310 lines
32 KiB
XML
310 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7d434c4-65d0-40ab-adc9-06bb079a2d8f" ID-PMC="PMC3185369" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-125-59" ID-PubMed="21998538" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-125-59" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 125" ModsDocTitle="Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species" checkinTime="1451249943128" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gomez Duran, Jose-Maria & van Achterberg, Cornelis" docDate="2011" docId="7B93A229A067DFF5F84866AFC73A7A0E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 125: 59-106" docOrigin="ZooKeys 125" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754" docTitle="Neoneurus vesculus van Achterberg & Gomez, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="EA59FFA64938FFC63A30FFDBC903FFB1" masterDocTitle="Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1668152038590" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gomez Duran, Jose-Maria</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>van Achterberg, Cornelis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>125</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>59</mods:start>
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<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-125-59</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152030576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B93A229A067DFF5F84866AFC73A7A0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B93A229A067DFF5F84866AFC73A7A0E" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E163C037-3738-4DA9-AC35-96C884DCBF5F" authority="van Achterberg & Gomez" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">
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Neoneurus vesculus van Achterberg &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="22" pageNumber="81">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 58-61
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="81" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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Holotype, ♀ (RMNH),"Spain, Madrid, Carretera de La
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Coruña">Coruna</normalizedToken>
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km 7.5, 20.viii.2010, following adult workers of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica cunicularia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">Formica cunicularia</taxonomicName>
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, J.M.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Durán">Duran</normalizedToken>
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, RMNH". Paratypes: 11 ♀ (RMNH (8), RMSEL (2), RMS (1)), topotypic, collected 3.ix. 2010, 13.ix.2010, 24.vi.2011 and 27.vi.2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" type="oviposition behaviour">
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">Oviposition behaviour.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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In recent years the oviposition behaviour of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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was studied for the first time (
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="26 - 47" title="Seven new North American species of Neoneurus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="94" year="1992">Shaw 1992</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Behaviour" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="649 - 658" title="Observations on the ovipositional behaviour of Neoneurus mantis, an ant-associated parasitoid from Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." url="doi: 10.1007/BF01048130" volume="6" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
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) with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus mantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mantis">Neoneurus mantis</taxonomicName>
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Shaw, 1992. Shaw proposed a "raptorial hypothesis" to explain the greatly modified morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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fore legs (compression of the fore femur, robustness and shortening of the fore tibia, enlargement of the tibial spur, development of a tibial carina often associated with sharp tubercles and spines, shortening of the tarsus and enlargement of the fore pulvillus). These features, together with the two peculiar spinules situated in the frontal area of the head, could serve to grasp the ant before oviposition. Here we confirm for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculu" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculu">Neoneurus vesculu</taxonomicName>
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s sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Shaw’s">Shaw's</normalizedToken>
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raptorial hypothesis. While this author mentions the metasoma of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica pozdzolica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pozdzolica">Formica pozdzolica</taxonomicName>
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as the location for alighting and oviposition for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus mantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mantis">Neoneurus mantis</taxonomicName>
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, our observations show that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. alights and probably oviposits in the mesosoma of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica cunicularia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">Formica cunicularia</taxonomicName>
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Latreille, 1789.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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The observations were made in Madrid (at the enclosed area of the Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Carretera de La
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Coruña">Coruna</normalizedToken>
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Km 7.5, Spain) during August and September, 2010, in three colonies of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica cunicularia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">Formica cunicularia</taxonomicName>
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situated in the base of Atlas cedar trees (
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Cedrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cedrus atlantica" order="Pinales" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atlantica">Cedrus atlantica</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. could be seen around the nest entrances in the morning and in the afternoon, with a peak activity of oviposition attacks between 4-7 PM. Two strategies were observed (Fig. 62): a) the perching behaviour as described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Behaviour" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="649 - 658" title="Observations on the ovipositional behaviour of Neoneurus mantis, an ant-associated parasitoid from Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." url="doi: 10.1007/BF01048130" volume="6" year="1993">Shaw (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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, the wasp standing on a grass stem, on a tree trunk (in both cases at a height less than 5 cm), or on the ground, until an ant approaches; a moment later the wasp takes flight and begins its attack (Movie
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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, first sequence, Appendix III); b) the hovering behaviour -at a distance of about 1 cm- over ants leaving the nest entrance and going up the tree trunk at a height of 3 or 4 cm from the ground. Oviposition attacks following hovering behaviour (Movie
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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, second sequence) increased in the afternoon, being then predominant over the perching behaviour.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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When the ant moves up, the wasp approaches it from behind and waits until the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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body is in a vertical position. Then, the wasp head hits the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesonotum while the fore legs dart forward and brace the mesopleuron. The frame analysis reveals that the tibia are the part of the legs that firmly hold the mesopleuron (Figs 63-65).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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After contact, the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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head is separated from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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body, the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma is placed vertically and its wings are folded. Then ovipositor insertion begins, during which time the middle legs can be seen to be sometimes holding the posterior part of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesosoma (Fig. 64). The
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma is bent towards the posterior lower part of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesosoma, going between the metasoma and the hind leg of the ant. This occurred in a surprisingly asymmetric fashion: of 29 ovipositions observed, the wasp always bent its metasoma between the left hind leg of the ant and the left side of its metasoma. This suggests some asymmetrical morphology of the ovipositor system. According to the frame analysis, the ovipositor was inserted near the posterior coxal cavities, perhaps into the coxal cavities of the middle or hind legs or in the area between them (Fig. 66).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="22" pageNumber="81">
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Oviposition was not always fully successful. Of a total of 25 attempts observed, 17 were completed, 4 were initiated but ended with the wasp and the ant -still joined-
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<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="82" start="start">falling</pageBreakToken>
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to the ground, and in the other 4 cases the wasp failed to grasp the ant and flew away immediately. Hence, the grasping of the ant appears to be a critical moment of the oviposition process. Sometimes the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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head hit on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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pronotum instead of its mesonotum, or the wasp attacked an ant that was not in a vertical position. In these circumstances it had more difficulty holding the ant, whose vigorous movements usually resulted in oviposition failure. Other times the first hit of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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head, together with the strong grasping of its fore legs, caused the ant to detach from the surface and fall down with the wasp.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="82">
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The whole oviposition behaviour of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. (comprising the grasping of the ant by the wasp and the insertion of the ovipositor, until taking flight) lasted a mean of 2.023 seconds (95% confidence interval: 1.352-2.694; N = 17; SE = 0.317), with a median of 1.507 seconds (interquartile range: 1.377-1.927; Fig. 79). Three outlier observations corresponded to ovipositions lasting more than 3 seconds due to the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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vigorous movements which made it difficult for the wasps to bend their metasomata towards the postero-lower part of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
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mesosomata.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="83">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="83" start="start">On</pageBreakToken>
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one occasion a strange behaviour was observed. One
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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hovering over the nest entrance alighted on the tree trunk, turning and resting, 2 cm away from a worker. The ant approached and touched the apex of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma with its antenna. Then the wasp curved its metasoma inward extruding the ovipositor. Finally, the ant attacked the wasp, held it by the wings, and transported it into the nest.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="83" type="discussionl">
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="83">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="83">
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The described oviposition behaviour of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. fits well with the raptorial function predicted by Shaw for the modified morphology of the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neoneurus</taxonomicName>
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. The head spinules may fix the position of the wasp when its head hits the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesonotum and the robust tibia are suitable for grasping the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesosoma by the mesopleura. The location of the wasp when alighting on the ant, and the final arrangement of its body, allow the insertion of the ovipositor into the postero-lower part of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesosoma. These facts call for a re-examination, with high speed photography or video, of the oviposition behaviour of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus mantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mantis">Neoneurus mantis</taxonomicName>
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in order to confirm the alighting and oviposition of this species in the ant metasoma, as mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Behaviour" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="649 - 658" title="Observations on the ovipositional behaviour of Neoneurus mantis, an ant-associated parasitoid from Wyoming (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." url="doi: 10.1007/BF01048130" volume="6" year="1993">Shaw (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. It may be remarked that this author several times dissected the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma following the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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oviposition, and could not find the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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eggs. The possibility is open that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus mantis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mantis">Neoneurus mantis</taxonomicName>
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, and other species of the genus, have a similar oviposition behaviour to that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., and hence that the eggs are laid in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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mesosoma.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="84" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">
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Fore tibia of female about 4.0 times as long as wide, distinctly narrowed basally, with long carina and below it a double row of small pegs and with a wide triangular anterior subbasal tooth; mesosoma extensively marked with pale yellowish patches; metasoma brownish-yellow, with first tergite entirely blackish and most tergites basally and apically dark brown, fore femur curved in dorsal view; fore spur nearly straight and robust; facial tubercles small and facial bristles 0.2 times as long as pedicellus, distance between bristles about 1.2 times width of scapus. Runs in the key by
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="26 - 47" title="Seven new North American species of Neoneurus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="94" year="1992">Shaw (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus pallidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Neoneurus pallidus</taxonomicName>
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Shaw, 1992, from Canada (Ontario) and USA (Maryland, Michigan, North
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carolina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
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, Virginia and Colorado), but the new species has the third and fourth antennal segments pale yellowish (dark brown (except base of third segment) in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus pallidus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallidus">Neoneurus pallidus</taxonomicName>
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||
); first metasomal tergite entirely blackish (dark yellowish-brown and medially irregularly black), apex and base of second-sixth tergites dark brown (entirely pale yellowish-brown except dark yellowish-brown base of second tergite), fore tibia with row of small pegs below carina (below carina largely smooth, but a few small pegs near apex), fore tibia of female 4.0 times longer than its maximum width in lateral view (4.5 times) and fore tibia of female distinctly narrowed basally (slightly narrowed; Fig. 4 in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="26 - 47" title="Seven new North American species of Neoneurus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="94" year="1992">Shaw 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="25" pageNumber="84" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">Holotype, ♀, length of body 2.8 mm, of fore wing 1.8 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">Head. Length of third segment of antenna 1.1 times fourth segment, length of third, fourth and penultimate segments 5.3, 4.8 and 2.5 times their width, respectively and basal segments without distinct setae; facial tubercles small and facial bristles 0.2 times as long as pedicellus, distance between bristles about 1.2 times width of scapus (Fig. 60); length of eye 1.5 times temple in dorsal view; vertex superficially granulate, with few superficial punctures and a satin sheen; temples directly narrowed behind eyes; OOL:diameter of ocellus:POL = 6:3:7; length of malar space 0.13 times height of eye.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.4 times its height; mesoscutum superficially punctulate-granulate, but medio-posteriorly densely granulate; precoxal sulcus only medially impressed and with a few rugae; mesopleuron superficially granulate, but postero-dorsally shiny and largely smooth; mesosternal sulcus finely crenulate, narrow and rather shallow; metanotum with a median carina, not protruding dorsally; propodeum finely granulate and with some rugulae, dorsal face longer than posterior face, with satin sheen, only dorsally with a median carina and no medial areola, flat antero-medially and its spiracle small and far in front of middle of propodeum.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="84">Wings. Fore wing: parastigma medium-sized (Fig. 61); basal half of wing nearly as densely setose as its distal half. Hind wing: wing membrane moderately setose basally.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="25" pageNumber="84">
|
||
Legs. Hind coxa nearly smooth, dorsally partly superficially micro-granulate; fore coxa flat ventrally; all tarsal claws slender and simple; length of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.9, 9.2 and 5.3 times their width, respectively; fore femur curved in dorsal view, compressed and apically with small tooth; anterior subbasal tubercle of fore tibia wide triangular (Fig. 58) and longitudinal carina of tibia at basal 0.6, bearing a small posterior subbasal tooth and apical half curved, followed by a row of small slender pegs, area of tibia in between subbasal teeth concave (Fig. 59); fore tibia 4.0 times longer than its maximum width in lateral view; fore tibial spur nearly straight
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="85" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
|
||
0.9 times as long as fore basitarsus and 0.5 times fore tibia (Fig. 58); spurs of hind tibia acute apically, their length 0.7 and 0.6 times hind basitarsus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="26" pageNumber="85">Metasoma. Length of first tergite 1.4 times its apical width, its surface with satin sheen, granulate with some rugulae posteriorly, basally flat, medially convex and its spiracles slightly protruding and near middle of tergite; second tergite superficially granulate and anteriorly with some oblique rugulae; second metasomal suture obsolescent; remainder of metasoma largely smooth and compressed; setae of metasoma spread, short, but tergites glabrous anteriorly; second tergite with sharp lateral crease; length of ovipositor sheath 0.05 times fore wing.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="26" pageNumber="85">
|
||
Colour. Dark brown or blackish; face, clypeus, labrum, malar space, temple ventrally, pronotal side postero-dorsally and ventrally, frons antero-laterally, propleuron, palpi, coxae, trochanters and trochantelli white or ivory; four basal segments of antenna, remainder of legs (but hind tibia and tarsus brown and telotarsi dark brown),
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="86" start="start">tegulae</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, mesoscutum antero-laterally and a W-shaped patch posteriorly, scutellum (except dark medial patch), mesopleuron antero-dorsally and medially, mesosternum posteriorly, second-fifth metasomal tergites (but anteriorly and posteriorly dark brown) and sixth-eighth tergites pale yellowish; veins pale brown; parastigma, pterostigma and 1-R1 largely dark brown; wing membrane slightly infuscate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">Variation. Length of body 2.6-3.0 mm, of fore wing 1.8-1.9 mm, all females have 16 antennal segments; mesoscutum medially, mesopleuron antero-medially and scutellum may be dark brown; third and fourth antennal segments pale yellow or brownish.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="86" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
From
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“vesculus”">"vesculus"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Latin for "weak, little, poor") because this new species has poorly developed facial bristles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 61.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., female, holotype. Habitus lateral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 62. Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. 1 standing on the ground 2 on a grass stem and 3 hovering over the nest entrance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 63. 1 female of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. hovering over the nest entrance 2 worker of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica cunicularia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">Formica cunicularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
showing the mesonotum (yellow arrow) where the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
head will hit, and the mesopleuron (red arrow) that will be braced by the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
legs 3 after the first hit, the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
metasoma is positioned vertically and its wings are folded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 64. Position of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
tibiae (yellow arrow) of three
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. while bracing the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mesopleuron. In frame 3 the middle legs can be appreciated (red arrow) grasping the posterior part of the mesosoma just before the insertion of the ovipositor.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 65. Two attack sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. 1 approaching a worker of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica cunicularia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunicularia">Formica cunicularia</taxonomicName>
|
||
and fixing its attention on the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mesonotum (yellow arrow) 2 hitting its head on the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mesonotum and extending the fore legs 3 bracing the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mesopleuron with its fore tibia (red arrow), then placing the metasoma vertically, parallel to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
body, and folding the wings prior to oviposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figure 66. Insertion of the ovipositor by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus vesculus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vesculus">Neoneurus vesculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. a wasp metasoma b ant metasoma c wasp head; d ant head.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Figures 67-71.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Neoneurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neoneurus curvicalcar" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvicalcar">Neoneurus curvicalcar</taxonomicName>
|
||
Belokobylskij, female, holotype. 67 head dorsal 68 fore tibia inner side lateral 69 fore femur dorsal 70 fore femur lateral 71 fore tibial spur. After Belokobylskij (1986).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |