treatments-xml/data/99/A7/7E/99A77E18ACE4F77A2C347556C3E8E700.xml
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<mods:title id="9EE461B7BF1337637CBFF13B431C698F">A revision of the genus Protorthodes McDunnough with descriptions of a new genus and four new species (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Eriopygini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="41D1A92138FFD7B9ED59DB5BDD97A9B5">Ferris, Clifford D.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="99A77E18ACE4F77A2C347556C3E8E700" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152053857" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:99A77E18ACE4F77A2C347556C3E8E700" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/99A77E18ACE4F77A2C347556C3E8E700" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
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<paragraph id="1D140364F9E00BB24F9B45065FC71BA4" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Noctuidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="89A4948B3CA986F8C6A8BC2559D17613" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="ECE226B0BADAF6D9BE6EAA1E5B8A4DE3" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="69067BA7A87A6B48313E3E340AD174ED" ID-CoL="6VYHR" authority="Morrison, 1874" authorityName="Morrison" authorityYear="1874" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta (Morrison, 1874)</taxonomicName>
Figs 7-16, 57, 75; Map 3
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E15794ABEC5DC573A5CF72D4C32480EC" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9DB4028136E950AB602A7DC67643B715" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="0E9D4C4D1298D186DA965ED0E16DDF3D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mamestra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mamestra incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Mamestra incincta</taxonomicName>
Morrison, 1874: 156.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="11D2D0079CB3B53ED0D9ED5BDCE7CD1B" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="7B9BFAF6BB48A1E8C2EE201845797BCC" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Taeniocampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taeniocampa utahensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">Taeniocampa utahensis</taxonomicName>
Smith, [1888]: 473.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4CE7E9B4EF449FF00D5EBACA5A6217C0" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="FB2953041F7CE7B715D44D6FBEBC9B3B" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodes akalus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akalus">Orthodes akalus</taxonomicName>
Strecker, 1899: 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9EE21A8381B2803500E381B0E35ACA68" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="1DE3282806891BBCA603F3AFDE169C00" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agrotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agrotis saturnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">Agrotis saturnus</taxonomicName>
Strecker, 1900: 31.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A6406195ED70DFC9B6BA1328F3955B87" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="0EF9E246657D04E84E04C9DF587E121D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Graphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphiphora communis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="communis">Graphiphora communis</taxonomicName>
race smithii Dyar, 1904: 868.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F355CF88603D7BAE5CE5E46CEF2502DD" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="9DF4654CFB8003C9A9367A5006AD47DA" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Taeniocampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taeniocampa indra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indra">Taeniocampa indra</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1906: 233.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="189218CF270B622053A1D26A6095DCAA" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="F583EE0D6B48A30919D780B501C7A381" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eriopyga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriopyga melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Eriopyga melanopis</taxonomicName>
var. coloradensis Strand, [1917]: 29, syn. rev.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A7D85D12F5E89593C9F1BA62940D31EC" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">
<taxonomicName id="7F46641A5179ECE49C0F1D3F5D057214" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eriopyga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriopyga daviesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daviesi">Eriopyga daviesi</taxonomicName>
Barnes &amp; Benjamin, 1927: 5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9CB8A3836CECB4AC6725677C0F81659A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="6" pageNumber="145" type="type material">
<paragraph id="7496A09BD81605A6E5FBDCB6FC60970A" pageId="6" pageNumber="145">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B3C38C3A5A1F273A8168556667D806DB" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="9C4E2A2F46E88B2254B635940839A10A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mamestra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mamestra incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">
<pageBreakToken id="2ED3B68D386550316147C7EBF3198842" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" start="start">Mamestra</pageBreakToken>
incincta
</taxonomicName>
: 3 syntypes. No type material of this species was reported from MSU by
<bibRefCitation id="B597E5BD10EA392A2662BA1B7E05C3A1" author="Wilterding, JH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" pagination="65 - 104" title="Type specimens of Lepidoptera in the Tepper Collection at Michigan State University." volume="105" year="1997">Wilterding (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, so the male syntype in USNM, examined, may be the only extant syntype. Type locality: Illinois.
<taxonomicName id="86535C6E6B6A44A6123CB78FD7921C06" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Taeniocampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taeniocampa utahensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="utahensis">Taeniocampa utahensis</taxonomicName>
: lectotype ♂, USNM, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="0FB43C55DEB0531181325F765DF535FF" author="Todd, EL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" title="The noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera)." year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, examined. Type locality: USA. Utah.
<taxonomicName id="878DA2C2B88687C340371326F802353F" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodes akalus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="akalus">Orthodes akalus</taxonomicName>
: holotype ♀, FMNH, photograph examined. Type locality: USA, Colorado.
<taxonomicName id="CEC4360715D3521CC77759CCF5A476B2" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Agrotis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Agrotis saturnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">Agrotis saturnus</taxonomicName>
: holotype ♂ FMNH, photograph examined. Type locality: USA, southern Wisconsin.
<taxonomicName id="5FEE1EBA7CAD4BC7A22CD6733CC72E1D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Graphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Graphiphora communis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="communis">Graphiphora communis</taxonomicName>
race smithii: holotype ♀, USNM, examined. Type locality: USA, Illinois. Note - the type locality for this taxon was given as &quot;Canada, British Columbia, Kootnai District&quot; by
<bibRefCitation id="5D9809BE5D5D5901B8A80D5FC7BBF45C" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="EJ Brill, New York" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" title="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
. However, the taxon was proposed for a singleton female from Illinois that Smith confused with the species Dyar described from British Columbia, therefore Dyar proposed the racial name smithii for this unique specimen.
<taxonomicName id="1555102F1F57B7FF719675BDBA039325" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Taeniocampa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Taeniocampa indra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indra">Taeniocampa indra</taxonomicName>
: lectotype ♂, AMNH, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="8C71A2189F2DEC60DF6A94A390A09B70" author="Todd, EL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" title="The noctuid type material of John B. Smith (Lepidoptera)." year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, examined. Type locality: USA, Arizona, Yavapai County, Minnehaha.
<taxonomicName id="EB5ED0FE4269B3BC6F081E6B32C99367" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eriopyga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriopyga daviesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daviesi">Eriopyga daviesi</taxonomicName>
: holotype ♂, USNM, examined. Type locality: USA, New Mexico, Fort Wingate.
<taxonomicName id="DCD397440667703DCC9E5B5AE81EC8ED" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodes melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Orthodes melanopis</taxonomicName>
var. coloradensis: holotype ♂, BMNH, examined. Type locality: SW Colorado.
<bibRefCitation id="35A5F95D2F1EB652F3B34CA0794715BC" author="Hampson, GF" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="26" pageNumber="165" title="Catalogue of the Phalaenae Lepidoptera in the British Museum" year="1905">Hampson (1905</bibRefCitation>
: 299) listed this specimen as &quot;
<taxonomicName id="7A491DD77ADCEA789F684EAC000E2214" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eriopyga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriopyga melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Eriopyga melanopis</taxonomicName>
ab. 1.&quot;
<bibRefCitation id="1717B938FFF61C108FF035D12BECF2FE" author="Strand, E" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Naturgeschichte" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" pagination="28 - 50" title="Neue aberrationen der Noctuiden - subfamilien Hadeninae, Erastriinae, Catocalinae, Mominae und Phytometrinae." volume="82 A 2" year="1917">Strand ([1917]</bibRefCitation>
: 29) proposed the name
<taxonomicName id="60336AAB19728A4C5A3922420005D126" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eriopyga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eriopyga melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Eriopyga melanopis</taxonomicName>
var. coloradensis for it.
<bibRefCitation id="AE39E68B079A8037B6CB88614F9AD543" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="EJ Brill, New York" pageId="27" pageNumber="166" title="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
, assuming the name wasproposed as an aberration, as Strand usually did, credited
<bibRefCitation id="2C8F0BB6299174C484DB2A627DF8A71B" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">McDunnough (1938</bibRefCitation>
: 74) as validating the name by using it as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="2E7440BCF4CB9BFBF690003E46C83C14" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthodes melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Orthodes melanopis</taxonomicName>
. However, the specimen is herein reidentified as
<taxonomicName id="1FC0B5E20F8B56369B7B4B0593EAA25E" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta</taxonomicName>
, not
<taxonomicName id="665A68F333472A743E4D5075A5B025AC" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes melanopis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melanopis">Protorthodes melanopis</taxonomicName>
, so the name is hereby transferred to the synonymy of
<taxonomicName id="C95D07EDBC0838BFCAB17BF312985A86" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="32F60F7809B851A2B065E1D06377DD2E" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="E1F6C23E186D1FBC788961E0511CD112" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6013D609F49B105E8215E66FE85B6DE0" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="D1E3F3C1F048E8431A927C80199E271F" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta</taxonomicName>
is so variable in appearance that it is almost easier to identify it be eliminating the other species. The ground color varies from pale whitish gray, through various shades of brown, orange, and gray to blackish gray. Forewing length varies from 11-14 mm. The moths are most likely to be confused with those of
<taxonomicName id="75876735BE2A315967FD426378D83B66" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes curtica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtica">Protorthodes curtica</taxonomicName>
that mainly occurs father to the west.
<taxonomicName id="650A9BC0D7BBEE9FD8E469A432FAB825" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished by the more irregular pale subterminal line, concentration of dark sagittate marks proximal to the subterminal line to the area distal to the reniform spot, and other characters of maculation, antenna, and male genitalia listed under
<taxonomicName id="F17A42B9D34743150FAFC9467DD43EFC" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes curtica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtica">Protorthodes curtica</taxonomicName>
. The palest forms (e.g., Fig. 16) occur in xeric areas of Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico and previously were known as
<taxonomicName id="2BAB40BE8EE4F8C77E2ABD57076D19B1" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes indra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indra">Protorthodes indra</taxonomicName>
, and the most contrastingly marked forms (e.g., Figs 11, 12) are localized in southern Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico and previously were known as
<taxonomicName id="6FB6BED4556714DF263450D629CB69AE" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes daviesi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daviesi">Protorthodes daviesi</taxonomicName>
. However, both forms blend into more typical forms in these areas and do not differ in structural characters or barcodes from other populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0829FC516248E5DB34ADEEF2E83A801D" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" type="distribution and biology">
<paragraph id="3DEBBEA7697A38C96B971891FAF6AB94" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="69D57BFA083BA29E9061DB3A6E59084E" pageId="7" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="DCFC9D8D43D30AA35373064A9A75200A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Protorthodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protorthodes incincta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incincta">Protorthodes incincta</taxonomicName>
is mainly a species of the western Great Plains and dry open forests of the Rocky Mountain region, with range extensions into the Great Basin, the American Southwest, and eastward in relict prairie areas into the Great Lakes region. Adults occur from early June until early October. The larva was described by
<bibRefCitation id="B4B677037B4DE2ED65E75B7B78216669" author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin" pageId="26" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 356" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae." volume="1135" year="1956">Crumb (1956)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF49CF74711ABBF6B27737C8987EDEEF" author="Godfrey, GL" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin" pageId="26" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 265" title="A review and reclassification of larvae of the subfamily Hadeninae (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico." volume="1450" year="1972">Godfrey (1972)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>