165 lines
17 KiB
XML
165 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="1C96BC9654AB374EE45C00D650554D4E" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" approvalRequired="1316" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="212" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1103" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6CD2C91FF17F9DE11C7FE9F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.9:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ponera" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="180" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="179" updateTime="1692390356871" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5DEACB862B247032F9F7E258110EAE53">
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<mods:title id="797D5C9634955C6BCE93E26F7C315A02">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="22244DF798FCCA72B97650662DFA803C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="66B1D05535AAB5AD91F8CF550DEE17A2">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20D91EC1AC165B06FE7696754ACBD456">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="577E09BF8C51DEB6C15FBC55ABCB18FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="4384B9296C22A69422DC7644317948E8">
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<mods:title id="B6FE0588D1270ED28C90EBA09A35C786">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="817E56B3B85F9536BFBE7FF329B5787D">
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<mods:date id="2CF4D2444E269DE04422F43188800445">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="310D2FAAD0647AD6E9B051D1060FE83B" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="1CB85287D96088F84358149BBDB516F1">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5493B6EEA2271D4C4F1FFAC979D6A1DD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="90E495DB603D94C536D925EEBAAE6FBA">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EDAAC15A912F08447D1A3D696F5134A5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EBD69F702CC71BFA25D30599AD7F9D9B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1BFC7A6F42D06BCE855A8DAE19542A12" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6CD2C91FF17F9DE11C7FE9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117594" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117594" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6CD2C91FF17F9DE11C7FE9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6CD2C91FF17F9DE11C7FE9F" lastPageId="179" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CD2C90FF17F9DE11EAF9A8" box="[151,399,1592,1618]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF17F9DE11EAF9A8" blockId="178.[151,399,1592,1618]" box="[151,399,1592,1618]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6CD2C90FF17F9DE11EAF9A8" bold="true" box="[151,399,1592,1618]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17F9DE11EAF9A8" bold="true" box="[151,399,1592,1618]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17F9DE108AF9A8" ID-CoL="63NZ7" ID-ENA="123181" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,239,1592,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17F9DE108AF9A8" bold="true" box="[151,239,1592,1618]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CD2C90FF17F99811B8F8F9" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF17F99811B8F8F9" blockId="178.[151,1437,1662,2011]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
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The phylogeny, distribution and characteristics of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD73F9991320F96C" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[755,837,1663,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD73F9991320F96C" box="[755,837,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group suggest that the bulk of its phylogenetic diversity arose during a burst of diversification into cryptobiotic niches in the Asian and Australian tropics, with several subsequent dispersal events to the New World and elsewhere. The main exception to this pattern is
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17F90D1177F8F8" box="[151,274,1771,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17F90D1177F8F8" box="[151,274,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is epigeic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CD2C91FF47F8E811C7FE9F" lastPageId="179" lastPageNumber="180" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47F8E81261F820" blockId="178.[151,1437,1662,2011]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47F8E81129F8DD" bold="true" box="[199,332,1806,1831]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Discussion.</emphasis>
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The monophyly of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FDE4F8E912D3F8DC" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[612,694,1807,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FDE4F8E912D3F8DC" box="[612,694,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group is strongly supported by molecular data (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FAB6F8E810B6F8B1" author="Schmidt, C." pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
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), but morphological synapomorphies have not yet been discovered. Generic relationships within the group are somewhat unresolved, though a sister relationship between
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FCCEF8B113ACF894" box="[846,969,1879,1902]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FCCEF8B113ACF894" box="[846,969,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the remainder of the group is well supported. Relationships among the remaining genera are poorly supported, though
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FBDAF89D1482F868" box="[1114,1255,1915,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FBDAF89D1482F868" box="[1114,1255,1915,1938]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is suggested as sister to the remainder of the group, with
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FDF0F8791291F84C" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[624,756,1951,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FDF0F8791291F84C" box="[624,756,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sister to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FCDDF8791393F84C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[861,1014,1951,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FCDDF8791393F84C" box="[861,1014,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Austroponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FB96F87914CFF84C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1046,1194,1951,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FB96F87914CFF84C" box="[1046,1194,1951,1974]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FB4AF8781509F84D" box="[1226,1388,1950,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FB4AF8781509F84D" box="[1226,1388,1950,1975]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17F825108CF820" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,233,1987,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17F825108CF820" box="[151,233,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sister to
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FECFF8251198F820" box="[335,509,1987,2010]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FECFF8251198F820" box="[335,509,1987,2010]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CC2C91FF47FF7111C7FE9F" blockId="179.[151,1437,151,357]" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">
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Members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FEFDFF7F11B5FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[381,464,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FEFDFF7F11B5FF4A" box="[381,464,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genus group are predominantly small cryptobiotic generalist predators.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FB72FF7E1508FF55" box="[1266,1389,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FB72FF7E1508FF55" box="[1266,1389,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and some
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FF59FF5B11BAFF2F" box="[217,479,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF59FF5B11E2FF2E" box="[217,391,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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are fairly large, however,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FC87FF5B13E7FF2E" box="[775,898,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FC87FF5B13E7FF2E" box="[775,898,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Diacamma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has large eyes, and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FBE4FF5B1494FF2E" box="[1124,1265,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FBE4FF5B1494FF2E" box="[1124,1265,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is apparently a specialist predator. The
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FE33FF071260FF02" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[435,517,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FE33FF071260FF02" box="[435,517,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group has a primarily Asian and Australian distribution, though
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FA94FF071503FF02" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1300,1382,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FA94FF071503FF02" box="[1300,1382,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Ponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FF17FEE2117EFEE1" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,283,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FF17FEE2117EFEE1" box="[151,283,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have each individually invaded the New World and each have a single species in Europe. The exceptions are
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FEBEFEC11185FEBA" box="[318,480,295,320]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FEBEFEC11185FEBA" box="[318,480,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FD95FECF12E6FEBA" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[533,643,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Rasopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FD95FECF12E6FEBA" box="[533,643,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Rasopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which are most species rich in the New World and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CC2C91FB49FECF1538FEBA" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1225,1373,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="179" pageNumber="180" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CC2C91FB49FECF1538FEBA" box="[1225,1373,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="179" pageNumber="180">Parvaponera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with several African species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |