467 lines
55 KiB
XML
467 lines
55 KiB
XML
<document id="3063BEF420FADE572B97E48C27BA757F" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A62F2C70FF17FE6F11D3FC32" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Buniapone Schmidt & Shattuck, 2014, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="D23E9ED7-F4E9-4572-A6BE-438DF4CE0A21" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A41DDABFEC2989CF5D004393FB0DE754">
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<mods:title id="B96EB250B482D64030DF10AD1E88C914">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5CCA9A16BD550A97A351BA1B3BCAC5B9">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="793E530CAD857F643E7AC149E1841A11">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9F8F5FA9FD339FB9C744E5C936ACA27E">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E5AA45414E50165AA3D8862558CEEAF2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="97C2CEC24677A1EF362430EB2C468816">
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<mods:date id="B618E154C7907630504E1E44D4D67123">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8522F9D778FA77E276C4117BAC287210">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6299C4396AFA0F2CB70163BAB2051F5D">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="59BAEF3C7AF54648900BA814F007F39E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="93262478738285F0969FAE7D5AE8921B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A62F2C70FF17FE6F11D3FC32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117468" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709971" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117468" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D23E9ED7-F4E9-4572-A6BE-438DF4CE0A21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A62F2C70FF17FE6F11D3FC32" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62F2C72FF17FE6F11F4FE59" box="[151,401,393,419]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF17FE6F11F4FE59" blockId="80.[151,401,393,453]" box="[151,401,393,419]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA62F2C72FF17FE6F11F4FE59" bold="true" box="[151,401,393,419]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF17FE6F11F4FE59" bold="true" box="[151,401,393,419]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF17FE6F1179FE59" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,284,393,419]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF17FE6F1179FE59" bold="true" box="[151,284,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A62F2C72FEA4FE6F11F4FE59" box="[292,401,393,419]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62F2C72FF17FE4A1519FDB5" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF17FE4A1083FE3F" blockId="80.[151,401,393,453]" box="[151,230,428,453]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A62F2C72FF17FE4A1083FE3F" box="[151,230,428,453]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="81.[151,250,1933,1955]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-51@81.[151,1436,193,1911]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 10. Worker caste of Buniapone amblyops: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172431, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Buniapone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120834/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF17FE1213E8FDF0" blockId="80.[151,909,500,522]" box="[151,909,500,522]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Type-species:
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEA8FE1212F2FDF0" authority="Emery, 1887: 434" authorityName="Emery" authorityPageNumber="434" authorityYear="1887" box="[296,663,500,522]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEA8FE1211BFFDF0" box="[296,474,500,522]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ponera amblyops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FE60FE1212F2FDF0" author="Emery, C." box="[480,663,500,522]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="433 - 448" refId="ref140577" refString="Emery, C. (1887) Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25 [= (2) (5)], 433 - 448." type="journal article" year="1887">Emery, 1887: 434</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; by present designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF17FDD11519FDB5" blockId="80.[151,1404,566,591]" box="[151,1404,566,591]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF17FDD11175FDB4" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[151,272,567,590]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF17FDD11175FDB4" box="[151,272,567,590]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a monotypic genus restricted to Southern and Southeast Asia. Very little is known about its habits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62F2C72FF17FD9812EEFD25" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF17FD9812EEFD25" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF17FD98117BFD6C" bold="true" box="[151,286,638,663]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Etymology.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEA4FD9911F8FD6C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[292,413,639,662]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEA4FD9911F8FD6C" box="[292,413,639,662]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is named after the
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FDF2FD991376FD6C" box="[626,787,639,662]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Orang Bunian</emphasis>
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, a race of invisible forest beings in the traditional folklore of
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62F2C72FF36FD441179FD41" box="[182,284,674,699]" name="Malaysia" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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(where the genus is common), reflecting the hypogeic sylvan habits of these ants. The suffix -
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FACBFD4515E4FD40" box="[1355,1409,675,698]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">pone</emphasis>
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is derived from the subfamily name
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FD93FD2012E2FD25" box="[531,647,710,735]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62F2C72FF47FD0C13E6F999" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47FD0C124DFBBC" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47FD0C1124FCF9" bold="true" box="[199,321,746,771]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FECCFD0D11A0FCF8" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[332,453,747,770]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FECCFD0D11A0FCF8" box="[332,453,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a morphologically distinctive genus and its workers are readily identified by the following combination of characters: long and narrow toothed mandibles, blunt medial clypeal projection, greatly reduced eyes, obsolete metanotal groove, ovoid propodeal spiracles, complex metapleural gland orifice, and squamiform petiole. Superficially,
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FDABFCB112C1FC94" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[555,676,855,878]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FDABFCB112C1FC94" box="[555,676,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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most closely resembles
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FC4AFCB1140AFC94" box="[970,1135,855,878]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FC4AFCB1140AFC94" box="[970,1135,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB02FCB1156AFC94" box="[1154,1295,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB02FCB1156EFC94" box="[1154,1291,855,878]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Promyopias</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and certain Neotropical
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEA3FC9D119AFC69" box="[291,511,890,915]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEA3FC9D11C2FC68" box="[291,423,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FDBAFC9D12D6FC68" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[570,691,891,914]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FDBAFC9D12D6FC68" box="[570,691,891,914]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has eyes, lacks the anterolateral position of the metapleural gland orifice of
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FE8DFC7911DCFC4C" box="[269,441,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FE8DFC7911D0FC4C" box="[269,437,927,950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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lacks the linear mandibles of
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FCA2FC7913CAFC4C" box="[802,943,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FCA2FC7913CEFC4C" box="[802,939,927,950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Promyopias</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and lacks the small closely approximated frontal lobes and circular propodeal spiracles of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FD3AFC25135BFC20" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[698,830,963,986]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FD3AFC25135BFC20" box="[698,830,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Cryptopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Though
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FC2CFC251440FC20" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[940,1061,963,986]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FC2CFC251440FC20" box="[940,1061,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares several apomorphies with its sister genus
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEC6FC0011B1FC05" box="[326,468,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEC6FC0011B1FC05" box="[326,468,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, they are superficially very different and unlikely to be confused.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB44FC011541FC04" box="[1220,1316,999,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB44FC011541FC04" box="[1220,1316,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Myopias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also has a blunt medial clypeal projection, but it is much more pronounced than in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FC53FBED1429FBD8" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[979,1100,1035,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FC53FBED1429FBD8" box="[979,1100,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB0DFBED1488FBD8" box="[1165,1261,1035,1058]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB0DFBED1488FBD8" box="[1165,1261,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the other characters diagnostic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FE28FBC91244FBBC" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[424,545,1071,1094]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FE28FBC91244FBBC" box="[424,545,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47FBB412C0FA55" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47FBB411A7FB91" bold="true" box="[199,450,1106,1131]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FE49FBB41244FB91" box="[457,545,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium-sized (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A62F2C72FD7EFBB413EDFB90" box="[766,904,1106,1131]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="6.5" valueMin="5.5">5.5–6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FC12FBB51447FB91" author="Emery, C." box="[914,1058,1106,1131]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="433 - 448" refId="ref140577" refString="Emery, C. (1887) Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25 [= (2) (5)], 433 - 448." type="journal article" year="1887">Emery, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF39FB901179FB75" box="[185,284,1142,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles long and narrow, with seven prominent teeth on the masticatory margin, a short basal margin, and a basal groove. Anterior clypeal margin forming a narrow blunt medial projection. Frontal lobes moderately large. Eyes very small (with about four ommatidia), located anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove obsolete. Propodeum narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracles ovoid. Metapleural gland orifice opening posterolaterally, with anterior and posterior cuticular flanges. Mesotibae and meso-/metabasitarsi with stout traction setae. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform. Helcium projecting from near midheight of anterior face of A3. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Head, gaster and mesosomal dorsum punctate, the sides of the mesosoma longitudinally striate. Head and body with scattered pilosity and a dense pubescence. Color orange.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47FA5D1455FA29" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" box="[199,1072,1466,1491]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47FA5D1172FA28" box="[199,279,1467,1490]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to worker, but larger (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A62F2C72FD15FA5C1299FA28" box="[661,764,1466,1491]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="9.25">9.25 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FC88FA5D13F2FA29" author="Emery, C." box="[776,919,1466,1491]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="485 - 512" refId="ref140640" refString="Emery, C. (1889) Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885 - 87). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27 [= (2) (7)], 485 - 512." type="journal article" year="1889">Emery, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and winged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47FA3812F3FA0D" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" box="[199,662,1502,1527]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47FA38116DFA0D" box="[199,264,1502,1527]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62F2C72FE8EFA381153FA0D" box="[270,310,1502,1527]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description in Santschi (1928).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47F9E511D9F9E1" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" box="[199,444,1538,1563]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47F9E51174F9E0" box="[199,273,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62F2C72FE98F9E51127F9E0" box="[280,322,1539,1562]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47F9C013E6F999" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47F9C01196F9C5" bold="true" box="[199,499,1574,1599]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FE7EF9C11212F9C4" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[510,631,1575,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FE7EF9C11212F9C4" box="[510,631,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to Southern and Southeast Asia, ranging from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62F2C72FF17F9AC10BFF999" box="[151,218,1610,1635]" name="China" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the islands of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62F2C72FD81F9AC120BF999" box="[513,622,1610,1635]" name="Indonesia" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and as far west as
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A62F2C72FCC2F9AC131AF999" box="[834,895,1610,1635]" name="India" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA62F2C70FF47F98811D3FC32" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C72FF47F98811D3F8EC" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47F98811B0F97D" bold="true" box="[199,469,1646,1671]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Virtually nothing is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB83F9891419F97C" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1027,1148,1647,1670]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB83F9891419F97C" box="[1027,1148,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, other than that they are hypogeic. They are presumably predatory, though their prey preferences are unknown. One of us (CS) observed large numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEDBF9511180F935" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1887" box="[347,485,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEDBF9511180F935" box="[347,485,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">B. amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers congregated at a palm oil bait sunk into the ground, suggesting that they are not strictly carnivorous and that they may employ some kind of nestmate recruitment to food sources, like their sister genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FEA1F91811CAF8ED" box="[289,431,1790,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FEA1F91811CAF8ED" box="[289,431,1790,1815]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62F2C70FF47F8C4113AFF02" blockId="80.[151,1437,638,2031]" lastBlockId="82.[151,1437,151,968]" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF47F8C412B1F8C1" bold="true" box="[199,724,1826,1851]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
We are erecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FC14F8C51468F8C0" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[916,1037,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FC14F8C51468F8C0" box="[916,1037,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new genus to house the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF72F8A11206F8A5" authority="Emery (1887)" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1887" box="[242,611,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF72F8A111DFF8A5" box="[242,442,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ponera amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FE44F8A11206F8A5" author="Emery, C." box="[452,611,1862,1887]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="433 - 448" refId="ref140577" refString="Emery, C. (1887) Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25 [= (2) (5)], 433 - 448." type="journal article" year="1887">Emery (1887)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FD65F8A0139CF8A5" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[741,1017,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FD65F8A0139CF8A5" box="[741,1017,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pachycondyla amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This species has had probably the most convoluted taxonomic history of any ponerine. It was originally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB90F88D1568F879" authority="(Emery, 1887)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1040,1293,1898,1923]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB90F88D1406F878" box="[1040,1123,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FBF1F88C1563F879" author="Emery, C." box="[1137,1286,1898,1923]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="433 - 448" refId="ref140577" refString="Emery, C. (1887) Catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Genova. Parte terza. Formiche della regione Indo-Malese e dell'Australia (continuazione e fine). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 25 [= (2) (5)], 433 - 448." type="journal article" year="1887">Emery, 1887</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, then moved to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF3DF8681132F85D" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1862" box="[189,343,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trapeziopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF3DF8681132F85D" box="[189,343,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Trapeziopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FE12F8691196F85C" box="[402,499,1935,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FE12F8691196F85C" box="[402,499,1935,1958]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FD8BF86912CDF85D" author="Emery, C." box="[523,680,1934,1959]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="485 - 512" refId="ref140640" refString="Emery, C. (1889) Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885 - 87). [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 27 [= (2) (7)], 485 - 512." type="journal article" year="1889">Emery, 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FD45F8681472F85D" authority="(Emery, 1897 a)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[709,1047,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FD45F8681329F85D" box="[709,844,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FCE4F868146AF85D" author="Emery, C." box="[868,1039,1934,1959]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="546 - 576" refId="ref141049" refString="Emery, C. (1897 a) Viaggio di Lamberto Loria nella Papuasia orientale. XVIII. Formiche raccolte nella Nuova Guinea dal Dott. Lamberto Loria. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 38, 546 - 576." type="journal article" year="1897">Emery, 1897a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FBACF86815F2F85D" authority="(Emery, 1900 b)" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1068,1431,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FBACF86814AEF85D" box="[1068,1227,1934,1959]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FB63F86815F5F85D" author="Emery, C." box="[1251,1424,1934,1959]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="661 - 688" refId="ref141183" refString="Emery, C. (1900 b) Formiche raccolte da Elio Modigliani in Sumatra, Engano e Mentawei. [part]. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 40 [= 2 (20)], 661 - 688." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FF17F854115CF831" box="[151,313,1970,1995]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FF17F854115CF831" box="[151,313,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FEC7F85411BFF831" author="Emery, C." box="[327,474,1970,1995]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FE65F85412F0F831" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[485,661,1970,1995]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham, 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FD28F85513D6F831" authority="(Forel, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[680,947,1970,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FD28F8551373F830" box="[680,790,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FCA5F85413CFF831" author="Forel, A." box="[805,938,1970,1995]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 26" refId="ref142946" refString="Forel, A. (1905) Ameisen aus Java. Gesammelt von Prof. Karl Kraepelin 1904. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 22, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="1905">Forel, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and most recently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FB0BF854154FF831" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1163,1322,1970,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FB0BF854154FF831" box="[1163,1322,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
again (W. L. Brown, in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FEBBF83011B4F815" author="Bolton, B." box="[315,465,2006,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref133404" refString="Bolton, B. (1995) A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 504 pp." type="book" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62F2C72FEBBF83011EFF815" box="[315,394,2006,2031]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62F2C72FE6CF83112EBF815" author="Emery, C." box="[492,654,2006,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery (1901)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated it the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A62F2C72FCF0F83113C5F815" box="[880,928,2007,2031]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62F2C72FBACF83014ABF815" box="[1068,1230,2006,2031]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62F2C72FBACF83014ABF815" box="[1068,1230,2006,2031]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite having implicitly erected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FEE6FF71126DFF4A" box="[358,520,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEE6FF71126DFF4A" box="[358,520,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the previous year with a different
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A62D2C70FC16FF7E13A3FF4A" box="[918,966,152,176]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species (what is now
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FB45FF7F1559FF55" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1804" box="[1221,1340,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FB45FF7F1559FF55" box="[1221,1340,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Ps. stigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FACCFF7E1085FF2F" author="Emery, C." pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="310 - 338" refId="ref141139" refString="Emery, C. (1900 a) Formicidarum species novae vel minus cognitae in collectione Musaei Nationalis Hungarici quas in Nova- Guinea, colonia germanica, collegit L. Biro. Publicatio secunda. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek, 23, 310 - 338." type="journal article" year="1900">Emery, 1900a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This mistake was repeated throughout much of the subsequent taxonomic literature, but was finally noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FF3AFF39113EFF02" author="Bolton, B." box="[186,347,223,248]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref133434" refString="Bolton, B. (2003) Synopsis and Classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71, 370 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A62D2C70FF3AFF391163FF02" box="[186,262,223,248]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A62E2C73FF17F86B1443F83B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120834/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" startId="81.[151,250,1933,1955]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1899]" targetPageId="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62E2C73FF17F86B1443F83B" blockId="81.[151,1436,1933,1986]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62E2C73FF17F86B114CF858" bold="true" box="[151,297,1933,1955]" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62E2C73FE7CF86812BFF859" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[508,730,1933,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62E2C73FE7CF86812BFF859" box="[508,730,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Buniapone amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0172431, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62E2C73FC33F84A1444F83B" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[947,1057,1964,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62E2C73FC33F84A1444F83B" box="[947,1057,1964,1985]" italics="true" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF47FEE21453FDED" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
The confusion over the taxonomic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC82FEE313F4FEE7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[770,913,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amblyops">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC82FEE313F4FEE7" box="[770,913,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">B. amblyops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is understandable given its unique structure.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FF17FEC1113DFEBA" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,344,295,320]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD28FEC1137DFEBA" box="[680,792,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
resolves this uncertainty, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FBE6FECE14BAFEC5" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1126,1247,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FBE6FECE14BAFEC5" box="[1126,1247,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very strongly resolved as sister to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEFFFEAA1271FE9F" box="[383,532,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FEFFFEAA1275FE9F" box="[383,528,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paltothyreus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
though sister relationships to either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC33FEAB1444FE9E" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[947,1057,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Euponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC33FEAB1444FE9E" box="[947,1057,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Euponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FBC9FEAB14CCFE9E" box="[1097,1193,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myopias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FBC9FEAB14CCFE9E" box="[1097,1193,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Myopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not statistically rejected. The apparent sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD61FE96133FFE7D" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[737,858,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FD61FE96133FFE7D" box="[737,858,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC18FE891443FE72" box="[920,1062,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC18FE891443FE72" box="[920,1062,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a novel and surprising result which is nevertheless also strongly supported by morphology (see discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FBC1FE7214AAFE57" box="[1089,1231,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FBC1FE7214AAFE57" box="[1089,1231,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Given that these two genera share several apomorphies and that their divergence is relatively recent, they could arguably be synonymized. We feel that their morphological and ecological differences are stark enough, however, to warrant distinct generic status, similar to the situation with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FD52FDE6133FFDED" box="[722,858,512,535]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dinoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FD52FDE6133FFDED" box="[722,858,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Dinoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FC10FE19144AFDE2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[912,1071,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FC10FE19144AFDE2" box="[912,1071,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF47FDC2128AFCEE" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF47FDC21134FDC1" box="[199,337,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone’s</emphasis>
|
||
close relationship to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FDD8FDC21283FDC7" box="[600,742,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FDD8FDC21283FDC7" box="[600,742,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps the most surprising result in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A62D2C70FB54FDC215F9FDC7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[1236,1436,548,573]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt’s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE14FDAE1268FDA5" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[404,525,584,607]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE14FDAE1268FDA5" box="[404,525,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium-sized hypogeic ant restricted to Asia, while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FB23FDA11554FD9A" box="[1187,1329,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FB23FDA11554FD9A" box="[1187,1329,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very large epigeic ant restricted to Sub-Saharan Africa. Given their phylogenetic position within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FB72FD8A15F9FD7F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1266,1436,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FB72FD8A15F9FD7F" box="[1266,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, it is clear that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE07FD761264FD5D" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[391,513,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE07FD761264FD5D" box="[391,513,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically the more derived of the two genera. The most recent common ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FEACFD5311C3FD36" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[300,422,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FEACFD5311C3FD36" box="[300,422,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE6FFD521218FD37" box="[495,637,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Paltothyreus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE6FFD521218FD37" box="[495,637,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Paltothyreus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was most likely a large epigeic ant like most members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17FD311124FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[151,321,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FD311124FD0A" box="[151,321,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Further information about the behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FCF4FD3E1388FD15" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[884,1005,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FCF4FD3E1388FD15" box="[884,1005,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be invaluable in understanding the remarkable divergence between these two genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A62D2C70FF47FCC611D3FC32" blockId="82.[151,1437,151,968]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF47FCC61125FCCD" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[199,320,800,823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF47FCC61125FCCD" box="[199,320,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
bears superficial morphological similarity to some Neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FB8CFCC6148DFCC2" box="[1036,1256,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FB8CFCC614F5FCCD" box="[1036,1168,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(those formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE88FCA21109FCA7" authorityName="Weber" authorityYear="1939" box="[264,364,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Wadeura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE88FCA21109FCA7" box="[264,364,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Wadeura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE4FFCA31230FCA6" box="[463,597,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE4FFCA31230FCA6" box="[463,597,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These similarities are presumably the result of convergence due to their shared hypogeic habits as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FE61FC8E1200FC85" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[481,613,872,895]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FE61FC8E1200FC85" box="[481,613,872,895]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FCB5FC8F13EDFC7A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[821,904,873,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FCB5FC8F13EDFC7A" box="[821,904,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and preliminary results suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FF17FC6B1178FC5E" box="[151,285,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FF17FC6B1178FC5E" box="[151,285,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while also belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FDF5FC6A137BFC5F" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[629,798,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FDF5FC6A137BFC5F" box="[629,798,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, is not particularly closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A62D2C70FAA3FC6B15F9FC5E" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1315,1436,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Buniapone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A62D2C70FAA3FC6B15F9FC5E" box="[1315,1436,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Buniapone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(P.S. Ward, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |