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<document id="066FBE2B04BA679687E83E010C8BB9EA" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6062C59FF17FF7E139AFCA6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ophthalmopone Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="122" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="FBF6EBEA0ABB2DED0DE4D375FACB001C">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3ABCEEE9904D86DE5A31FE191B5A6594">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1C3902F5B898C884357CA9316B9C62C7">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="3629A07FA3BECA8A45D7623B02CCF183">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03775906A6062C59FF17FF7E139AFCA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117508" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709950" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117508" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6062C59FF17FF7E139AFCA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6062C59FF17FF7E139AFCA6" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C5BFF17FF7E11C6FF48" box="[151,419,152,178]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF17FF7E11C6FF48" blockId="121.[151,419,152,211]" box="[151,419,152,178]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6062C5BFF17FF7E11C6FF48" bold="true" box="[151,419,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF17FF7E11C6FF48" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[151,419,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17FF7E11C6FF48" bold="true" box="[151,419,152,178]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17FF7E113EFF48" bold="true" box="[151,347,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
Forel
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C5BFF17FF5C1083FF29" box="[151,230,186,211]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF17FF5C1083FF29" blockId="121.[151,419,152,211]" box="[151,230,186,211]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6062C5BFF17FF5C1083FF29" box="[151,230,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,445,1872]" captionTargetId="figure-169@122.[151,1436,445,1884]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 21. Worker caste of Ophthalmopone berthoudi: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249198, Will Ericson and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Ophthalmopone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120862/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C5BFF17FEE4138FFEAF" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF17FEE4108BFECC" blockId="121.[151,1436,258,342]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF17FEE411D9FEE2" authority="Forel, 1890" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,444,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17FEE4115FFEE2" box="[151,314,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFEC2FEE411D9FEE2" author="Forel, A." box="[322,444,258,280]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="cii - cxiv" refId="ref142399" refString="Forel, A. (1890) Aenictus - Typhlatta decouverte de M. Wroughton. Nouveaux genres de Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 34, cii - cxiv." type="journal article" year="1890">Forel, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: cxi (as genus). Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFD7BFEE414EFFEE2" authority="Forel, 1890" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[763,1162,258,280]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFD7BFEE4146CFEE2" box="[763,1033,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone berthoudi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFB91FEE414EFFEE2" author="Forel, A." box="[1041,1162,258,280]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="cii - cxiv" refId="ref142399" refString="Forel, A. (1890) Aenictus - Typhlatta decouverte de M. Wroughton. Nouveaux genres de Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 34, cii - cxiv." type="journal article" year="1890">Forel, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: cxiii; by monotypy.
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFAE9FEE4108BFECC" bold="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF17FEA6138FFEAF" blockId="121.[151,1436,258,342]" box="[151,1002,320,342]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17FEA61148FEAC" box="[151,301,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Opthalmopone</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFEB4FEA61184FEAC" author="Arnold, G." box="[308,481,320,342]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915: 49</bibRefCitation>
(incorrect subsequent spelling of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFCB9FEA613B9FEAC" box="[825,988,320,342]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFCB9FEA613B9FEAC" box="[825,988,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C5BFF17FE6414CEFE45" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF17FE6414CEFE45" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF17FE641129FE61" box="[151,332,386,411]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17FE641129FE61" box="[151,332,386,411]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small genus (five described species) restricted to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is notable for its polydomous colonies, specialized termite predation, and reproduction by gamergate workers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C5BFF47FE2C112BFB2D" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FE2C1335FD41" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FE2C1124FE19" bold="true" box="[199,321,458,483]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Diagnostic morphological apomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFCA7FE2C13B9FE19" box="[807,988,458,483]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFCA7FE2C13B9FE19" box="[807,988,458,483]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers include very large eyes located at or posterior to the head midline and a hypopygium armed with stout spines. This combination of characters is unique to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE87FDF411DEFDD1" box="[263,443,530,555]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE87FDF411DEFDD1" box="[263,443,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE4AFDF4121BFDD1" box="[458,638,530,555]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE4AFDF4121BFDD1" box="[458,638,530,555]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFC90FDF513FAFDD0" box="[784,927,531,554]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFC90FDF513FAFDD0" box="[784,927,531,554]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but lacks the preocular carinae of that genus. Large eyes also occur in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE3FFDD0123AFDB5" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[447,607,566,591]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Harpegnathos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE3FFDD0123AFDB5" box="[447,607,566,591]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Harpegnathos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but those of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFC86FDD013C3FDB5" baseAuthorityName="Donisthorpe" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[774,934,566,591]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Harpegnathos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFC86FDD013C3FDB5" box="[774,934,566,591]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Harpegnathos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are even larger and located at the extreme anterior end of the head, rather than at or posterior to the head midline. Stout hypopygial spines occur in several other ponerine genera, but these groups lack
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFD20FD981300FD6D" box="[672,869,638,663]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone’s</emphasis>
combination of slender build, dense pubescence, large eyes, nodiform petiole, and obsolete gastral constriction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FD20120AFC21" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FD2011A2FD25" bold="true" box="[199,455,710,735]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE52FD20124EFD25" box="[466,555,710,735]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Worker.</emphasis>
Large (TL
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6062C5BFD35FD201359FD24" box="[693,828,710,735]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.35" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="13.5" valueMin="8.0">8–13.5 mm</quantity>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFCCCFD211387FD25" author="Emery, C." box="[844,994,710,735]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="355 - 366" refId="ref140554" refString="Emery, C. (1886) Alcune formiche africane. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 18, 355 - 366." type="journal article" year="1886">Emery, 1886</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFC71FD20144FFD25" author="Emery, C." box="[1009,1066,710,735]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="22 - 34" refId="ref141265" refString="Emery, C. (1902) Note mirmecologiche. Rendiconti delle Sessioni della Reale Accademia delle Scienze dell'Istituto di Bologna (n. s.), 6, 22 - 34." type="journal article" year="1902">1902</bibRefCitation>
) slender ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFEAFFD0C11F4FCF9" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[303,401,746,771]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles triangular and long. Eyes very large, located at or posterior to the head midline. Frontal lobes small, widely separated anteriorly by a triangular extension of the clypeus. Metanotal groove shallowly impressed. Propodeum moderately narrowed dorsally. Propodeal spiracle slit-shaped. Metatibial spurs formula (1s, 1p). Tarsal claws unarmed or armed with a single preapical tooth. Petiole nodiform. Gaster without a girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Stridulitrum present on pretergite of A4. Hypopygium armed with a row of stout setae on either side of the sting. Head and body finely punctate, largely devoid of pilosity but with a dense pubescence. Color black.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FC0112EAFC05" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" box="[199,655,998,1023]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FC011172FC04" box="[199,279,999,1022]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Queen.</emphasis>
Unknown and apparently absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FBEC1306FBD9" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" box="[199,867,1034,1059]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FBEC116DFBD9" box="[199,264,1034,1059]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6062C5BFE8EFBEC1153FBD9" box="[270,310,1034,1059]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">See</collectingRegion>
descriptions in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFE69FBED12E1FBD9" author="Emery, C." box="[489,644,1034,1059]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD3BFBEC133AFBD9" author="Arnold, G." box="[699,863,1034,1059]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FBC9145FFBBD" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" box="[199,1082,1070,1095]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FBC91174FBBC" box="[199,273,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Larva.</emphasis>
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE0BFBC9127FFBBD" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[395,538,1070,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE0BFBC9127FFBBD" box="[395,538,1070,1095]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD74FBC81452FBBD" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[756,1079,1070,1095]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1197 - 1217" refId="ref167087" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1971 a) Ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: second supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6, 64, 1197 - 1217." type="journal article" year="1971">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1971a)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FBB4112BFB2D" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FBB41197FB91" bold="true" box="[199,498,1106,1131]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE7CFBB412D4FB91" box="[508,689,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE7CFBB412D4FB91" box="[508,689,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to Sub-Saharan Africa.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFBDBFBB51488FB91" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[1115,1261,1106,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFBDBFBB51488FB91" box="[1115,1261,1106,1131]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the widest range of any member of the genus, occurring from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6062C5BFD4DFB901376FB75" box="[717,787,1142,1167]" name="Sudan" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Sudan</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6062C5BFCB6FB9013A0FB75" box="[822,965,1142,1167]" name="South Africa" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFC53FB901401FB75" author="Weber, N. A." box="[979,1124,1142,1167]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="40 - 49" refId="ref166706" refString="Weber, N. A. (1942) New doryline, cerapachyine and ponerine ants from the Imatong Mountains, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 44, 40 - 49." type="journal article" year="1942">Weber, 1942</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFBEFFB901497FB75" author="Prins, A. J." box="[1135,1266,1142,1167]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="823 - 875" refId="ref160428" refString="Prins, A. J. (1978) Hymenoptera. In: Werger, M. J. A. (Ed.), Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa. Junk, The Hague, pp. 823 - 875." type="book chapter" year="1978">Prins, 1978</bibRefCitation>
). Other species are restricted to southern Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFD99FB7D12D5FB49" baseAuthorityName="Dean" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[537,688,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFD99FB7D12D5FB49" box="[537,688,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. hottentota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), south-central Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFC40FB7D1455FB49" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1902" box="[960,1072,1178,1203]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="depilis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFC40FB7D1455FB49" box="[960,1072,1178,1203]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. depilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFBECFB7D1574FB48" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1899" box="[1132,1297,1179,1202]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mocquerysi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFBECFB7D1574FB48" box="[1132,1297,1179,1202]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. mocquerysi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), or eastern Africa (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF6EFB59115BFB2D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[238,318,1214,1239]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilgii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF6EFB59115BFB2D" box="[238,318,1214,1239]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. ilgii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6062C59FF47FB04139AFCA6" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FB04156EFAB9" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FB0411B3FB01" bold="true" box="[199,470,1250,1275]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Due to its unusual suite of characteristics,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFC50FB0414E0FB01" box="[976,1157,1250,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFC50FB0414E0FB01" box="[976,1157,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has drawn considerable attention from ecologists and ethologists.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFDEFFAE1129AFAE5" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[623,767,1286,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFDEFFAE1129AFAE5" box="[623,767,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by far the best studied species in the genus, and most of what is known about
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFE06FACC125EFAB9" box="[390,571,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFE06FACC125EFAB9" box="[390,571,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ecology and behavior derives from observations of that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47FAA91355F999" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF47FAA91132FA9D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[199,343,1358,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF47FAA91132FA9D" box="[199,343,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies are polydomous, with from two to seven nests located up to
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6062C5BFBEAFAA814C1FA9C" box="[1130,1188,1358,1383]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="m" value="75.0">75 m</quantity>
apart under stones, in open ground or in abandoned termitaria (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFDE2FA941299FA71" author="Arnold, G." box="[610,764,1394,1419]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
; Peeters, 1985;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFC2EFA9514D3FA71" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[942,1206,1394,1419]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="201 - 214" refId="ref159212" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1987) Foraging and recruitment in ponerine ants: solitary hunting in the queenless Ophthalmopone berthoudi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 94 (1 - 2), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1987 / 74592" type="journal article" year="1987">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFB49FA951538FA71" baseAuthorityName="Dean" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[1225,1373,1394,1419]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFB49FA951538FA71" box="[1225,1373,1394,1419]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. hottentota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
nests are also located under stones or in open ground (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD48FA701335FA55" author="Dean, W. R. J." box="[712,848,1430,1455]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref136984" refString="Dean, W. R. J. (1989) Foraging and forager-recruitment in Ophthalmopone hottentota Emery Hymenoptera Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.), 96 (1 - 2), 123 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1989 / 27839" type="journal article" year="1989">Dean, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). Workers regularly transport brood, other workers, and even males between the nests (Peeters, 1985;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD6FFA5D1460FA29" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[751,1029,1466,1491]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="201 - 214" refId="ref159212" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1987) Foraging and recruitment in ponerine ants: solitary hunting in the queenless Ophthalmopone berthoudi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 94 (1 - 2), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1987 / 74592" type="journal article" year="1987">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1987</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFB96FA5C149FFA29" author="Sledge, M. F. &amp; Crewe, R. M. &amp; Peeters, C. P." box="[1046,1274,1466,1491]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="282 - 284" refId="ref162298" refString="Sledge, M. F., Crewe, R. M. &amp; Peeters, C. P. (1996) On the relationship between gamergate number and reproductive output in the queenless ponerine ant Pachycondyla (= Ophthalmopone) berthoudi. Naturwissenschaften, 83 (6), 282 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050289" type="journal article" year="1996">
Sledge
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFBEEFA5D14CEFA29" box="[1134,1195,1466,1491]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996
</bibRefCitation>
). Nests of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFA01FA5D1161FA0D" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFA01FA5D1161FA0D" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have from 20 to
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6062C5BFE44FA38122AFA0D" box="[452,591,1502,1527]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="worker">800 workers</specimenCount>
(mean =
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6062C5BFD3AFA38132CFA0D" box="[698,841,1502,1527]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="worker">186 workers</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFCD4FA39143EFA0D" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[852,1115,1502,1527]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="201 - 214" refId="ref159212" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1987) Foraging and recruitment in ponerine ants: solitary hunting in the queenless Ophthalmopone berthoudi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 94 (1 - 2), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1987 / 74592" type="journal article" year="1987">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; mean =
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6062C5BFB41FA38155AFA0D" box="[1217,1343,1502,1527]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="worker">89 workers</specimenCount>
for four excavated nests of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFEEAF9E51198F9E1" baseAuthorityName="Dean" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[362,509,1538,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFEEAF9E51198F9E1" box="[362,509,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. hottentota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD8BF9E5137AF9E1" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[523,799,1538,1563]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="268" refId="ref159079" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1985 b) Queenlessness and reproductive differentiation in Ophthalmopone hottentota. South African Journal of Zoology, 20, 268." type="journal article" year="1985">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1985b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFCAAF9E513CAF9E1" author="Dean, W. R. J." box="[810,943,1538,1563]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref136984" refString="Dean, W. R. J. (1989) Foraging and forager-recruitment in Ophthalmopone hottentota Emery Hymenoptera Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.), 96 (1 - 2), 123 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1989 / 27839" type="journal article" year="1989">Dean, 1989</bibRefCitation>
). A highly variable proportion of workers in each nest are mated (1.4–66% for
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFD99F9C112CCF9C5" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[537,681,1574,1599]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFD99F9C112CCF9C5" box="[537,681,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFD37F9C113A9F9C5" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[695,972,1574,1599]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="29 - 37" refId="ref159039" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1985 a) Worker reproduction in the ponerine ant Ophthalmopone berthoudi: an alternative form of eusocial organization. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18, 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1985a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFC58F9C014CEF9C5" author="Sledge, M. F. &amp; Crewe, R. M. &amp; Peeters, C. P." box="[984,1195,1574,1599]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="282 - 284" refId="ref162298" refString="Sledge, M. F., Crewe, R. M. &amp; Peeters, C. P. (1996) On the relationship between gamergate number and reproductive output in the queenless ponerine ant Pachycondyla (= Ophthalmopone) berthoudi. Naturwissenschaften, 83 (6), 282 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050289" type="journal article" year="1996">
Sledge
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFBACF9C11400F9C5" box="[1068,1125,1574,1599]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFB63F9C0157AF9C5" author="Sledge, M. F. &amp; Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[1251,1311,1574,1599]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="67 - 73" refId="ref162432" refString="Sledge, M. F., Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (2001) Reproductive division of labour without dominance interactions in the queenless ponerine ant Pachycondyla (= Ophthalmopone) berthoudi. Insectes Sociaux, 48 (1), 67 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001748" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
), and these gamergate workers perform all reproduction for the colony.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C5BFF47F9881490F85D" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
Males enter foreign colonies and mate preferentially with the younger workers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFBEFF98815F5F97D" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[1135,1424,1646,1671]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="277 - 284" refId="ref159110" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1986 a) Male biology in the queenless ponerine ant Ophthalmopone berthoudi Hymenoptera Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.), 93 (3 - 4), 277 - 284. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1986 / 90827" type="journal article" year="1986">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
). There is apparently no social regulation over which or how many workers mate.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFBC5F974154EF951" author="Sledge, M. F. &amp; Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[1093,1323,1682,1707]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="67 - 73" refId="ref162432" refString="Sledge, M. F., Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (2001) Reproductive division of labour without dominance interactions in the queenless ponerine ant Pachycondyla (= Ophthalmopone) berthoudi. Insectes Sociaux, 48 (1), 67 - 73. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / pl 00001748" type="journal article" year="2001">
Sledge
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFB1BF97514B3F951" box="[1179,1238,1682,1707]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
found no evidence of aggressive dominance interactions among gamergates or between gamergates and unmated workers in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFF17F93D114CF909" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,297,1754,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFF17F93D114CF909" box="[151,297,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though they found clear evidence that gamergates chemically suppress haploid egg production in virgin workers. The fecundity of gamergates is low (fewer than
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6062C5BFCEAF91913A7F8ED" box="[874,962,1791,1815]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="egg">one egg</specimenCount>
per gamergate per day;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFB56F91910BAF8C1" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="29 - 37" refId="ref159039" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1985 a) Worker reproduction in the ponerine ant Ophthalmopone berthoudi: an alternative form of eusocial organization. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18, 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1985a</bibRefCitation>
), which is offset by the presence of multiple reproductives per colony.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFBA9F8C41577F8C1" author="Sledge, M. F. &amp; Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M." box="[1065,1298,1826,1851]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="303 - 316" refId="ref162366" refString="Sledge, M. F., Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. M. (1999) Fecundity and the behavioral profile of reproductive workers in the queenless ant Pachycondyla (= Ophthalmopone) berthoudi. Ethology, 105, 303 - 316. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1439 - 0310.1999.00398. x" type="journal article" year="1999">
Sledge
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFB01F8C514D8F8C1" box="[1153,1213,1826,1851]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
studied the division of labor in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFEFDF8A1126AF8A5" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[381,527,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFEFDF8A1126AF8A5" box="[381,527,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colonies and found that as the percentage of gamergates in a colony decreases over a season, the fecundity of the gamergates increases and their range of activities becomes more restricted. Gamergates are never found outside the nest except during nest transfers (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6062C5BFC52F868148DF85D" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[978,1256,1934,1959]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" pagination="29 - 37" refId="ref159039" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1985 a) Worker reproduction in the ponerine ant Ophthalmopone berthoudi: an alternative form of eusocial organization. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 18, 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1985">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1985a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6062C58FF47F8541303FE7D" blockId="121.[151,1437,386,2031]" lastBlockId="122.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
Like workers of their sister genus
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFDE5F8551291F830" box="[613,756,1971,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFDE5F8551291F830" box="[613,756,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFC87F85413D9F831" box="[775,956,1970,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFC87F85413D9F831" box="[775,956,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers are specialist termite predators, though they are not polymorphic as in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6062C5BFDC4F83112B6F814" box="[580,723,2007,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6062C5BFDC4F83112B6F814" box="[580,723,2007,2030]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It appears that the workers of some species forage in organized raids, like
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FEA1FF7F11D5FF4A" box="[289,432,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FEA1FF7F11D5FF4A" box="[289,432,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, while others forage singly.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6052C58FCA2FF7113ABFF4A" author="Arnold, G." box="[802,974,151,176]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
observed “irregular columns” of the exceptionally fast-running foragers of
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FDC5FF5A12BEFF2F" box="[581,731,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FDC5FF5A12B2FF2F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[581,727,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">O. berthoudi</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6052C58FC92FF5A13FBFF2F" author="Forel, A." box="[786,926,188,213]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" refId="ref143228" refString="Forel, A. (1928) The social world of the ants compared with that of man. Vol. II. (tr. C. K. Ogden). G. P. Putnam's Sons, Ltd., London, xx + 444 pp." type="book" year="1928">Forel (1928)</bibRefCitation>
reported foraging columns of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FB73FF5A1527FF2F" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1267,1346,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ilgii">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FB73FF5A1527FF2F" box="[1267,1346,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">O. ilgii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand, more recent studies of foraging behavior in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FC97FF0614A9FF02" authority="(Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[791,1228,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FC97FF0613CDFF02" box="[791,936,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6052C58FC38FF3914A1FF02" author="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R." box="[952,1220,223,248]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="201 - 214" refId="ref159212" refString="Peeters, C. &amp; Crewe, R. (1987) Foraging and recruitment in ponerine ants: solitary hunting in the queenless Ophthalmopone berthoudi (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Psyche (Camb.), 94 (1 - 2), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1987 / 74592" type="journal article" year="1987">Peeters &amp; Crewe, 1987</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FA86FF06114EFEE7" authority="(Dean, 1989)" baseAuthorityName="Dean" baseAuthorityYear="1989" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FA86FF0615F9FF02" box="[1286,1436,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">O. hottentota</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6052C58FF1FFEE21147FEE7" author="Dean, W. R. J." box="[159,290,260,285]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref136984" refString="Dean, W. R. J. (1989) Foraging and forager-recruitment in Ophthalmopone hottentota Emery Hymenoptera Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.), 96 (1 - 2), 123 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1989 / 27839" type="journal article" year="1989">Dean, 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
failed to observe group foraging in these species. Neither study found any evidence of recruitment or of chemical trails, as the workers of both species hunted termites singly.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6052C58FC45FECE1437FEBA" author="Dean, W. R. J." box="[965,1106,295,320]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref136984" refString="Dean, W. R. J. (1989) Foraging and forager-recruitment in Ophthalmopone hottentota Emery Hymenoptera Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.), 96 (1 - 2), 123 - 130. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 1989 / 27839" type="journal article" year="1989">Dean (1989)</bibRefCitation>
observed caches of hundreds of paralyzed termites in nests of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FD91FEAA12C2FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Dean" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[529,679,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hottentota">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FD91FEAA12C2FE9F" box="[529,679,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">O. hottentota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; prey caching has not been observed in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FBF8FEAA156CFE9F" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1144,1289,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FBF8FEAA156CFE9F" box="[1144,1289,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Foragers of both species return repeatedly to harvest a single termite source.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6052C58FF17F897143FF85F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120862/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" startId="122.[151,250,1905,1927]" targetBox="[151,1436,445,1872]" targetPageId="122">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6052C58FF17F897143FF85F" blockId="122.[151,1436,1905,1958]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FF17F8971143F87C" bold="true" box="[151,294,1905,1927]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FE6CF897129BF87D" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[492,766,1905,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FE6CF897129BF87D" box="[492,766,1905,1927]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Ophthalmopone berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0249198, Will Ericson and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6052C58FC32F8761430F85C" box="[946,1109,1936,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6052C58FC32F8761430F85C" box="[946,1109,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6042C59FF47FF7E1189FEBA" blockId="123.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
Duncan (2001) discussed the energetic challenges facing an
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FC09FF71145BFF4A" box="[905,1086,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FC09FF71145BFF4A" box="[905,1086,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
colony, which depends on an unpredictable and scattered food source (foraging termites), and the paradoxical observation that only a small percentage of workers in a colony forage (Peeters, 1985). She found that foraging workers of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FB5DFF061515FF02" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1245,1392,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FB5DFF061515FF02" box="[1245,1392,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are exceptionally energy efficient, and hypothesized that this, along with the polydomous nature of the colonies, resolves the apparent paradox.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6042C59FF47FEAA1141FE2A" blockId="123.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FF47FEAA12B7FE9F" bold="true" box="[199,722,332,357]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6042C59FD5AFEAA1302FE9F" author="Forel, A." box="[730,871,332,357]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" pagination="cii - cxiv" refId="ref142399" refString="Forel, A. (1890) Aenictus - Typhlatta decouverte de M. Wroughton. Nouveaux genres de Formicides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 34, cii - cxiv." type="journal article" year="1890">Forel (1890)</bibRefCitation>
erected
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FC46FEAA141EFE9F" box="[966,1147,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FC46FEAA141EFE9F" box="[966,1147,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a genus along with his description of the
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6042C59FEE8FE9611FDFE72" box="[360,408,368,392]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">type</typeStatus>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FD83FE9612F1FE72" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[515,660,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FD83FE9612F1FE72" box="[515,660,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. He correctly recognized the distinctiveness of the taxon, as did all subsequent authors until W. L. Brown (in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6042C59FDEDFE721364FE57" author="Bolton, B." box="[621,769,404,429]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6042C59FDEDFE7212D9FE57" box="[621,700,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
) synonymized it under
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FB89FE7214CDFE57" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1033,1192,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FB89FE7214CDFE57" box="[1033,1192,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without phylogenetic justification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6042C59FF47FE3A11B5FD36" blockId="123.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
We are reviving
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FE07FE3A125EFE0F" box="[391,571,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FE07FE3A125EFE0F" box="[391,571,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to full genus status, based on both molecular and morphological evidence.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6042C59FF17FE191139FDE2" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,348,511,536]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FD3EFE19134BFDE2" box="[702,814,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
places
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FC0EFDE61441FDE2" baseAuthorityName="Peeters &amp; Crewe" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[910,1060,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berthoudi">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FC0EFDE61441FDE2" box="[910,1060,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">O. berthoudi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with strong support within the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FF17FDC21124FDC7" box="[151,321,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FF17FDC21124FDC7" box="[151,321,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group as sister to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FD99FDC312CDFDC6" box="[537,680,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FD99FDC312CDFDC6" box="[537,680,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and not at all close to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FC3CFDC2143EFDC7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[956,1115,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FC3CFDC2143EFDC7" box="[956,1115,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A sister group relationship with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FF4FFDAF113BFD9A" box="[207,350,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FF4FFDAF113BFD9A" box="[207,350,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also supported by morphology, the workers of the two genera being remarkably similar. These genera also share the ecological and behavioral synapomorphies of specialist predation on termites and an absence of winged queens.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6042C59FEFAFD6911C6FD52" box="[378,419,655,680]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">See</collectingRegion>
the discussion under
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FD29FD77135DFD52" box="[681,824,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Megaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FD29FD77135DFD52" box="[681,824,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Megaponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for more details on the similarities and differences between these sister genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6042C59FF47FD31139AFCA6" blockId="123.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
Apparent apomorphies of the genus include very large eyes set at or posterior to the midline of the head, stout hypopygeal spines on either side of the sting, specialized termite predation, and reproduction by gamergates. Species-level relationships within
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6042C59FD9DFCF912B7FCC2" box="[541,722,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6042C59FD9DFCF912B7FCC2" box="[541,722,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are unstudied and would provide an interesting opportunity to explore the evolution of mass foraging, given the variability within the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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