tenth. The neural spines of nearly all the presacral vertebrae other than the axis show little transverse expansion distally. The axis bears a large pneumatic foramen in the center of the lateral surface of the centrum, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FE0BFDB3FDC69CDD" box="[491,610,637,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FE0BFDB3FDC69CDD" box="[491,610,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mahakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FD91FDB3FCF29CDC" author="Turner" box="[625,854,637,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. (2007 b). A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science, 317, 1378 - 1381." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FD29FDB3FCA09CDD" box="[713,772,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FC8DFDB3FC5B9CDD" box="[877,1023,637,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FC8DFDB3FC5B9CDD" box="[877,1023,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FBD8FDB3FB759CDD" box="[1080,1233,637,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FBD8FDB3FB759CDD" box="[1080,1233,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FADAFDB3FE249CF7" authority="Norell et al. 2006" authorityName="Norell et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Tsaagan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FADAFDB3FA389CDD" box="[1338,1436,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tsaagan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FF7FFD6CFEDC9CF7" author="Norell" box="[159,376,674,700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A., Clark, J. M., Turner, A. H., Makovicky, P. J., Barsbold, R. & Rowe, T. (2006) A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates, 3545, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FF14FD6CFE8D9CF0" box="[244,297,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distinct pneumatic foramina are not visible on the lateral central surfaces of the middle and posterior cervical vertebrae, although deep lateral fossae are present. Epipophyses are well developed on the anterior cervical vertebrae, and the fifth vertebra bears an epipophysis that extends posteriorly to the level of the posterior edge of the postzygapophysis. Most cervical rib shafts, except the two most posterior ones, span nearly two cervicals. The sixth and seventh cervical ribs are the most robust, while the ninth and tenth (and possibly the eighth) are relatively short anteroposteriorly. In the middle of the cervical series, the cervical rib heads are partially fused to the corresponding vertebrae. The posterior surfaces of the dorsal ribs bear long, slender uncinate processes, which arise from the mid-shaft region in each case. The uncinate processes angle dorsally, and each process extends posteriorly beyond the posterior margin of the next rib in the series, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FF77FC3CFD269A47" authority="Norell & Makovicky 1999" authorityName="Norell & Makovicky" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,642,1010,1036]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FF77FC3CFE8E9A40" box="[151,298,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FED9FC3CFDDD9A47" author="Norell" box="[313,633,1010,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Norell & Makovicky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30A3DACFFDFD779FD6EFC3CFD0A9A47" box="[654,686,1010,1036]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in most dromaeosaurids except the unenlagiines and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FAC5FC3CFA389A40" box="[1317,1436,1010,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FAC5FC3CFA389A40" box="[1317,1436,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mahakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FF7FFBD6FE729A79" author="Makovicky" box="[159,470,1048,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Makovicky, P. J., Apesteguia, S. & Agnolin, F. L. (2005) The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America. Nature, 437, 1007 - 1011." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Makovicky
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FEA1FBD6FE239A7A" box="[321,391,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FE05FBD6FD4B9A79" author="Turner" box="[485,751,1048,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. (2007 b). A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science, 317, 1378 - 1381." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FDA8FBD6FD2A9A7A" box="[584,654,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the caudal vertebrae possess extremely elongated prezygapophyses and chevrons. The middle and posterior caudal vertebrae are not significantly elongated. The longest middle caudal vertebrae are proportionally much shorter than those of basal paravians including basal dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FE43FB46FDAB9AE9" author="Xu" box="[419,527,1160,1186]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are approximately 170% as long as the most anterior caudal vertebrae, a condition similar to derived dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FCC0FB63FAB49A8C" authority="Norell & Makovicky 1999" authorityName="Norell & Makovicky" authorityYear="1999" box="[800,1296,1197,1223]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FCC0FB63FC109A8D" box="[800,948,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FC24FB63FAA39A8C" author="Norell" box="[964,1287,1197,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Norell & Makovicky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lateral surface of each middle caudal vertebra is flat and lacks a longitudinal groove or ridge near the neurocentral suture as in some basal dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FD00FB36FCFE9B5A" box="[736,858,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Mahakala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FD00FB36FCFE9B5A" box="[736,858,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mahakala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FC89FB36FBA49B5A" box="[873,1024,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Buitreraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FC89FB36FBA49B5A" box="[873,1024,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Buitreraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FBDCFB36FB1F9B5A" box="[1084,1211,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Rahonavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FBDCFB36FB1F9B5A" box="[1084,1211,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rahonavis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FB2CFB36FF729B7C" author="Makovicky" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Makovicky, P. J., Apesteguia, S. & Agnolin, F. L. (2005) The earliest dromaeosaurid theropod from South America. Nature, 437, 1007 - 1011." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Makovicky
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FABFFB36FA389B5A" box="[1375,1436,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FF02FAD3FE6F9B7C" author="Turner" box="[226,459,1309,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Turner, A. H., Pol, D., Clarke, J. A., Erickson, G. M. & Norell, M. A. (2007 b). A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceding avian flight. Science, 317, 1378 - 1381." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Turner
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FED9FAD3FED19B7D" box="[313,373,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Distinct, strap-like transverse processes are present on at least the first 12 caudal vertebrae. In
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FED2FA8DFE659B17" box="[306,449,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ve l o c i r a p t o r</emphasis>
|
||
, transverse processes are present on only 11 caudal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FB44FA8CFF7D9BC9" author="Norell" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Norell & Makovicky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interestingly, the transition is sudden, with no vertebrae intermediate between those with distinct transverse processes and those that lack transverse processes entirely. Long, low, distinct neural spines are present back to at least the 15th caudal vertebra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDFD779FF24FA14FBA59851" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The two sternal plates are fused anteriorly but separate posteriorly. The sternal plates are transversely curved, and the midline of the entire bipartite structure forms a low carina.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDFD779FF24F9EBFADB99C4" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The humerus is less than 70% the length of the femur. A prominent longitudinal groove is present along the posterior surface immediately distal to the deltopectoral crest, a feature shared with
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FB30F985FAC1982F" box="[1232,1381,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ve l o c i r a p t o r</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FF77F9BEFD3098C1" authority="Norell & Makovicky 1999" authorityName="Norell & Makovicky" authorityYear="1999" box="[151,660,1648,1674]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FF77F9BEFE9798C2" box="[151,307,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FEA4F9BEFD2898C1" author="Norell" box="[324,652,1648,1674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Norell & Makovicky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This groove is much wider proximally than distally. The radius bears a semilunate lateral flange distally. On the basis of positional homologies, we identify the manual digits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FF5CF975FEFE989F" box="[188,346,1723,1748]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FF5CF975FEFE989F" box="[188,346,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Linheraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as corresponding to the middle three digits of ancestral archosaurs, as is currently hypothesized for all maniraptorans (Xu
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FD92F92EFD0A98B2" box="[626,686,1760,1785]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009). While the manus is in general similar to that of derived dromaeosaurids, manual phalanx
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FDD7F8CBFDCA9954" box="[567,622,1797,1823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IV-1</date>
|
||
is more than twice as long as
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FC09F8CBFB809954" box="[1001,1060,1797,1823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IV-2</date>
|
||
, a condition shared with basal dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FE28F8E5FD54990F" authority="Xu 2002" authorityName="Xu" authorityYear="2002" box="[456,752,1834,1860]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Microraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FE28F8E5FDC6990F" box="[456,610,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Microraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FD93F8E4FD42990F" author="Xu" box="[627,742,1834,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FC9AF8E4FC10990F" box="[890,948,1834,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IV-1</date>
|
||
is considerably longer than
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FAF9F8E4FAF7990F" box="[1305,1363,1834,1860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
IV-
|
||
<quantity id="4CE5D0D9FFDFD779FAA4F8E4FAF7990F" box="[1348,1363,1834,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="2.0">2</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in all dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FEBFF89EFE6E9921" author="Xu" box="[351,458,1872,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FE3EF89EFDB19921" box="[478,533,1872,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">IV-1</date>
|
||
is less than twice the length of
|
||
<date id="FFA35BFCFFDFD779FC62F89EFC1D9921" box="[898,953,1872,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
IV-
|
||
<quantity id="4CE5D0D9FFDFD779FC4BF89EFC1D9921" box="[939,953,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="2.0">2</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FC3DF89EFACF9921" authority="Wellnhofer 2008" authorityName="Wellnhofer" authorityYear="2008" box="[989,1387,1872,1898]" class="Aves" family="Archaeopterygidae" genus="Archaeopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Archaeopterygiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FC3DF89EFB2D9922" box="[989,1161,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Archaeopteryx</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FB78F89EFAC69921" author="Wellnhofer" box="[1176,1378,1872,1898]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Wellnhofer, P. (2008) Archaeopteryx: der Urvogel von Solnhofen. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 256 pp." type="book" year="2008">Wellnhofer 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in derived dromaeosaurids like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FDE8F8B8FCF199C4" authority="Ostrom 1969" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1969" box="[520,853,1909,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FDE8F8B8FD0599C4" box="[520,673,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FD50F8BBFCE999C4" author="Ostrom" box="[688,845,1909,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 30, 1 - 165." type="journal article" year="1969">Ostrom 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDFD779FC6FF8B8FADF99C4" authority="Norell & Makovicky 1999" authorityName="Norell & Makovicky" authorityYear="1999" box="[911,1403,1909,1935]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDFD779FC6FF8B8FB8199C4" box="[911,1061,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDFD779FBD4F8BBFAD699C4" author="Norell" box="[1076,1394,1909,1935]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Norell & Makovicky 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF622DB4FFDED778FF77F8FFFE3099A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294072/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[294,1293,197,1792]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDED778FF77F8FFFE3099A2" blockId="5.[151,1437,1841,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDED778FF77F8FFFEBD9902" bold="true" box="[151,281,1841,1865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDED778FD91F8FCFCC79902" box="[625,867,1842,1865]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exquisitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDED778FD91F8FCFCC79902" box="[625,867,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Linheraptor exquisitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(IVPP
|
||
<accessionNumber id="944EE0DFFFDED778FC53F8FCFBB79902" box="[947,1043,1842,1865]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V16923" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="EnaNcbi">V 16923</accessionNumber>
|
||
). The specimen was collected in two separate plaster-jackets: the main jacket (A) contains the majority of the skeleton; the second jacket (B) contains the partial tail. Abbreviations: II-3, pedal ungual, digit II; ax, axis; ch, chevrons; cv, cervical vertebra; g, gastralia; hy, hyoid; lt, left tibia; mc, metacarpal; mt, metatarsal; ns, neural spine; pd, pedal digit; prz, elongated prezygapophyses; ra, radius; rf, right femur; rfib, right fibula; rh, right humerus; rp, right pubis; rs, right scapula; rt, right tibia; sk, skull; st, sternum. Scale bar equals 20 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF622DB4FFDDD77BFF77FCC9FB839DD4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/294073/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[151,1435,200,753]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDDD77BFF77FCC9FB839DD4" blockId="6.[151,1437,775,927]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFF77FCC9FEBE9D54" bold="true" box="[151,282,775,799]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph in right lateral view of the skull and mandible of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDDD77BFC3FFCC6FB769D54" box="[991,1234,776,799]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Linheraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exquisitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFC3FFCC6FB769D54" box="[991,1234,776,799]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Linheraptor exquisitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype (IVPP
|
||
<accessionNumber id="944EE0DFFFDDD77BFA69FCC6FF449D74" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/V16923" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="EnaNcbi">V 16923</accessionNumber>
|
||
). Abbreviations: a, angular; aof, antorbital fenestra; f, frontal; hy, hyoid; itf, infratemporal fenestra; j, jugal; l, lacrimal; ld, left dentary; lpa, left prearticular; lsp, left splenial; m, maxilla; mf, maxillary fenestra; n, nasal; nf, narial fenestra; o, orbital; p, parietal; pmf, promaxillary fenestra; pmx, premaxilla; q, quadrate; qf, quadrate foramen; qj, quadratojugal; rd, right dentary; sa, surangular; sq, squamosal. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA27D3CFFDDD77BFF24FC06FBB09BA7" blockId="6.[151,1437,968,1516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The posteriorly projecting pubis is longer than the femur as in some other dromaeosaurids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDDD77BFF77FC23FE8F9A4D" box="[151,299,1005,1030]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFF77FC23FE8F9A4D" box="[151,299,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDDD77BFE85FC23FD1F9A4C" authority="Ostrom 1976" authorityName="Ostrom" authorityYear="1976" box="[357,699,1005,1031]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Deinonychus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFE85FC23FE5B9A4D" box="[357,511,1005,1030]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinonychus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDDD77BFDF0FC23FD169A4C" author="Ostrom" box="[528,690,1005,1031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" refString="Ostrom, J. H. (1976) On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Breviora, 439, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1976">Ostrom 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This feature may characterize derived dromaeosaurids, given that basal dromaeosaurids resemble most other non-avian theropods in having a pubis shorter than the femur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDDD77BFF7FFBF6FEA99A19" author="Xu" box="[159,269,1080,1106]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A longer pubis relative to the femur appears to be correlated with a full posterior rotation of the pubis in derived dromaeosaurids. The pubis is straight in lateral view, and although it lacks a distinct pubic boot, the distal quarter is anteroposteriorly enlarged relative to the shaft. Proximal to the anteroposteriorly expanded distal region, the pubic shaft forms a considerable lateral expansion as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFB5BFB66FAFE9A8A" box="[1211,1370,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Veloc irap tor.</emphasis>
|
||
This condition is somewhat similar to that of basal dromaeosaurids from Liaoning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDDD77BFBA7FB03FB129AAC" author="Xu" box="[1095,1206,1229,1255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" refString="Xu, X. (2002) Deinonychosaurian fossils from the Jehol Group of western Liaoning and the coelurosaurian evolution. PhD thesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing." type="book" year="2002">Xu 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in which a lateral projection occurs near the midpoint of the pubic shaft. The hindlimb has proportions intermediate between those of basal and derived dromaeosaurids (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C69F4887FFDDD77BFD77FAD6FD4A9B79" box="[663,750,1304,1330]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,241,338,362]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of selected elements in Linheraptor exquisitus, IVPP V 16923 (in millimeters; * indicates estimated measurement). Measurements are lengths except where noted." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
): the tibiotarsus and metatarsus are respectively 111% and 54% the length of the femur. In derived dromaeosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1D06BFFFDDD77BFC49FAF3FBE49B1D" box="[937,1088,1341,1366]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Velociraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B969A12EFFDDD77BFC49FAF3FBE49B1D" box="[937,1088,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Velociraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDDD77BFBB0FAF3FA3C9B1C" author="Norell" box="[1104,1432,1341,1367]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1997) Important features of the dromaeosaur skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates, 3215, 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="1997">Norell & Makovicky 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C00CDFFDDD77BFF77FAACFF729B37" author="Makovicky" box="[151,214,1378,1404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="9" refString="Norell, M. A. & Makovicky, P. J. (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the distal segments of the hindlimb are proportionally shorter. The astragalus and calcaneum are fused to each other and appear to be co-ossified with the tibia, forming a true tibiotarsus. The tibia bears a distinct tuberosity medial to the distal end of the fibular crest, along the anteromedial margin of the shaft. The two hemicondyles of the astragalus-calcaneum complex are transversely narrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |