259 lines
23 KiB
XML
259 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFAAFFAD16BDF47CFC7DF87F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Glossophaga commissarisi Gardner 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="512" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="511" updateTime="1657130148596" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727120" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727120" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFAAFFAD16BDF47CFC7DF87F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFAAFFAD16BDF47CFC7DF87F" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<subSubSection box="[1409,1467,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[1407,2483,3014,3221]" box="[1409,1467,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<heading box="[1409,1467,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">49.</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1485,2179,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1407,2483,3014,3221]" box="[1485,2179,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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||
<heading box="[1485,2179,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<vernacularName box="[1485,2179,3014,3060]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Commissaris’s L.ong-tongued Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1413,1899,3054,3100]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[1407,2483,3014,3221]" box="[1413,1899,3054,3100]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<heading box="[1413,1899,3054,3100]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gardner, 1962" authorityName="Gardner" authorityYear="1962" box="[1413,1899,3054,3100]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commissarisi">
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<emphasis box="[1413,1899,3054,3100]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Glossophaga commissarisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="511" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[1407,2483,3014,3221]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<heading pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1484,3118,3139]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1493,1792,3118,3139]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Glossophage de Commissaris</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1814,1904,3118,3139]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1913,2229,3118,3139]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Commissaris-Blitenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2250,2342,3118,3139]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Gloséfago de Commissaris</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="27.[1407,2483,3014,3221]" box="[1408,1917,3197,3218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1655,3197,3218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1666,1917,3197,3218]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">Brown Long-tongued Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458756" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458756/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" startId="27.[133,163,3312,3337]" targetBox="[24,2766,17,3654]" targetPageId="26">
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<paragraph blockId="27.[131,2609,3312,3460]" pageId="27" pageNumber="511">
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On following pages: 49. Commissaris's Long-tongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[780,1073,3312,3337]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commissarisi">Glossophaga commissarisi</taxonomicName>
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); 50. Western Long-tongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1447,1587,3312,3337]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glossophaga</taxonomicName>
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moreno); 51. Gray's Long-tongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2032,2249,3312,3337]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leachii">Glossophaga leachii</taxonomicName>
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); 52. Miller's Long-tongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[184,454,3351,3376]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">Glossophaga longirostris</taxonomicName>
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); 53. Pallas’'s Long-tongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[814,1047,3351,3376]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">Glossophaga soricina</taxonomicName>
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); 54. Southern Long-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1405,1660,3351,3376]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">Leptonycteris curasoae</taxonomicName>
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); 55. Greater Long-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2000,2224,3351,3376]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nivalis">Leptonycteris nivalis</taxonomicName>
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); 56. Lesser Long-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[140,437,3391,3416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yerbabuenae">Leptonycteris yerbabuenae</taxonomicName>
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); 57. Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[777,1049,3391,3416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Brachyphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cavernarum">Brachyphylla cavernarum</taxonomicName>
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); 58. Cuban Fruit-eating Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1370,1566,3391,3416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Brachyphylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nana">Brachyphylla nana</taxonomicName>
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); 59. Jamaican Flower Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1872,2106,3391,3416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aphylla">Phyllonycteris aphylla</taxonomicName>
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); 60. Cuban Flower Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2380,2597,3391,3416]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="516" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="poeyi">Phyllonycteris poeyi</taxonomicName>
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), 61. Brown Flower Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[384,617,3432,3457]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="511" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombifrons">Erophylla bombifrons</taxonomicName>
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); 62. Buffy Flower Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[877,1088,3432,3457]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Erophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="517" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sezekorni">Erophylla sezekorni</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[797,1389,266,689]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,953,266,295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Gardner, 1962" authorityName="Gardner" authorityYear="1962" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commissarisi">Glossophaga commissarisi Gardner, 1962</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819564333" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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“10 kms. S. E. Tonala,
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<collectingRegion box="[1269,1381,305,334]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[799,907,343,372]" name="Mexico" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[798,1263,380,413]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="discussion">Three subspecies are recognized.</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="multiple">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803390" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803390/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" startId="28.[182,230,692,725]" targetBox="[182,775,265,684]" targetPageId="28">
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[797,1389,266,689]" box="[798,1198,419,452]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[798,1198,419,452]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[797,1389,266,689]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gardner, 1962" authorityName="Gardner" authorityYear="1962" box="[801,1228,463,492]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" species="commissarisi" subSpecies="commissarisi">G. c. commissarisi Gardner, 1962</taxonomicName>
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— S
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<collectingCountry box="[1285,1387,463,492]" name="Mexico" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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(from
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<collectingRegion box="[890,1014,503,532]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1091,1246,503,532]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Michoacan</collectingRegion>
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) through Central America to E
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<collectingCountry box="[1139,1253,546,571]" name="Panama" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Panama</collectingCountry>
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; possibly into W
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<collectingCountry box="[900,1039,580,609]" name="Colombia" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[797,1389,266,689]" lastBlockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<taxonomicName authority="Webster & J. K. Jones, 1987" authorityName="Webster & J. K. Jones" authorityYear="1987" box="[800,1358,617,650]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="commissarisi" subSpecies="bakeri">G. c. bakeri Webster & J. K. Jones, 1987</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[797,936,656,689]" name="Colombia" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, WC
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<collectingCountry box="[1015,1123,656,689]" name="Guyana" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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, Amazonian
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<collectingCountry box="[182,230,692,725]" name="Ecuador" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[247,313,692,725]" name="Peru" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, and W
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<collectingCountry box="[431,513,692,725]" name="Brazil" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" box="[185,1354,733,766]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<taxonomicName authority="Webster & J. K. Jones, 1982" authorityName="Webster & J. K. Jones" authorityYear="1982" box="[185,730,733,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="commissarisi" subSpecies="hespera">G. c. hespera Webster &J. K. Jones, 1982</taxonomicName>
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— W
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<collectingCountry box="[802,904,733,766]" name="Mexico" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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from
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<collectingRegion box="[993,1096,733,766]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Sinaloa</collectingRegion>
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to at least
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<collectingRegion box="[1247,1350,733,766]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Colima</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">The species shows disjunct distribution with distributions ofthe three subspecies apparently not overlapping. Nevertheless, accurate identification ofthis species is a difficult task, and actual distribution could be different from what is known.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,432,899,924]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 42-61 mm, tail 4-11 mm, ear 11-16 mm, hindfoot 8-12 mm,forearm 32-35 mm; weight 8-11 g. Females tend to bejust slightly larger than males. Commissaris’s L.ong-tongued Bat is the smallest species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1079,1232,970,1003]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glossophaga</taxonomicName>
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. Dorsal fur is cinnamon-brown to fuscous; ventralfur is brownish. It has moderately elongated rostrum and tongue that permits it to reach nearly
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<quantity box="[835,899,1049,1082]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
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into flower calyces. Dental formula of all species of Glossophagais12/2,C1/1,P 2/3, M 3/3 (
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<date box="[978,1012,1092,1121]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">x2</date>
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) = 34; there are small gaps among somewhat reduced lowerincisors. Because species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1015,1167,1127,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glossophaga</taxonomicName>
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differ mainly in minute dental features that are notoriously difficult to see in live animals,it is extremely easy to misidentify sympatric speciesin the field. Nevertheless, when sympatric with any other species of long-tongued bat, Commissaris’s Long-tongued Bat is always smaller.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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The three subspecies also differ in cranial and dental characteristics, pelage color, and size. Chromosomal complementof all species of
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<taxonomicName box="[854,1006,1325,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glossophaga</taxonomicName>
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has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[178,289,1364,1397]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Wide variety of tropical and subtropical habitats, ranging from dry forests to evergreen rainforests, pine forests, and cloud forests, both under pristine and disturbed situations, from sea level up to ¢.
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<quantity box="[771,885,1451,1476]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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. Most individuals have been mistnetted across streams, creeks, and trails in forests or around fruit groves.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,442,1522,1555]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Commissaris’s Long-tongued Bats are primarily nectarivorous but also eat somefruits and insects. In north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[844,987,1561,1594]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, they consumed nectar from 16 different plant species throughout the year and also fed on fruits when nectar was seasonally scarce. While some of these fruits (e.g.
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<taxonomicName box="[864,1039,1640,1673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Piper auritum</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1055,1204,1640,1673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Piperaceae</taxonomicName>
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1280,1383,1640,1673]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
|
||
insignis,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[293,441,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were abundant throughoutthe year, some were only temporarily available (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[387,630,1719,1752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia panamensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[650,842,1719,1752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hypericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). This species might opportunistically visit flowers that are not coevolved with bats, such as wind-pollinated flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1279,1381,1767,1792]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="28" pageNumber="512" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. where they apparently eat the rather abundant pollen. Compared to sympatric species, it seems to prefer flowers that are locally abundant or produce a lot of nectar, thus offering a high nectar density that permits efficient foraging with limited movement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[2062,2659,1535,1957]" box="[2116,2120,1608,1641]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,308,1916,1949]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductive pattern is bimodal in at least part of its distribution, with females in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[510,659,1955,1988]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
found to reproduce repeatedly in consecutive reproductive periods. There are two peaks in births: January-April and July-November. Testes of males change in size during the year, reaching maximum size around start of the two lactating periods, corresponding to a postpartum estrus pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1440,2655,1967,3258]" box="[2393,2397,2002,2035]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[171,415,2113,2146]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Commissaris’s Long-tongued Bats are strictly nocturnal, leaving roosts after full darkness, and are most frequently collected before 21:00 h. They are known to roost in caves, culverts, houses, and hollow trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,885,2232,2265]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Commissaris’s Long-tongued Bats often roost in groups ofless than ten individuals but can form aggregations of at least 40 individuals. They seem to adapt home range size and nocturnalflight time to local resource density; i.e. individuals have larger home ranges and longerflight durations in areas with low resource levels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,524,2429,2462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Commissaris’s Long-tongued Bat seems to be rather flexible in foraging and roosting habits and seems to tolerate severely degraded habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1440,2655,1967,3258]" box="[1578,1582,2512,2545]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="512" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[170,1394,692,2619]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,324,2556,2581]" pageId="28" pageNumber="512">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Becker et al. (2010), Griffiths & Gardner (2008a), Lopez & Vaughan (2007), Reid (2009), Rothenwohrer et al. (2011), Tschapka (2004, 2005), Webster & Jones (1993).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |