217 lines
24 KiB
XML
217 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7510676C57008A3B1C6518A2ACBEDA0C">Distribution, habitats, phenology and conservation of New Caledonian Odonata</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FF1ABCFB63B4FB31" ID-CoL="53YV3" authority="Selys-Longchamps, 1871" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,702,1228,1255]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FF1ABCFB6089FB30" bold="true" box="[151,387,1228,1255]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA9F59FFFE1FFC5FE07BCFB63B4FB31" author="Selys-Longchamps, E. de" box="[394,702,1228,1254]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="519 - 565" refId="ref35811" refString="Selys-Longchamps, E. de. (1871) Synopsis des Cordulines (1), 2 me Legion. - Macromia. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 2 eme Serie, 31, 519 - 565." type="journal article" year="1871">Selys-Longchamps, 1871</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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(
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)
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FF1ABD036392FA9A" ID-CoL="53YV3" authority="Selys-Longchamps, 1871: 557" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityPageNumber="557" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,664,1332,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FF1ABD036050FA9B" box="[151,346,1332,1356]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A99AE7FFFE1FFC5FEEDBD036392FA9A" author="Selys-Longchamps, E. de" box="[352,664,1332,1357]" page="557" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" year="1871">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA9F59FFFE1FFC5FEEDBD036392FA9A" author="Selys-Longchamps, E. de" box="[352,664,1332,1357]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="519 - 565" refId="ref35811" refString="Selys-Longchamps, E. de. (1871) Synopsis des Cordulines (1), 2 me Legion. - Macromia. Bulletins de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, 2 eme Serie, 31, 519 - 565." type="journal article" year="1871">Selys-Longchamps, 1871: 557</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C322DBE5FFE1FFC7FF1ABD4D61EBF962" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FF1ABD4D6023FA42" bold="true" box="[151,297,1402,1429]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Distribution</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="130394EBFFE1FFC5FEB7BD4C6085FA42" box="[314,399,1402,1429]" captionStart="FIGURE 69" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1152,1177]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,199,1127]" captionTargetId="figure@67.[151,1436,199,1127]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 69. Records of Synthemis miranda." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342372/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
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). Endemic to Grande Terre. This large species (wing span up to
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<quantity id="4CC0258BFFE1FFC5FBE8BD4C65BCFA42" box="[1125,1206,1403,1429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
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) is recorded from at least 35 localities around the island.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA9F59FFFE1FFC5FDBCBDA863CBFA6E" author="Bigot, L." box="[561,705,1438,1465]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="317 - 329" refId="ref31010" refString="Bigot, L. (1985) Contribution a l'etude des peuplements littoraux et cotiers de la Nouvelle-Caledonie (Grand Terre, Ile des Pins) et d'une des iles Loyaute (Ouvea): premier inventaire entomologique. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 21, 317 - 329." type="journal article" year="1985">Bigot (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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collected a female in the Baie du Prony. One specimen collected in
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<date id="FF86AEAEFFE1FFC5FF38BDF46041FA0A" box="[181,331,1474,1501]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" value="1957-01">
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January
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<quantity id="4CC0258BFFE1FFC5FE9EBDF56041FA0A" box="[275,331,1474,1501]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9707799999999995" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="in" value="1957.0">1957</quantity>
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</date>
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in the Thy Forest is held in the
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<collectionCode id="ED2910ABFFE1FFC5FD3BBDF4620FFA0A" box="[694,773,1475,1501]" country="New Caledonia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/crvj-94ys" name="Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique d'Outre-Mer" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">ONNC</collectionCode>
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collection and another, collected in
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<date id="FF86AEAEFFE1FFC5FB12BDF46422FA0A" box="[1183,1320,1475,1501]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" value="1998-03">
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March
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<quantity id="4CC0258BFFE1FFC5FB7DBDF46422FA0A" box="[1264,1320,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.07492" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="in" value="1998.0">1998</quantity>
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</date>
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in La Foa (Pocquereux valley), is held in the
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<collectionCode id="ED2910ABFFE1FFC5FD93BDD0638FF9D6" box="[542,645,1511,1537]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">CXMNC</collectionCode>
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collection.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE1FFC5FF4ABE3D63D4F99E" blockId="65.[151,1437,1402,2041]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FF4ABE3D6020F9F2" bold="true" box="[199,298,1546,1573]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Habitat.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FEBCBE3C6300F9F2" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[305,522,1547,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FEBCBE3C6300F9F2" box="[305,522,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs on mountain forest creeks and streams. It can also sometimes be found in the lowlands. This species tolerates ultramafic soils.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE1FFC7FF4ABE6560FAFA9A" blockId="65.[151,1437,1402,2041]" lastBlockId="67.[151,1437,1259,1717]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FF4ABE6560D6F9BA" bold="true" box="[199,476,1618,1645]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Biology and behaviour.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FE69BE6463B7F9BA" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[484,701,1619,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FE69BE6463B7F9BA" box="[484,701,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
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is highly territorial, males patrol around shallow ponds (
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<superScript id="7C4D2526FFE1FFC5FA06BE666499F988" attach="left" box="[1419,1427,1617,1631]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">2</superScript>
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) or puddles near very fast-flowing creeks. However, oviposition sites are located in pools that are more or less disconnected from the creek. Males are highly aggressive towards other males. Resident males attack other males or any specimen belonging to smaller species that enter their territory. If a female enters a male’s territory, the male will capture her immediately. After tandem formation mating lasts for about 40 seconds in flight 0.6–1.5 m above the ground, while the couple complete six to eight chaotic circling flights over the oviposition site (more than 10 observations). Once released, the female will only lay in the area previously patrolled by the male. She lays eggs onto a substrate with plant debris covered with a film of water (up to a few mm). The exuviae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FBB1BF7865BEF8BE" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[1084,1204,1871,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
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<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FBB1BF7865BEF8BE" box="[1084,1204,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">S. miranda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are sometimes found more than
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away from the water, clinging to tree trunks, up to 2.5 m above the ground. The larva was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA9F59FFFE1FFC5FF1ABFA06044F866" author="Lieftinck, M." box="[151,334,1942,1969]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="165 - 200" refId="ref33832" refString="Lieftinck, M. (1976) The dragonflies (Odonata) of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands - Part 2. Immature stages. Cahiers Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer (ORSTOM), Serie Hydrobiologie, 10, 165 - 200." type="journal article" year="1976">Lieftinck (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. On the 22
|
||
<superScript id="7C4D2526FFE1FFC5FE48BFA260D8F874" attach="left" box="[453,466,1941,1955]" fontSize="6" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">th</superScript>
|
||
<date id="FF86AEAEFFE1FFC5FE55BFA06367F866" box="[472,621,1943,1969]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" value="2010-01">January 2010</date>
|
||
, DG discovered, along the Sanatorium stream (Païta), a pair of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE1FFC5FAA9BFA06496F866" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[1316,1436,1943,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE1FFC5FAA9BFA06496F866" box="[1316,1436,1943,1969]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">S. miranda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the wheel position; the female in this case had extensive wing coloration. Under the still conditions, this couple hung under a twig at more than
|
||
<quantity id="4CC0258BFFE1FFC5FE3BBFE960EAF82E" box="[438,480,2014,2041]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
height and was observed for more than 10 minutes. It is possible, if not probable, that this species may have two methods of mating, as the Afro-European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE3FFC7FCF4BCDC62F7FAD2" authorityName="Rambur" authorityYear="1842" box="[889,1021,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Libellulidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE3FFC7FB8FBCDC6496FAD2" authority="(Brulle, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Brulle" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1026,1436,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Crocothemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythraea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FB8FBCDC65F4FAD2" box="[1026,1278,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Crocothemis erythraea</emphasis>
|
||
(Brullé, 1832)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that normally mates in flight for about ten seconds, but may perch to form a wheel depending on the strength of wind and the presence of congeners.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF47D8E6FFE2FFC6FF1ABFD662FDF82E" box="[151,1015,2017,2042]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3352069/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[339,1248,181,1992]" targetPageId="66">
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||
<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE2FFC6FF1ABFD662FDF82E" blockId="66.[151,1015,2017,2042]" box="[151,1015,2017,2042]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE2FFC6FF1ABFD6602AF82D" bold="true" box="[151,288,2017,2042]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 68.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE2FFC6FEABBFD560E3F82D" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[294,489,2018,2042]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE2FFC6FEABBFD560E3F82D" box="[294,489,2018,2042]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: a) male, b) female f. typica, c) female f. extenuata.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF47D8E6FFE3FFC7FF1ABCB7636EFB4F" box="[151,612,1152,1177]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342372/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" startId="67.[151,250,1152,1177]" targetBox="[151,1436,199,1127]" targetPageId="67">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE3FFC7FF1ABCB7636EFB4F" blockId="67.[151,612,1152,1177]" box="[151,612,1152,1177]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FF1ABCB7602AFB4E" bold="true" box="[151,288,1152,1177]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">FIGURE 69.</emphasis>
|
||
Records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE3FFC7FE16BCB76354FB4F" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[411,606,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FE16BCB76354FB4F" box="[411,606,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE3FFC7FF4ABD616483F9BA" blockId="67.[151,1437,1259,1717]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FF4ABD6160F5FAA6" bold="true" box="[199,511,1366,1393]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Morphological variations.</emphasis>
|
||
There is variation in the wing colour pattern in females. Typical females have a strong transparent saffron tint that covers the wing from the basis to the discoidal cell. However, in some females, the tint ranges from deep yellow to light brown and may reach the nodus. Based on sympatric occurrence from the northeast of Grande Terre, Marinov & Richards (2013) formally recognised two forms – f. typica which includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548336CCFFE3FFC7FF4DBDD06028F9D6" box="[192,290,1511,1537]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female and f. extenuata for the females with reduced colour on the wings. These names were proposed for convenience in recording future observations and do not reflect the actual abundance, nor do they have formal nomenclatorial status recognised by the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED2910ABFFE3FFC7FDDBBE186391F99E" box="[598,667,1583,1609]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ICZN</collectionCode>
|
||
. A flight of twenty individuals was observed in a creek near the Mont Koghis auberge. At least five or six females had strongly coloured wings, hovering quietly at a height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC0258BFFE3FFC7FAA0BE64648FF9BA" box="[1325,1413,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" unit="m" value="7.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="4.0">
|
||
4–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3E43E7FFE3FFC7FAC7BE64648FF9BA" box="[1354,1413,1619,1645]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="generic">10 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B87886EFFE3FFC7FF4ABE4161EBF962" blockId="67.[151,1437,1259,1717]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FF4ABE416013F946" bold="true" box="[199,281,1654,1681]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Status.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C38F3EDFFE3FFC7FE92BE4060FCF946" authorityName="Selys-Longchamps" authorityYear="1871" box="[287,502,1655,1681]" class="Insecta" family="Synthemistidae" genus="Synthemis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="miranda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94C547CFFE3FFC7FE92BE4060FCF946" box="[287,502,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Synthemis miranda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely distributed over Grande Terre with large populations. We rank this species as LC.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |