452 lines
57 KiB
XML
452 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="855389F0FE472652583EDDF3AF89D7FF" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6E12C82FF17FECE13B7FCC2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Thaumatomyrmex Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="161" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="159" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E0D3196BA8283586D2D86A401F478FCE">
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<mods:title id="776939486CB8497B00954218EB89E323">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="44665FA18C44876A3FC133C0D6931E31">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="05E12DF5EA12472A62341F4347AD1E1A">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="517E5F117E14A7B888F23F1D860A0B95">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8FFC25524DE005DE6F76AB3DCF92D1E1">
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<mods:date id="AE84F0BB63C2BCFDF818A2E6F3547C9B">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="11423C950F6851700FF73B6439657810">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="875DBE2B9A021C88FE6811D8D4666E7D">3817</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03775906A6E12C82FF17FECE13B7FCC2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117564" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117564" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6E12C82FF17FECE13B7FCC2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6E12C82FF17FECE13B7FCC2" lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E12CBCFF17FECE11A6FEB8" box="[151,451,296,322]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF17FECE11A6FEB8" blockId="158.[151,451,296,355]" box="[151,451,296,322]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6E12CBCFF17FECE11A6FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,451,296,322]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17FECE11A6FEB8" ID-CoL="646JV" ID-ENA="411726" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,451,296,322]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17FECE11A6FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,451,296,322]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17FECE1113FEB8" bold="true" box="[151,374,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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Mayr
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E12CBCFF17FEAC1083FE99" box="[151,230,330,355]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF17FEAC1083FE99" blockId="158.[151,451,296,355]" box="[151,230,330,355]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6E12CBCFF17FEAC1083FE99" box="[151,230,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 33" captionStartId="159.[151,250,1613,1635]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1580]" captionTargetId="figure-193@159.[151,1436,193,1592]" captionTargetPageId="159" captionText="FIGURE 33. Worker caste of Thaumatomyrmex ferox: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249251, Shannon Hartman and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Thaumatomyrmex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120886/files/figure.png" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E12CBCFF17FE7412E4FDA0" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF17FE74150EFE52" blockId="158.[151,1387,402,424]" box="[151,1387,402,424]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6E12CBCFF17FE74150EFE52" box="[151,1387,402,424]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6E12CBCFF17FE741199FE52" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,508,402,424]" page="530" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" year="1887">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17FE741199FE52" ID-CoL="646JV" authority="Mayr, 1887: 530" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="530" authorityYear="1887" box="[151,508,402,424]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17FE74112BFE52" box="[151,334,402,424]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFED4FE751199FE52" author="Mayr, G." box="[340,508,402,424]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="511 - 632" refId="ref155312" refString="Mayr, G. (1887) Sudamerikanische Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 37, 511 - 632." type="journal article" year="1887">Mayr, 1887: 530</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6E12CBCFC88FE7414B0FE52" author="Mayr, G." box="[776,1237,402,424]" page="531" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" year="1887">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFC88FE7414B0FE52" ID-CoL="7C72Q" authority="Mayr, 1887: 531" authorityName="Mayr. Several" authorityPageNumber="531" authorityYear="1887" box="[776,1237,402,424]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFC88FE741446FE52" box="[776,1059,402,424]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex mutilatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFBA9FE7514B0FE52" author="Mayr, G." box="[1065,1237,402,424]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="511 - 632" refId="ref155312" refString="Mayr, G. (1887) Sudamerikanische Formiciden. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 37, 511 - 632." type="journal article" year="1887">Mayr, 1887: 531</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF17FE3312E4FDA0" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17FE331104FE14" ID-CoL="646JV" box="[151,353,469,494]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17FE331104FE14" box="[151,353,469,494]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small (12 described species) Neotropical ponerine genus. These ants are notable for their pitchfork-like mandibles and other unusual cephalic characters and their specialized predation on polyxenid millipedes. Formerly considered a tribe separate from
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFC93FDFB1310FDCC" ID-CoL="L68" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[787,885,541,566]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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, we confirm here their phylogenetic placement within the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFE8EFDA711C8FDA0" ID-CoL="6BRJ" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[270,429,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE8EFDA711C8FDA0" box="[270,429,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFD9BFDA7121BFDA0" ID-CoL="L68" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[539,638,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E12CBCFF47FD831480FA40" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FD8314C5FCF4" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FD831124FD84" bold="true" box="[199,321,613,638]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFECDFD831272FD84" box="[333,535,613,638]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFECDFD831272FD84" box="[333,535,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are among the most morphologically derived of all ponerines, and would be difficult to confuse with those of any other genus. Their pitchfork-like mandibles and widely separated frontal lobes are autapomorphic within
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFDD5FD4B12D1FD3C" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[597,692,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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and immediately identify them as
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFBBCFD4B1563FD3C" box="[1084,1286,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFBBCFD4B1563FD3C" box="[1084,1286,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFA94FD4B15FEFD3C" box="[1300,1435,685,710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFA94FD4B15FEFD3C" box="[1300,1435,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF4DFD34113EFD13" box="[205,347,722,745]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF4DFD34113EFD13" box="[205,347,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also have mandibles with long attenuated teeth, but their teeth are shorter than those of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17FD131104FCF4" box="[151,353,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17FD131104FCF4" box="[151,353,757,782]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and their frontal lobes are closely approximated as is typical for
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFBB9FD1314F9FCF4" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1081,1180,757,782]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FCFF1266FB44" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FCFF11A2FCC8" bold="true" box="[199,455,793,818]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE51FCFF1242FCC8" box="[465,551,793,818]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Worker.</emphasis>
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Small (TL 3.3–5.0 mm;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFCD1FCFF138EFCC8" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[849,1003,793,818]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf, 1975</bibRefCitation>
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) ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17FCDB1093FCAC" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,246,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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except that the antennal sockets are very widely separated by a broad posterior extension of the clypeus. Mandibles pitchfork-like with three very long and attenuated teeth, the mandibular articulations located on narrow anterolateral projections of the head. Clypeus generally greatly reduced except for a broad posterior extension. Frontal lobes of moderate size, semi-vertical, reaching or surpassing the anterior clypeal margin. Eyes large and very convex, located anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove absent to shallowly impressed. Propodeal dorsum moderately narrowed but rounded. Propodeal spiracles round. Metapleural gland orifice with a U-shaped cuticular flange posteriorly and a shallow groove laterally. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole ranging from a thick broad scale with sharp lateral margins to a cuboidal node. Gaster with only a weak constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Pretergite of A4 with a distinct stridulitrum. Head and body with variable sculpturing, ranging from smooth and shiny to finely shagreened to finely punctate and rugulose. Head and body with scattered pilosity and no pubescence. Color black.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FB2C1414FAFC" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FB2C1172FB1B" box="[199,279,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Queen.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFE9DFB2F11D9FB18" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[285,444,1225,1250]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned the existence of an alate queen of
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFC37FB2C14F5FB1B" box="[951,1168,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFC37FB2C1471FB18" box="[951,1044,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeteki">T. zeteki</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFBBBFB2C14F5FB1B" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1083,1168,1226,1249]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">T. atrox</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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), but it has neither been described nor confirmed. Gamergates occur in at least two species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFC0BFB0B1403FAFC" author="Jahyny, B. & Delabie J. & Fresneau, D." box="[907,1126,1261,1286]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref147833" refString="Jahyny, B., Delabie J. & Fresneau, D. (2002) Mini-societes sans reine chez le genre neotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr, 1887 (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 15, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jahyny
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFC63FB08147EFAFC" box="[995,1051,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FAF712EEFAD0" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" box="[199,651,1297,1322]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FAF7116DFAD0" box="[199,264,1297,1322]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6E12CBCFE8EFAF71153FAD0" box="[270,310,1297,1322]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFE64FAF712E2FAD0" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[484,647,1297,1322]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FAD0108CFA88" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FAD01174FAB7" box="[199,273,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFE32FAD31236FAB4" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[434,595,1333,1358]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFCAAFAD013CAFAB4" authorityName="Mayr. Several" authorityYear="1887" box="[810,943,1333,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFCAAFAD013CAFAB4" box="[810,943,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">T. mutilatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFC5CFAD31418FAB4" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[988,1149,1333,1358]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="47 - 52" refId="ref149141" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1954) A descoberta do primeiro macho do genero Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 1, 47 - 52." type="journal article" year="1954">Kempf (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFB37FAD31081FA88" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="443 - 462" refId="ref167049" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1964) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 443 - 462." type="journal article" year="1964">Wheeler & Wheeler (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FA9B1480FA40" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FA9B118AFA6C" bold="true" box="[199,495,1405,1430]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFE76FA9B12A5FA6C" box="[502,704,1405,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE76FA9B12A5FA6C" box="[502,704,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a strictly Neotropical genus whose known range extends from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E12CBCFF17FA471089FA40" box="[151,236,1441,1466]" name="Mexico" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6E12CBCFE90FA471131FA40" box="[272,340,1441,1466]" name="Brazil" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
on the mainland and also includes some islands of the Caribbean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFBBFFA4714BDFA40" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[1087,1240,1441,1466]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6E12C82FF47FA2313B7FCC2" lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E12CBCFF47FA231184F848" blockId="158.[151,1437,469,1970]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF47FA231187FA24" bold="true" box="[199,482,1477,1502]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFE71FA2312DEFA24" box="[497,699,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE71FA2312DEFA24" box="[497,699,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
displays an unusual suite of morphological, ecological and behavioral traits.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFED9FA0F1222F9F8" author="Brandao, C. R. F." box="[345,583,1513,1538]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="335 - 344" refId="ref134166" refString="Brandao, C. R. F. (1991) Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38, 335 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01241869" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Brandão
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE3EFA0C1193F9F8" box="[446,502,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the feeding habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFC2CFA0C1467F9FB" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[940,1026,1514,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFC2CFA0C1467F9FB" box="[940,1026,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFBB6FA0C14DBF9FB" authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1975" box="[1078,1214,1514,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contumax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFBB6FA0C14DBF9FB" box="[1078,1214,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">T. contumax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found that they are highly specialized predators of polyxenid millipedes (confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFC37F9EB14F0F9DC" author="Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A." box="[951,1173,1549,1574]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="571 - 584" refId="ref138534" refString="Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A. (2000) Notes on the ecology of Thaumatomyrmex spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in southeast Bahia, Brazil. Sociobiology, 36, 571 - 584." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Delabie
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFB94F9E81429F9DC" box="[1044,1100,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also the account in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFF17F9D7119AF9B0" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[151,511,1585,1610]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" refId="ref146933" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1995) Journey to the Ants. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Mass., 228 pp." type="book" year="1995">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Polyxenids are covered with protective hooked setae which hunting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF17F9B31104F994" box="[151,353,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17F9B31104F994" box="[151,353,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers must deal with before consuming their prey. The ants deal with the polyxenids by grasping them with their pitchfork mandibles, stinging them (presumably to minimize defensive struggles), and finally scraping off the defensive setae using their modified front tarsi, rendering the millipedes palatable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFABCF97B117BF920" author="Brandao, C. R. F." pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="335 - 344" refId="ref134166" refString="Brandao, C. R. F. (1991) Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38, 335 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01241869" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Brandão
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF17F92410B7F920" box="[151,210,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the highly specialized mandibular structure present in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFB99F927155BF920" box="[1049,1342,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFB99F9271486F920" box="[1049,1251,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the observation of millipede predation in two different species groups, polyxenid predation is probably universal in the genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFF67F8EF11D4F8D8" box="[231,433,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFF67F8EF11D4F8D8" box="[231,433,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers forage individually in leaf litter and feign death when disturbed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFB74F8EF10B6F8BC" author="Brandao, C. R. F." pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="335 - 344" refId="ref134166" refString="Brandao, C. R. F. (1991) Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38, 335 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01241869" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Brandão
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFADCF8EC15F0F8D8" box="[1372,1429,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFEC8F8CB1277F8BC" box="[328,530,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFEC8F8CB1277F8BC" box="[328,530,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were long considered to be rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFC17F8CB1427F8BC" author="Longino, J. T." box="[919,1090,1837,1862]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="35 - 42" refId="ref152150" refString="Longino, J. T. (1988) Notes on the taxonomy of the neotropical ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Trager, J. C. (Ed.), Advances in myrmecology. E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 35 - 42." type="book chapter" year="1988">Longino, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), improved sampling methods have demonstrated that their colony density can be very high (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFCC9F8B7144FF890" author="Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A." box="[841,1066,1873,1898]" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="571 - 584" refId="ref138534" refString="Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A. (2000) Notes on the ecology of Thaumatomyrmex spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in southeast Bahia, Brazil. Sociobiology, 36, 571 - 584." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Delabie
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFC28F8B41385F890" box="[936,992,1873,1898]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given the cryptobiotic foraging habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E12CBCFE86F89311B5F874" box="[262,464,1909,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E12CBCFE86F89311B5F874" box="[262,464,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="158" pageNumber="159">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the function of the large well-developed eyes in the workers is a mystery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E12CBCFACEF89311B0F848" author="Baroni Urbani, C. & de Andrade, M. L." pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="263 - 277" refId="ref132350" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. & de Andrade, M. L. (2003) The ant genus Thaumatomyrmex in Cuba (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with description of two new species. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique Suisse, 76, 263 - 277." type="journal article" year="2003">Baroni Urbani & de Andrade, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6E02CBDFF17F9AB14C3F978" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120886/files/figure.png" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" startId="159.[151,250,1613,1635]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1580]" targetPageId="159">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E02CBDFF17F9AB14C3F978" blockId="159.[151,1436,1613,1666]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFF17F9AB114DF999" bold="true" box="[151,296,1613,1635]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFE74F9AB1289F999" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[500,748,1613,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFE74F9AB1289F999" box="[500,748,1613,1635]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Thaumatomyrmex ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249251, Shannon Hartman and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFC69F98A14C5F978" box="[1001,1184,1644,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFC69F98A14C5F978" box="[1001,1184,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E02CBDFF47F94F11FDF863" blockId="159.[151,1436,1705,2018]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFF47F94F11F4F938" box="[199,401,1705,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFF47F94F11F4F938" box="[199,401,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nests have been observed under bark, in rotting wood, under leaves, and in abandoned wasp nests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFF61F92B1118F91C" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[225,381,1741,1766]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFE0DF92B121AF91C" author="Brandao, C. R. F." box="[397,639,1741,1766]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="335 - 344" refId="ref134166" refString="Brandao, C. R. F. (1991) Thaumatomyrmex strips millipedes for prey: a novel predatory behaviour in ants, and the first case of sympatry in the genus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 38, 335 - 344. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01241869" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Brandão
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFE76F9281257F91C" box="[502,562,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFD0EF92B131FF91C" author="Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A." box="[654,890,1741,1766]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="571 - 584" refId="ref138534" refString="Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A. (2000) Notes on the ecology of Thaumatomyrmex spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in southeast Bahia, Brazil. Sociobiology, 36, 571 - 584." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Delabie
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFD70F9281349F91C" box="[752,812,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFC10F92B141EF91C" author="Jahyny, B. & Delabie J. & Fresneau, D." box="[912,1147,1741,1766]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="33 - 37" refId="ref147833" refString="Jahyny, B., Delabie J. & Fresneau, D. (2002) Mini-societes sans reine chez le genre neotropical Thaumatomyrmex Mayr, 1887 (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux, 15, 33 - 37." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Jahyny
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFC6AF9281443F91C" box="[1002,1062,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the reproductive system of two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFE29F9141260F8F3" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[425,517,1778,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFE29F9141260F8F3" box="[425,517,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFDC1F91412A8F8F3" authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1975" box="[577,717,1778,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contumax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFDC1F91412A8F8F3" box="[577,717,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. contumax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and found that they reproduce via gamergates and that their colonies are exceptionally small (fewer than
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6E02CBDFD17F8F3134DF8D4" box="[663,808,1813,1838]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" type="worker">five workers</specimenCount>
|
||
, on average, and never more than nine).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFB7BF8F315F9F8D4" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[1275,1436,1813,1838]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="95 - 126" refId="ref149342" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1975) A revision of the neotropical ponerine ant genus Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Studia Entomologica, 18 (1 - 4), 95 - 126." type="journal article" year="1975">Kempf (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported a small colony size for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFDCDF8DC12B6F8A8" box="[589,723,1849,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilates">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFDCDF8DC12B6F8A8" box="[589,723,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. mutilates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the existence of an alate queen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFB25F8DC1561F8A8" box="[1189,1284,1849,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zeteki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFB25F8DC1561F8A8" box="[1189,1284,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. zeteki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFAB2F8DC15EEF8AB" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[1330,1419,1850,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrox">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFAB2F8DC15EEF8AB" box="[1330,1419,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. atrox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6E02CBDFF17F8BB11ECF88C" author="Delabie, J. H. C. & Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A." box="[151,393,1885,1910]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" pagination="571 - 584" refId="ref138534" refString="Delabie, J. H. C., Fresneau, D. & Pezon, A. (2000) Notes on the ecology of Thaumatomyrmex spp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) in southeast Bahia, Brazil. Sociobiology, 36, 571 - 584." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Delabie
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFF78F8B81151F88C" box="[248,308,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
documented aggressive interactions between a putative gamergate and her nestmates in a colony of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFE88F86411F4F863" authorityName="Kempf" authorityYear="1975" box="[264,401,1922,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="contumax">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFE88F86411F4F863" box="[264,401,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. contumax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6E02C82FF47F84313D1FE57" blockId="159.[151,1436,1705,2018]" lastBlockId="160.[151,1436,151,824]" lastPageId="160" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFF47F8431285F844" bold="true" box="[199,736,1957,1982]" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr (1888) erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFC66F84314D5F844" box="[998,1200,1957,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFC66F84314D5F844" box="[998,1200,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to house the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6E02CBDFF7CF82C122EF818" authority="Mayr. Several" authorityName="Mayr. Several" authorityYear="1887" box="[252,587,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="159" pageNumber="160" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6E02CBDFF7CF82C11E9F818" box="[252,396,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="159" pageNumber="160">T. mutilatus</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr. Several
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
additional species were subsequently described. Given the bizarre morphological traits of these ants, there has never been any doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FC30FF71141FFF4A" box="[944,1146,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FC30FF71141FFF4A" box="[944,1146,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
constitutes a valid genus. There has been uncertainty, however, about its higher taxonomic placement, with authors variously placing it in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FF17FF39114DFF02" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[151,296,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ectatommini">Ectatommini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FEBCFF07110EFF02" box="[316,363,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FEF7FF061279FF02" author="Emery, C." box="[375,540,223,248]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="685 - 778" refId="ref140973" refString="Emery, C. (1895 d) Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 685 - 778." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery, 1895d</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FDB5FF3912F1FF02" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[565,660,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FD28FF0712B2FF02" box="[680,727,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FD64FF391309FF02" author="Forel, A." box="[740,876,223,248]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="89 - 139" refId="ref142629" refString="Forel, A. (1895) A fauna das formigas do Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense de Historia Natural e Ethnographia, 1, 89 - 139." type="journal article" year="1895">Forel, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cylindromyrmicini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FBF1FF39154FFF02" author="Ashmead, W. H." box="[1137,1322,223,248]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="381 - 384" refId="ref131809" refString="Ashmead, W. H. (1905) A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist, 37, 381 - 384. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 37381 - 11" type="journal article" year="1905">Ashmead, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or most commonly and most recently in its own tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FD36FEE213C4FEE7" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[694,929,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thaumatomyrmecini">Thaumatomyrmecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FC34FEE31386FEE6" box="[948,995,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FC6EFEE214E1FEE7" author="Emery, C." box="[1006,1156,260,285]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also sometimes spelled Thaumatomyrmii). Its close relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FD1EFEC11298FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[670,765,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
was confirmed by the discovery of the first male specimen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FF1EFEAA115DFE9F" author="Kempf, W. W." box="[158,312,332,357]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="47 - 52" refId="ref149141" refString="Kempf, W. W. (1954) A descoberta do primeiro macho do genero Thaumatomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 1, 47 - 52." type="journal article" year="1954">Kempf, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which had vestigial mandibles as in members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FCF7FEAA13BCFE9F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[887,985,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FC64FEAA14E6FE9F" author="Bolton, B." box="[996,1155,332,357]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DF2C82FC64FEAA1455FE9F" box="[996,1072,332,357]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
continued to treat it as a tribe separate from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FEFBFE8911B8FE72" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[379,477,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, given its lack of supposed apomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FC60FE891427FE72" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[992,1090,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though he suggested that the vestigial male mandibles were likely synapomorphic for the two tribes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6DF2C82FF47FE5E13B7FCC2" blockId="160.[151,1436,151,824]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">
|
||
In the molecular phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FDA1FE5112C4FE2A" box="[545,673,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
published by Brady
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FC0BFE5F13A6FE2A" box="[907,963,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FBA3FE511488FE2A" box="[1059,1261,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FBA3FE511488FE2A" box="[1059,1261,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was inferred to be nested within a non-monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FDC3FE3A12C3FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[579,678,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FD31FE3A1317FE0F" author="Schmidt, C." box="[689,882,476,501]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FB10FE3A1565FE0F" box="[1168,1280,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirms this placement, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FED7FE191244FDE2" box="[343,545,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FED7FE191244FDE2" box="[343,545,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolved as sister either to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FCE6FE1913B3FDE2" box="[870,982,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FCE6FE1913B3FDE2" box="[870,982,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or more likely to the remainder of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FF17FDC21153FDC7" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,310,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FF17FDC21153FDC7" box="[151,310,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group minus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FE5DFDC21228FDC7" box="[477,589,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FE5DFDC21228FDC7" box="[477,589,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a sister relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FCEEFDC213A8FDC7" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[878,973,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
was statistically rejected. These results show that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FE8CFDA111B3FD9A" box="[268,470,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FE8CFDA111B3FD9A" box="[268,470,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is simply a highly aberrant member of tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FC56FDA1145DFD9A" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[982,1080,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The placement of the genus in its own tribe outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FE08FD8A1182FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[392,487,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FE78FD8B1242FD7E" box="[504,551,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6DF2C82FDB0FD8A12A3FD7F" author="Bolton, B." box="[560,710,620,645]" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6DF2C82FDB0FD8A121AFD7F" box="[560,639,620,645]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was always suspect, as the apomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FB46FD8A1540FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1222,1317,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FE83FD6911A8FD52" box="[259,461,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FE83FD6911A8FD52" box="[259,461,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(close approximation of the frontal lobes and hence only a narrow posterior extension of the clypeus) are some of the very characters which are so highly derived in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FB9CFD521483FD37" box="[1052,1254,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6DF2C82FB9CFD521483FD37" box="[1052,1254,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="160" pageNumber="161">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(along with the mandibles, which are poor phylogenetic markers). In all other respects these ants are morphologically fairly typical for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FF41FD1A1146FCEF" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[193,291,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given the unequivocal results from molecular phylogenetic analyses and the above morphological consideration, we are synonymizing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FDB2FCF91378FCC2" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[562,797,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thaumatomyrmecini">Thaumatomyrmecini</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6DF2C82FCEBFCF913ABFCC2" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[875,974,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="160" pageNumber="161" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |