202 lines
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202 lines
38 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-73-717" ID-Pensoft-UUID="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" ID-ZooBank="8F3D5EDA2F184E5CA53E2F7741FF1339" ModsDocID="2625-8498-73-717" checkinTime="1695893367890" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Szyndlar, Zbigniew & Georgalis, Georgios L." docDate="2023" docId="972488FED48F85049B0D72AC6846FD1B" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 73: 717-886" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 73" docPubDate="2023-09-27" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e101372" docTitle="Constrictores Hoffstetter 1946" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" lastPageNumber="717" masterDocId="318B657A15AB5708B3C35FC1A82B4945" masterDocTitle="An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column" masterLastPageNumber="886" masterPageNumber="717" pageNumber="717" updateTime="1695893367890" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title id="03E9870E156AA1A324DFCA3D7CE85EBA">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CDD1602F263D6B1029365C04F8A59BE4" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C3CF281AF0DEABAFE8A0CCEB6F98C928">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F738EC92ACEC6B777C446631CA9AA6D0">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5805DCE57BD6FC0CBBFF991E86A6E266">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9FC446CC12D33D79A8DF180FD95EE2A3">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5E591C7357B728C2F4BE51F61BA297C6" type="email">dimetrodon82@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4676877460A22AE4A8BC1190E04D1BD3">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="760C467F94F73782450584B70A8F2901">
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<mods:date id="AF0CB9FC75933ECE40D03CD6B519AF0A">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="0EB45C91EC0F460171898C4A18DE97E1">2023-09-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B19F44DB9671ABE239CC3D164714F1E0">73</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="519369128EA689235191F44460E81E4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="32EB584A1EC7330FE115E3F828B427D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="A4A90D53773E035C8FF3F00DB5523A8F" ID-CoL="87BZ8" authority="Hoffstetter, 1946" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AF3989CAFB74FDD2CD23AD2E485ABA62" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="general information">
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<paragraph id="DCED9116C07D8EE25C2ED03660B95B56" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="91E2B4A75BD9EB3F97004B7B161FD653" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="51D9462F9022B0721DEAAC83BB946E7B" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bolyeriidae</taxonomicName>
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includes only the two monotypic genera
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<taxonomicName id="71B926FFA6709A830042FDBE4CD99E32" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Bolyeriidae" genus="Bolyeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolyeria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9C39CFB33BE6D02314A051066A908B8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Bolyeria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="85E014B38BE2BA59373AF4BA8201E4E9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Xenophidiidae" genus="Casarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Casarea" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FEA35076C7DADB1394EE69EFBEAED597" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Casarea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Mascarene Islands, among which the former is now extinct since a few decades ago (
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<bibRefCitation id="8C10C7551EE2E0AF30F4CD36843C43B1" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="5D80B15D5C87BA0283C1008270FBD4CF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). They were long considered as members of an
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<normalizedToken id="0925EEF33A6CA3BF5E2DD44EF878BD76" originalValue="“expanded”">"expanded"</normalizedToken>
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<taxonomicName id="DFDEE428C02C47F6AE95CF9D2EB5F1FA" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Reptilia" family="Boidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Boidae</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="95C30ADF284F02E8A8DCA251871516A9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" author="Cope, ED" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="7 - 98" refId="B132" refString="Cope, ED, 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 32: 7 - 98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" title="Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and Mexico." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.32" volume="32" year="1887">Cope 1887</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="195CC07F63D04E6D32454DED67F08D4F" author="Stull, OG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="387 - 408" refId="B599" refString="Stull, OG, 1935. A check-list of the family Boidae. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 40: 387 - 408" title="A check-list of the family Boidae." volume="40" year="1935">Stull 1935</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E1575EF3D7034ECBCD67F7438461154B" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B264" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1946. Remarques sur la classification des Ophidiens et particulierement des Boidae des Mascareignes (Bolyerinae subfam. nov.). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 18: 132-135." title="Remarques sur la classification des Ophidiens et particulierement des Boidae des Mascareignes (Bolyerinae subfam. nov.). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 18: 132 - 135." year="1946">Hoffstetter 1946</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="1EB2526B3C7B3ACE3636096BAB260F8A" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="08B93C60BD990D36E3E21661BBC89775" author="Anthony, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="189 - 201" refId="B17" refString="Anthony, J, Guibe, J, 1952. Les affinites anatomiques de Bolyeria et de Casarea (Boides). Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar 7: 189 - 201" title="Les affinites anatomiques de Bolyeria et de Casarea (Boides)." volume="7" year="1952">
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Anthony and
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<normalizedToken id="2342BD036DC669EAFF4B7BCEAABDF69A" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
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1952
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FF1DEF087A36728101EBFB30888F354A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="38 - 52" refId="B152" refString="Dowling, HG, 1959. Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review. Copeia 1959: 38 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" title="Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" volume="1959" year="1959">Dowling 1959</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="351FD384ABC373942FB71D692106E41B" author="Guibe, J" editor="Grasse, PP" journalOrPublisher="Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1054 - 1160" refId="B232" refString="Guibe, J, 1970. La systematique des reptiles actuels. In: Grasse, PP, Ed., Traite de Zoologie: Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie. Tome XIV, Reptiles. Fascicule III, Glandes endocrines - Embryologie - Systematique - Paleontologie. Masson et Cie., Libraires de l'Academie de Medecine, Paris: 1054 - 1160" title="La systematique des reptiles actuels." volumeTitle="Traite de Zoologie: Anatomie, Systematique, Biologie." year="1970">
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<normalizedToken id="7AF2C9CB011C53BDC3859EA37BFF9E11" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
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1970
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B977C87A8B5815D248CEA9C64C405B12" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="51 - 76" refId="B478" refString="Rage, J-C, 1987. Fossil history. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 51 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Fossil history." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">Rage 1987</bibRefCitation>
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). A sister group relationship with
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<taxonomicName id="D5A4BD27BBB0E972D32E161DE75F0DFD" class="Reptilia" family="Tropidophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tropidophiidae</taxonomicName>
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has also been proposed (
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<bibRefCitation id="8945D79E3A7B4E8B78FF43DAD027C209" author="Underwood, G" editor="Bellairs, Ad'A" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="151 - 175" refId="B635" refString="Underwood, G, 1976. A systematic analysis of boid snakes. In: Bellairs, Ad'A, Cox, CB, Eds., Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3. Academic Press, London: 151 - 175" title="A systematic analysis of boid snakes." volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3." year="1976">Underwood 1976</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AFBB91F3C0DECE6D4EA865D26BF63E2A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853898X00052" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="Amphibia-Reptilia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="385 - 404" refId="B667" refString="Wallach, V, Guenther, R, 1998. Visceral anatomy of the Malaysian snake genus Xenophidion, including a cladistic analysis and allocation to a new family (Serpentes: Xenophidiidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 19: 385 - 404, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853898X00052" title="Visceral anatomy of the Malaysian snake genus Xenophidion, including a cladistic analysis and allocation to a new family (Serpentes: Xenophidiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/156853898X00052" volume="19" year="1998">
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Wallach and
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<normalizedToken id="31620814ACA72B81CECA3E200B3D375A" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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), while other even directly included them within tropidophiids (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="C514FE1AC9EC219CC958499A73E5BEC6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" author="Arnold, EN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="33 - 47" refId="B22" refString="Arnold, EN, 1980. Recently extinct reptile populations from Mauritius and Reunion, Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology 191: 33 - 47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" title="Recently extinct reptile populations from Mauritius and Reunion, Indian Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" volume="191" year="1980">Arnold 1980</bibRefCitation>
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). According to recent phylogenies, the Asian
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<taxonomicName id="78CD14B3BDE43173B346B48D610058C3" authorityName="Wallach & Günther" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Xenophidiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenophidiidae</taxonomicName>
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are the closest relatives of bolyeriids (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="522EC2DD3F015AFCEA9B09A49306E317" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" author="Lawson, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B342" refString="Lawson, R, Slowinski, JB, Burbrink, FT, 2004. A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia. Journal of Zoology 263: 1 - 10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" title="A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" volume="263" year="2004">Lawson et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CA84D6F1CD1E3DEDB40A5DACBB1FD823" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="163 - 178" refId="B467" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" title="Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" volume="66" year="2012">Pyron and Burbrink 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="88517A6526C9A8BD1587B6D9D6EF0F46" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B468" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, Wiens, JJ, 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" title="A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" year="2013">Pyron et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="B34CA39B02467BCFF3AF0F4ECDD7AED9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161070" author="Figueroa, A" journalOrPublisher="Cuadernos de Herpetologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B171" refString="Figueroa, A, McKelvy, AD, Grismer, LL, Bell, CD, Lailvaux, SP, 2016. A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS One 11: e0161070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161070" title="A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS One 11: e 0161070." url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161070" year="2016">Figueroa et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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), the two in turn forming the superfamily
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<taxonomicName id="B23A0C70324D79C84DDC3881CD3F1D78" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Bolyerioidea">Bolyerioidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="7A7740A243B8962C60D125A6C7B50F30" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). Indeed,
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<taxonomicName id="B74C616FDD72B72C56D6F9135A07942C" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bolyeriidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="491ABBE5BEC0067BCA1A99E612C4250D" authorityName="Wallach & Günther" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Xenophidiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Xenophidiidae</taxonomicName>
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|
possess a synapomorphy, a maxilla divided into separate anterior and posterior parts (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="91FD8D3091011AF98BC9836C3D6A33E1" author="Anthony, J" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="189 - 201" refId="B17" refString="Anthony, J, Guibe, J, 1952. Les affinites anatomiques de Bolyeria et de Casarea (Boides). Memoires de l'Institut Scientifique de Madagascar 7: 189 - 201" title="Les affinites anatomiques de Bolyeria et de Casarea (Boides)." volume="7" year="1952">
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Anthony and
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<normalizedToken id="3CDF107D0B88CFDF63804D11A1B1671D" originalValue="Guibé">Guibe</normalizedToken>
|
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1952
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="D4272B597BA3AEDED6658836BB7DE286" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" author="Maisano, JA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="371 - 384" refId="B363" refString="Maisano, JA, Rieppel, O, 2007. The skull of the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 268: 371 - 384, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" title="The skull of the Round Island boa, Casarea dussumieri Schlegel, based on high-resolution X-ray computed tomography." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10519" volume="268" year="2007">Maisano and Rieppel 2007</bibRefCitation>
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), that is a unique feature among all tetrapods (
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<bibRefCitation id="A12188EEDC3036EC7533A5E4ABE6AB06" DOI="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" author="Georgalis, GL" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrate Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="291 - 304" refId="B204" refString="Georgalis, GL, Smith, KT, 2020. Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons. Vertebrate Zoology 70: 291 - 304, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" title="Constrictores Oppel, 1811 - The available name for the taxonomic group uniting boas and pythons." url="https://doi.org/10.26049/VZ70-3-2020-03" volume="70" year="2020">Georgalis and Smith 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). Their exact affinities with other snakes are not established with certainty, with other phylogenies placing them close to
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<taxonomicName id="3BE8320DEE31E380AAA459A4D4C09BCA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Booidea">Booidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="89956515836A54C9AAA1C2BECAAAA2BC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" author="Streicher, JW" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="160 - 169" refId="B596" refString="Streicher, JW, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 100: 160 - 169, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" title="Phylogenomic analyses reveal novel relationships among snake families." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.015" volume="100" year="2016">Streicher and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="0DFD1D38C5CEA713D29CDBE769A01FCC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="C70C6A57B75596210694BD25EE487AB1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blw039" author="Harrington, SM" journalOrPublisher="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="379 - 394" refId="B242" refString="Harrington, SM, Reeder, TW, 2017. Phylogenetic inference and divergence dating of snakes using molecules, morphology and fossils: New insights into convergent evolution of feeding morphology and limb reduction. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 121: 379 - 394, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blw039" title="Phylogenetic inference and divergence dating of snakes using molecules, morphology and fossils: New insights into convergent evolution of feeding morphology and limb reduction." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blw039" volume="121" year="2017">Harrington and Reeder 2017</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="F6192C40032AF4D199802B48CD8E23F0" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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) or
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|
<taxonomicName id="C04D6349A487F0DC35E34AF6BB46CE5C" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pythonoidea">Pythonoidea</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="D615C96581691A03B532B20B7A23334F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" author="Lawson, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B342" refString="Lawson, R, Slowinski, JB, Burbrink, FT, 2004. A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia. Journal of Zoology 263: 1 - 10, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" title="A molecular approach to discerning the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic snake Xenophidion schaeferi among the Alethinophidia." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836904005278" volume="263" year="2004">Lawson et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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; species-tree analysis of
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9B0B445ECF9FC4B05C46773EDB1B0FA1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). Only subfossil remains from the Mascarenes exist (
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<bibRefCitation id="F02F82312645225AAB674517248607FA" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">Hoffstetter 1960</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="CEE2D1F17DD113C8AEA1413D2D2A84CA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" author="Arnold, EN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="33 - 47" refId="B22" refString="Arnold, EN, 1980. Recently extinct reptile populations from Mauritius and Reunion, Indian Ocean. Journal of Zoology 191: 33 - 47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" title="Recently extinct reptile populations from Mauritius and Reunion, Indian Ocean." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01447.x" volume="191" year="1980">Arnold 1980</bibRefCitation>
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), with no pre-Quaternary fossil record.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E4765C007929B9AE1AA7FBB6389D1530" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
|
|
Vertebral morphology of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2FD04E8D126198C9342C9F75F2E6F2C4" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bolyeriidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
is principally characterized by the presence of prominent hypapophyses throughout the trunk column (for more details see Description and figures of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DC5BC88DFE53524B168B6AF7530ABA40" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Bolyeriidae" genus="Bolyeria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolyeria" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="38AC7A42B931D726CE30BFAE9C95A3AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Bolyeria</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8BDFEF1FBBE54301884B50268441F810" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Squamata" family="Xenophidiidae" genus="Casarea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Casarea" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="97063332A2396DC1F3C2C7FDB1E34A9F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Casarea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
below).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="30009FF738A7DF3927887249FF4B1B46" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
|
|
Previous figures of vertebrae of extant
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8A2E89EFC6F7FBBFF6F1A7A735E9AFBC" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1946" class="Reptilia" family="Bolyeriidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bolyeriidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
have been so far presented by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="35BBD3243DFB572D03995F60B312C323" author="Underwood, G" editor="Bellairs, Ad'A" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="151 - 175" refId="B635" refString="Underwood, G, 1976. A systematic analysis of boid snakes. In: Bellairs, Ad'A, Cox, CB, Eds., Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3. Academic Press, London: 151 - 175" title="A systematic analysis of boid snakes." volumeTitle="Morphology and Biology of Reptiles, Linnean Society Symposium Series 3." year="1976">Underwood (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="C59AE321B9079E68DA81214B8F1B2721" author="Hecht, MK" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="605 - 614" refId="B254" refString="Hecht, MK, LaDuke, TC, 1988. Bolyerine vertebral variation: A problem for paleoherpetology. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31: 605 - 614" title="Bolyerine vertebral variation: A problem for paleoherpetology." volume="31" year="1988">Hecht and LaDuke (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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|
<bibRefCitation id="8D7987ACF41BF5FB38E5F0473C5A8FEB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="630 - 652" refId="B428" refString="Palci, A, Hutchison, MN, Caldwell, MW, Smith, KT, Lee, MSY, 2020. The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 630 - 652, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" title="The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" volume="188" year="2020">Palci et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and caudal series of bolyeriids have never been figured so far. Quantitative study on the intracolumnar variability of bolyeriid vertebrae was conducted by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="20A92026A1F4DFC1381393D556679B82" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">Hoffstetter (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. Besides the published figures, several authors observed the presence of hypapophyses throughout the trunk portion of the column in bolyeriids (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="9ACD7C91072538DDA2509EFC414268B1" author="Romer, AS" journalOrPublisher="University Chicago Press, Chicago, IL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B512" refString="Romer, AS, 1956. Osteology of the Reptiles. University Chicago Press, Chicago, IL" title="Osteology of the Reptiles." year="1956">Romer 1956</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="E97892BD139EABA428F25C1C790BC5CB" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B264" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1946. Remarques sur la classification des Ophidiens et particulierement des Boidae des Mascareignes (Bolyerinae subfam. nov.). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 18: 132-135." title="Remarques sur la classification des Ophidiens et particulierement des Boidae des Mascareignes (Bolyerinae subfam. nov.). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 18: 132 - 135." year="1946">Hoffstetter 1946</bibRefCitation>
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,
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|
<bibRefCitation id="00F78BDC04FCFD329237B0576BC4C359" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B267" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1960. Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131-138." title="Sur la classification des Boides de Madagascar et des Mascareignes. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Serie 2) 32: 131 - 138." year="1960">1960</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="401F836A4382CC54552D9DB4929E8BB6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" author="Hoffstetter, R" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="201 - 213" refId="B271" refString="Hoffstetter, R, 1968. A review of "A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood". Copeia 1968: 201 - 213, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" title="A review of " A contribution to the classification of snakes, by G. Underwood "." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1441587" volume="1968" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3621AEBACCC67FFCBD610D58F583CCC3" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" author="McDowell, SB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 79" refId="B379" refString="McDowell, SB, 1975. A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part II. Anilioidea and Pythoninae. Journal of Herpetology 9: 1 - 79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" title="A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part II. Anilioidea and Pythoninae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" volume="9" year="1975">McDowell 1975</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="94B68AAC0879137B7B47957920E6B52E" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Wellnhofer, P" journalOrPublisher="Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 80" refId="B477" refString="Rage, J-C, 1984. Serpentes. In: Wellnhofer, P, Ed., Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, New York: 1 - 80" title="Serpentes." volumeTitle="Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 11." year="1984">Rage 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="581E1B3854E92718796D00F8DB0082F6" author="Szyndlar, Z" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B614" refString="Szyndlar, Z, Rage, J-C, 2003. Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow" title="Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe." year="2003">Szyndlar and Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |