206 lines
18 KiB
XML
206 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFA5FFA51394F288F6B7F841" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lophostoma occidentale" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="504" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="504" updateTime="1656355241220" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762136" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFA5FFA51394F288F6B7F841" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFA5FFA51394F288F6B7F841" lastPageNumber="504" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[166,1272,3378,3471]" box="[168,224,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<heading box="[168,224,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<figureCitation box="[168,224,3378,3428]" captionStart="Plate 36: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="17.[137,167,3288,3313]" captionTargetBox="[23,2765,17,3655]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="24. Long-legged Bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum), 25. Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum), 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani), 28. Koepcke’s Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae), 29. Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae), 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense), 31. Carriker’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri), 32. Schulz’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi), 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale), 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis), 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola), 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens), 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila), 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops), 39. Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor), 40. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus), 41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), 42. Guianan Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus latifolius), 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennettii), 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae), 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458675/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">33.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[240,780,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[166,1272,3378,3471]" box="[240,780,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<heading box="[240,780,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<vernacularName box="[240,780,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Western Round-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[830,1271,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[166,1272,3378,3471]" box="[830,1271,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<heading box="[830,1271,3378,3428]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="W.B. Davis & D. C. Carter" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[830,1271,3378,3428]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentale">
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<emphasis box="[830,1271,3378,3428]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Lophostoma occidentale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[167,1223,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[166,1272,3378,3471]" box="[167,1223,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<heading box="[167,1223,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,243,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[252,485,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Lophostome occidental</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[507,598,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[604,885,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Westliche Rundohrblattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[907,998,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1008,1113,3446,3467]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Lofostoma</vernacularName>
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occidental
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2068,2664,288,711]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2069,2224,288,317]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="W.B. Davis & D.C. Carter" authorityYear="1978" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="silvicola" subSpecies="occidentalis">Tonatia silvicola occidentalis W.B. Davis & D.. C. Carter, 1978</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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“
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<quantity box="[2586,2659,327,356]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi.</quantity>
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[= 6-
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<quantity box="[2134,2206,367,396]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
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] W Suyo,
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<quantity box="[2353,2452,367,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="ft" value="1000.0">1000 ft.</quantity>
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[=
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<quantity box="[2503,2594,367,396]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="m" value="305.0">305 m</quantity>
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], department of
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<collectingRegion box="[2246,2322,401,434]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Piura</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2338,2405,401,434]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[2068,2664,288,711]" lastBlockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName box="[2184,2336,441,474]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lophostoma</taxonomicName>
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is neuter so widely used name occidentalis has been changed for gender agreement. P. M. Velazco and R. Cadenillas in 2011 recognized occidentale as a valid species after the restriction of
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<taxonomicName box="[2107,2209,638,671]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvicola">silvicola</taxonomicName>
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to the genus
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<taxonomicName box="[2407,2560,638,671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lophostoma</taxonomicName>
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. These authors also considered the Ecuadorian endemic
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<taxonomicName box="[1588,1788,719,748]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">L. aequatorialis</taxonomicName>
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as ajunior synonym of L. occidentale. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458669/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" targetBox="[1454,2044,293,705]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1455,1632,763,788]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Distribution.</emphasis>
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W
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<collectingCountry box="[1684,1821,763,788]" name="Colombia" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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(Choco,
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<collectingRegion box="[1956,2177,763,788]" country="Colombia" name="Valle del Cauca" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Valle del Cauca</collectingRegion>
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, and
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<collectingRegion box="[2259,2345,763,788]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Cauca</collectingRegion>
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departments), W lowlands and foothills of
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<collectingCountry box="[1756,1874,795,828]" name="Ecuador" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, and lowlands of
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<collectingRegion box="[2114,2225,795,828]" country="Peru" name="Tumbes" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Tumbes</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[2295,2369,795,828]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Piura</collectingRegion>
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regions in NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2586,2654,795,828]" name="Peru" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Peru</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1455,1709,838,867]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 70-77 mm, tail 16-22 mm, ear 31-35 mm, hindfoot 16-18 mm, forearm 51-2-56-8 mm; weight 21-1-30 g. Greater lengths of skulls are 25-5-28-7 mm. There is sexual dimorphism, with males being larger than females in several measurements. The Western Round-eared Bat is medium-sized, with long ears, short wide wings, and short tail completely included in uropatagium. It is similar in size and color to the White-throated Round-eared Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2244,2393,1035,1064]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvicola">L. silvicola</taxonomicName>
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), butit has frosted grayish brown on back and is paler; hairs are tricolored, with short white bases. Unlike Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1832,1973,1110,1143]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kalkoae">L. kalkoae</taxonomicName>
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), distinctive white to pale post-auricular patches of the Western Round-eared Bat are not connected by thin line of pale hairs to pale fur on chest. Dorsal hair is long (c.
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<quantity box="[1958,2043,1189,1222]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
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) and dense. Throat and chest fur are pale white, but stomach and abdomen are pale brown, with olive or light brownish fur on sides of body. Most of dorsal surface of forearm is naked, but proximal one-third is ventrally covered with long pale brown hair. Dorsal surfaces of feet are naked, with calcar longer than foot. Ears are long and naked, with well-marked folds and internal bases connected by band ofskin that meets in middle of forehead. Tragus is indented, with three teeth-like projections near base of outer border of pinna. Uropatagium is sparsely haired on anterior proximal one-third and mostly naked posteriorly. Skull and dentition are similar to the White-throated Round-eared Bat, but P, of Western Roundeared Bat is about one-half as large, and I, is smaller. Skull is robust and elongated, with well-developed sagittal (especially in males) and lambdoidal crests. Conspicuous postorbital constriction also distinguishes
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<taxonomicName box="[2043,2195,1623,1656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lophostoma</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName box="[2285,2382,1623,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Tonatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tonatia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1451,1562,1663,1696]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Varied habitats from evergreen lowland forests to lowland deciduous and dry forests. The Western Round-eared Bat is not sympatric with any other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1452,1605,1740,1773]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Thymelaeaceae" genus="Lophostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lophostoma</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1700,1782,1815]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Western Round-eared Batis a gleaning insectivore. It might prefer large beetles,crickets, cicadas, katydids, and other arthropods and occasionally eatfruit.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1450,1585,1860,1893]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Breeding.</emphasis>
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A lactating Western Round-eared Bat was collected in January, representing the only available record of a reproductively active individual.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,1684,1939,1972]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Western Round-eared Bat is nocturnal. Because it wasfirst considered a subspecies of the White-throated Round-eared Bat, some behavior is expected to be similar. The Western Round-eared Bat roosts exclusively in large active arboreal hymenopteran (termite and ant) nests that they excavate and maintain. Observations from the White-throated Round-eared Bat suggests that individuals prefer nests that are larger than
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<date box="[1802,1898,2137,2170]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" value="1930-10-30">
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30 x
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<quantity box="[1867,1898,2137,2170]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="504" unit="cm" value="30.0">30</quantity>
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</date>
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cm, well shaded and hidden by vegetation from above but have no branches growing through them, and are freely accessible from below.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,2167,2220,2249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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From observations in congeners, social system of the Western Round-eared Bat might be of single male-multifemale associations, suggesting a harem structure. The Western Round-eared Bat is a perchhunter with small home ranges and short commuting distances.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,1779,2382,2407]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List, as important parts ofits geographic range have been subjectto severe transformation in recent decades.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="504" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[1447,2661,719,2565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1448,1601,2461,2486]" pageId="20" pageNumber="504">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Baker et al. (2004), Davis & Carter (1978), Dechmann, Kalko et al. (2005), Dechmann, Santana & Dumont (2009), Kalko, Friemelet al. (1999), Kalko, Ueberschaer & Dechmann (2006), Lee et al. (2002), Marin-Vasquez et al. (2015), Medellin & Arita (1989), Tirira (2017), Velazco & Cadenillas (2011).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |