227 lines
24 KiB
XML
227 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="844CA4259E38186E8FCB96EC82F39080">Ecological investigations and diversity of amphibians in Lake Kalimpa’aı Lore Lindu National Parkı Central Sulawesi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="744D8F83B88CBA20D375A49174F868F2">Putri, Auni Ade</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="690A4285ED0D5E918E5D8DB892E40C9C">Fahri, Fahri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1319EBC61170E91F45CA76F0308E76D2">Annawaty, Annawaty</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9E9277BF141B3EFA1B56D4F48678A080">Hamidy, Amir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="BB084E03B49FF5A2A8896C8719B1A1ED">2019</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FE1C1274BA3EFD59" authority="Muller, 1894" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1894" box="[437,878,623,649]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentulus">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FE1C1274BB85FD59" bold="true" box="[437,725,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Rhacophorus edentulus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FD74126BBA3EFD59" author="Muller F" box="[733,878,624,649]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" pagination="825 - 843" refId="ref6992" refString="Muller F. 1894. Reptilien und amphibien aus Celebes. Verh Naturforsch Ges Basel. 10: 825 - 843." type="journal article" year="1894">Müller, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5880A8FDB51C5E17FDE31288B88FFA50" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FDE31288BB89FD7C" blockId="9.[437,878,623,684]" box="[586,729,659,684]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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<heading id="4B6D4C1AB51C5E17FDE31288BB89FD7C" box="[586,729,659,684]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" reason="5">
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(
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<figureCitation id="88A1E7F3B51C5E17FDFB1288BBE4FD7C" box="[594,692,659,684]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1321,1344]" captionTargetBox="[164,1151,142,1289]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1289]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. (a) Limnonectes modestus; (b) Ingerophrynus celebensis; (c) Hylarana celebensis; (d) Polypedates iskandari; (e) Rhacophorus edentulus; (f) Rhacophorus monticola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666457/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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(e))
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF0912EBB876FCD9" blockId="9.[160,1156,752,1124]" box="[160,294,752,777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FF0912EBB876FCD9" bold="true" box="[160,294,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF09130FBAAEFBB4" blockId="9.[160,1156,752,1124]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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Slim body, SVL =
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29.04
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FE32130FB8F8FCFC" box="[411,424,788,812]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
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34.65 mm
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</quantity>
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; vomerine teeth reduced to very small, near the edge of choanae; snout rounded, slightly shorter than internarial distance (snout/IN =
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<geoCoordinate id="75AE9DB1B51C5E17FC4F132CBD7EFC9F" box="[998,1070,823,847]" degrees="0.0705" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" precision="5" value="0.0705">0.0705</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="75AE9DB1B51C5E17FB87132DBD2AFC9F" box="[1070,1146,822,847]" degrees="0.889" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" precision="55" value="-0.889">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FB87132DBD6BFC9E" box="[1070,1083,822,846]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
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0.889
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</geoCoordinate>
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); loreal region slightly concave; nostril closer to the tip of the snout than to the eyes; tympanum is less clear, 1
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FE1E1367B894FC44" box="[439,452,892,916]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">/</emphasis>
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to 1
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FDA91367BB5DFC44" box="[512,525,892,916]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">/</emphasis>
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of the eye diameter (TY/EY =
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<geoCoordinate id="75AE9DB1B51C5E17FCC61367BAFAFC44" box="[879,938,892,916]" degrees="0.279" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" precision="55" value="0.279">0.279</geoCoordinate>
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FC031367BAE7FC44" box="[938,951,892,916]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
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0.437
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</geoCoordinate>
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). The disk of 4 2 the fingers is slightly smaller than the tympanum; outer fingers half webbed; toes webbed to the disk of the third and fourth; penultimate phalanx of fourth toe is free; inner metatarsal small; the heel reaches the tip of the snout or farther (TL/SVL =
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<geoCoordinate id="75AE9DB1B51C5E17FCE013FFBAD4FC2C" box="[841,900,996,1020]" degrees="0.522" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" precision="55" value="0.522">0.522</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="75AE9DB1B51C5E17FC2D13FFBA80FC2C" box="[900,976,996,1020]" degrees="0.594" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" precision="55" value="-0.594">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FC2D13FFBAC1FC2C" box="[900,913,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
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0.594
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</geoCoordinate>
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). Dorsum is light green to dark green, with black or yellow dots; large brownish-red spots on the head up to the posterior part of the body; a yellowish-white thigh with a narrow green line; the ventral portion is yellowish-white, granularious; there is a fold from eyes to shoulders.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF09148CB9A9FB60" blockId="9.[160,1156,1175,1408]" box="[160,249,1175,1200]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FF09148CB9A9FB60" bold="true" box="[160,249,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Habitat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF0914A0B88FFA50" blockId="9.[160,1156,1175,1408]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FE9614A1B894FB03" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1894" box="[319,452,1210,1235]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentulus">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FE9614A1B894FB03" box="[319,452,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">R. edentulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were collected from the leaves of
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FCE614A1BAEBFB03" box="[847,955,1210,1235]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pandanaceae" genus="Pandanus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FCE614A1BAEBFB03" box="[847,955,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Pandanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. and
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FBB514A1BDD3FB03" authorityName="J.Gaertner" authorityYear="1788" box="[1052,1155,1210,1235]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hypoxidaceae" genus="Curculigo" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FBB514A1BDD3FB03" box="[1052,1155,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Curculigo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., and on the limbs of
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FE1014C6BB77FB26" box="[441,551,1245,1270]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Athyriaceae" genus="Diplazium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FE1014C6BB77FB26" box="[441,551,1245,1270]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Diplazium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. at
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<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FDDF14C5BB80FB26" box="[630,720,1245,1270]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="1.25" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.5">
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0.5
|
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FD3E14C6BBF4FB25" box="[663,676,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
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2 m
|
||
</quantity>
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above the water surface and
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FB8114C5BDD3FB26" box="[1064,1155,1245,1270]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.1" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="1.05" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.1">
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0.1
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FBE014C6BD06FB25" box="[1097,1110,1245,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
|
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2 m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
away from the water flow. The species was found to be active at 19
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FC04151BBAEAFAC8" box="[941,954,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
|
||
23°C and 73
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FBEC151BBD02FAC8" box="[1093,1106,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
|
||
94% humidity. Like many other tree frogs (
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FDE81538BBA1FAEB" authorityName="Hoffman" authorityYear="1932" box="[577,753,1315,1339]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhacophoridae</taxonomicName>
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), this species lays eggs in trees.
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<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FBE61538B87CFA8E" author="Putri AA & Fahri F & Annawaty A" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" pagination="50 - 56" refId="ref7092" refString="Putri AA, Fahri F, Annawaty A. 2018. Deskripsi Katak Terbang Sulawesi, Rhacophorus edentulus (Mueller, 1894) dari Danau Kalimpa ' a, Taman Nasional Lore Lindu, Sulawesi, Indonesia: catatan Habitat dan Distribusi [Description of Celebes flying frog, Rhacophorus edentulus (Mueller, 1894) from Kalimpa ' a Lake, Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia: habitat records and distribution]. Nat Sci. 7 (1): 50 - 56." type="journal article" year="2018">Putri et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
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||
found an individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FDEE155EBB9FFA8E" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1894" box="[583,719,1349,1374]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FDEE155EBB9FFA8E" box="[583,719,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">R. edentulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
from the Lake Kalimpa
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FC4D155EBABAFA8D" box="[996,1002,1349,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">’</emphasis>
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||
a region that spawned on
|
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<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51C5E17FE9B1573B8DBFA50" box="[306,395,1384,1408]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
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leaves.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5880A8FDB51C5E14FF0915A8BD6BFEE1" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="2512" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF0915A8B856FA1C" blockId="9.[160,1156,1459,1727]" box="[160,262,1459,1484]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
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<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FF0915A8B856FA1C" bold="true" box="[160,262,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1025FB76B51C5E17FF0915CCBAEAF96F" blockId="9.[160,1156,1459,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">
|
||
This species is distributed in northern, central, southwestern and southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D25E3594B51C5E17FB8B15CCBDD3FA3F" box="[1058,1155,1495,1519]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FF0F15E1B8F9F9C2" author="Iskandar DT & Tjan NK" box="[166,425,1530,1554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" pagination="22 - 26" refId="ref6559" refString="Iskandar DT, Tjan NK. 1996. The amphibian and reptiles of Sulawesi, with notes on the distribution and chromosomal number of frogs. In: Kitchener DJ, Suyanto A, editors. Proceedings of The First International Conference on Eastern Indonesian - Australian vertebrate fauna; 1994 Nov 22 - 26; Manado, Indonesia. p. 39 - 46." type="journal article" year="1996">Iskandar and Tjan 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FE1515E1BBC5F9C2" author="Van Kampen PN" box="[444,661,1530,1554]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" refId="ref7412" refString="Van Kampen PN. 1923. The amphibia of the Indo - Australian archipelago. Leiden: EJ Brill." type="book" year="1923">Van Kampen (1923)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported the presence of this species in the Loka area, Bone Mountains at an elevation of ~
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FD631606BA43F9E5" box="[714,787,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, and the Bulawa Mountains at ~
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FF051624B852F987" box="[172,258,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, Totoiya Valley at ~
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FE511624BB11F987" box="[504,577,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, Tomohon, Rurukan and Bua Praeng. The species was also reported in Nantu
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D25E3594B51C5E17FE401679BB0AF9AA" box="[489,602,1634,1658]" country="Indonesia" name="Gorontalo" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">Gorontalo</collectingRegion>
|
||
Wildlife Reserve at
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FCEC1679BA95F9AA" box="[837,965,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="700.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="600.0">
|
||
600
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FCC71679BA2BF9AA" box="[878,891,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
|
||
800 m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FC571679B987F94D" author="Khairunnisa LR" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" refId="ref6707" refString="Khairunnisa LR. 2014. Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Sebaran Spasial Amfibi di Suaka Margasatwa Nantu Gorontalo dan Sekitarnya [Amphibian diversity and spatial distribution in Nantu Gorontalo Wildlife Reserve and surrounding areas] [scholar ' s thesis]. Indonesia: Bogor Agricultural University." type="book" year="2014">Khairunnisa 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Mekongga Mountains
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FE51169EBBD8F94D" box="[504,648,1668,1693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="900.0">
|
||
900
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51C5E17FD88169FBB7EF94C" box="[545,558,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511">–</emphasis>
|
||
1500 m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FD6C169EBA31F94D" author="Kurniati H" box="[709,865,1669,1693]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref6803" refString="Kurniati H. 2015. Karakteristik Suara Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 Asal Pegunungan Mekongga, Sulawesi Tenggara (Anura: Rhacophoridae) [Calls characteristics of Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 from Mekongga Mountains Southeast Sulawesi (Anura: Rhacophoridae)]. J Biol Indones. 11 (1): 21 - 29." type="journal article" year="2015">Kurniati 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in the Lore Lindu National Park area at an elevation of>
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51C5E17FDE616BCBBF5F96F" box="[591,677,1703,1727]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</quantity>
|
||
asl (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51C5E17FD7116BCBAFDF96F" author="Wanger TC & Motzke I & Saleh S & Iskandar DT" box="[728,941,1703,1727]" pageId="9" pageNumber="2511" pagination="17 - 29" refId="ref7432" refString="Wanger TC, Motzke I, Saleh S, Iskandar DT. 2011. The amphibians and reptiles of the Lore Lindu National Park area, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Salamandra. 47 (11): 17 - 29." type="journal article" year="2011">Wanger et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1025FB76B51F5E14FF691095BD6BFEE1" blockId="10.[160,1155,142,305]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">
|
||
In our study, this species was found distributed throughout primary forest (plots 1 and 3
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51F5E14FF0410AAB9EAFF19" box="[173,186,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">–</emphasis>
|
||
5) and in minimally disturbed primary forest (plot 9) at an elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="D7625693B51F5E14FC4310AABDD3FF19" box="[1002,1155,177,201]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.65" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512" unit="m" value="1675.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="1650.0">
|
||
1650
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51F5E14FB8910AABD7DFF19" box="[1056,1069,177,201]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">–</emphasis>
|
||
1700 m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl. This species has been considered a
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51F5E14FDEF10C8BB1BFF3B" box="[582,587,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">‘</emphasis>
|
||
voiceless species
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51F5E14FCA810C8BA56FF3B" box="[769,774,211,235]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">’</emphasis>
|
||
, because their call is rarely heard. It is assumed that their call is obscured by the sound of insects that is of a higher frequency than the low non-harmonic average frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D79A80F5B51F5E14FD6E1103BA18FEE1" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1894" box="[711,840,280,305]" class="Diplopoda" family="Chelodesmidae" genus="Rhacophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Polydesmida" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="22EE2764B51F5E14FD6E1103BA18FEE1" box="[711,840,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512">R. edentulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="740B8687B51F5E14FC351102BD7EFEE1" author="Kurniati H" box="[924,1070,281,305]" pageId="10" pageNumber="2512" pagination="21 - 29" refId="ref6803" refString="Kurniati H. 2015. Karakteristik Suara Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 Asal Pegunungan Mekongga, Sulawesi Tenggara (Anura: Rhacophoridae) [Calls characteristics of Rhacophorus edentulus Mueller, 1894 from Mekongga Mountains Southeast Sulawesi (Anura: Rhacophoridae)]. J Biol Indones. 11 (1): 21 - 29." type="journal article" year="2015">Kurniati 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |