635 lines
70 KiB
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635 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" ID-PMC="PMC3310194" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-10-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" ID-PubMed="22461730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576110" ModsDocID="1314-2003-10-25" checkinTime="1451252035118" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saarela, Jeffery M." docDate="2012" docId="16A897554E29547D81BB5A762F94A2C9" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 10: 25-82" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 10" docPubDate="2012-03-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734" docTitle="Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1668138964632" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic synopsis of invasive and native Spartina (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) in the Pacific Northwest (British Columbia, Washington and Oregon), including the first report of Spartina xtownsendii for British Columbia, Canada</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saarela, Jeffery M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Research & Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, P. O. Box 3443 Stn. D, Ottawa, Ontario K 1 P 6 P 4, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jsaarela@mus-nature.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-03-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>25</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.10.2734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-10-25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFDEFFB2FFCC5E0D8269FFD7FFD28A31</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576110</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182229448" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:16A897554E29547D81BB5A762F94A2C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/16A897554E29547D81BB5A762F94A2C9" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName LSID="16A89755-4E29-547D-81BB-5A762F94A2C9" authority="(Aiton) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817." authorityName="(Aiton) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817." class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spartina patens" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., Descr. Gram. 55. 1817.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">Spartina juncea</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">patens</emphasis>
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(Aiton) St.-Yves, Candollea 5: 86. 1932.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aiton" authorityYear="1789" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Graminales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="patens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Dactylis patens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Aiton, Hort. Kew. 1: 104. 1789.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Type</emphasis>
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. United Kingdom. Cultivated, native of North America, introduced 1781, by Mr. William Curtis (holotype: BM-001010621!).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michx" authorityYear="1803" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Trachynotia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">Trachynotia juncea</taxonomicName>
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Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 64. 1803.
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<taxonomicName class="Branchiopoda" family="Lynceidae" genus="Limnetis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diplostraca" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juncea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Limnetis juncea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Michx.) Rich., Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina juncea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Michx.) Willd., Enum. Pl. 81. 1809.
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">juncea</emphasis>
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(Michx.) Hitchc., Rhodora 8: 210. 1906.
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina juncea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subvar.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">americana</emphasis>
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St.-Yves, Candollea 5: 84. 1932.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Type.</emphasis>
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United States of America. bord des Creeks
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<normalizedToken originalValue="salés">sales</normalizedToken>
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Basse Caroline, Michaux s.n. (holotype: P, not seen). Note: See
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<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" pagination="143 - 158" refId="B71" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1908. The grasses of Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 12: 143 - 158" title="The grasses of Michaux's Flora Boreali-Americana." volume="12" year="1908">Hitchcock (1908</bibRefCitation>
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:153) for notes on the type specimen. Treatment of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michx" authorityYear="1803" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Trachynotia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Trachynotia juncea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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follows
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<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Branchiopoda" family="Lynceidae" genus="Limnetis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Diplostraca" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="juncea">Limnetis juncea</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">monogyna</emphasis>
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M.A.Curtis, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 1: 136. 1837.
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">monogyna</emphasis>
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(M.A.Curtis) Fernald, Rhodora 49: 114. 1947.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Type.</emphasis>
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United States of America. North Carolina: M.A.Curtis s.n. (holotype: GH [GH00295532!],
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<figureCitation captionStart="Appendix figure 3" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Appendix figure 3. Holotype specimen of Limnetis juncea var. monogyna (Curtis s. n., GH [GH 00295532]). Photo: Gray Herbarium of Harvard University Herbarium." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10030" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Appendix Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). Note:
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<bibRefCitation author="Fernald, ML" journalOrPublisher="Rhodora" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="85 - 116" refId="B51" refString="Fernald, ML, 1947. Additions to and subtractions from the flora of Virginia. Rhodora 49: 85 - 116" title="Additions to and subtractions from the flora of Virginia." volume="49" year="1947">Fernald (1947</bibRefCitation>
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:115) referred to this specimen as "The isotype of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curtis’s">Curtis's</normalizedToken>
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variety in the Gray Herbarium
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…”">..."</normalizedToken>
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and "The Curtis type or isotype
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<normalizedToken originalValue="….”">...."</normalizedToken>
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; it likely is the holotype.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Roth" authorityYear="1806" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">Spartina pumila</taxonomicName>
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Roth, Catal. Bot. 3: 10. 1806.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Type.</emphasis>
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United States of America. New York, 1794, Schreber s.n. (holotype: B-Willd.!).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
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See
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<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation author="Douglas, GW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B45" refString="Douglas, GW, Meidinger, D, Pojar, J, 2001. Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2fjppD)." title="Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 fjppD)" year="2001">Douglas et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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, and Lonard et al. (2009). 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">n</emphasis>
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= 40 (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Marchant, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="411 - 417" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" refId="B92" refString="Marchant, CJ, 1968b. Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): III. Species chromosome numbers and their taxonomic significance. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 60: 411 - 417, 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" title="Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): III. Species chromosome numbers and their taxonomic significance." url="10.1111/j.1095-8339.1968.tb00097.x" volume="60" year="1968 b">Marchant 1968b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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Saltmeadow cordgrass, saltmeadow grass, marsh hay, wiregrass, foxgrass, couchgrass, rush saltgrass, spartine
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<normalizedToken originalValue="étalée">etalee</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Lonard, RI" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Coastal Research" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="935 - 946" publicationUrl="10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" refId="B88" refString="Lonard, RI, Judd, FW, Stalter, R, 2010. The biological flora of coastal dunes and wetlands: Spartina patens (W. Aiton) G.H. Muhlenberg. Journal of Coastal Research 26: 935 - 946, 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" title="The biological flora of coastal dunes and wetlands: Spartina patens (W. Aiton) G. H. Muhlenberg." url="10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" volume="26" year="2010">Lonard et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
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The Latin epithet
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">patens</emphasis>
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means "spreading, outspread" (
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<bibRefCitation author="Stearn, WT" journalOrPublisher="David & Charles, England" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B134" refString="Stearn, WT, 1992. Botanical Latin. David & Charles, England, 546 pp." title="Botanical Latin." year="1992">Stearn 1992</bibRefCitation>
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), given in reference to the general habit of the species, which forms dense, monotypic stands.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="illustrations">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Illustrations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Bartonia" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" refId="B73" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1935. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Miscellaneous publication no. 200, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C." title="Manual of the grasses of the United States. Miscellaneous publication no. 200, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C." year="1935">Hitchcock 1935</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 494;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hitchcock, AS" journalOrPublisher="Bartonia" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" publicationUrl="10.5962/bhl.title.5731" refId="B74" refString="Hitchcock, AS, 1951. Manual of grasses of the United States (ed. 2, revised by A. Chase). Miscellaneous publication no. 200, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C. ., 10.5962/bhl.title.5731" title="Manual of grasses of the United States (ed. 2, revised by A. Chase). Miscellaneous publication no. 200, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, D. C." url="10.5962/bhl.title.5731" year="1951">Hitchcock 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
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:514;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holmgren, NH" journalOrPublisher="University of Washington Press, Seattle and London" pageId="30" pageNumber="55" refId="B76" refString="Holmgren, NH, Holmgren, PK, McCauley, KM, 1998. The illustrated companion to Gleason and Cronquist's manual: illustrations of the vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York." title="The illustrated companion to Gleason and Cronquist's manual: illustrations of the vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York." year="1998">Holmgren et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:750,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Douglas, GW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B45" refString="Douglas, GW, Meidinger, D, Pojar, J, 2001. Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2fjppD)." title="Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 fjppD)" year="2001">Douglas et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:271,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:251.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Native to the east coast of North America and Central America, distributed along the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland and Labrador to Texas, the Atlantic coast of Mexico, and throughout the Caribbean Islands (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Beetle, AA" journalOrPublisher="Phytologia" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="317 - 407" refId="B22" refString="Beetle, AA, 1977. Noteworthy grasses from Mexico V. Phytologia 37: 317 - 407" title="Noteworthy grasses from Mexico V." volume="37" year="1977">Beetle 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Howard et al. 1989,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Liogier, AH" journalOrPublisher="Ocean & Coastal Management" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" refId="B87" refString="Liogier, AH, Martorell, LF, 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Universidad De Puerto Rico." title="Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Universidad De Puerto Rico." year="2000">Liogier and Martorell 2000</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peterson, PM" editor="Peterson, PM" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the United States National Herbarium" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" pagination="195 - 200" refId="B108" refString="Peterson, PM, 2001. Spartina Schreb. In: Peterson, PM, Soreng, RJ, Zuloaga, FO, Judziewicz, EJ, Eds., Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II Subfamily Chloridoideae. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 41: 195 - 200" title="Spartina Schreb." volume="41" volumeTitle="Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): II Subfamily Chloridoideae." year="2001">Peterson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been introduced to coastal regions in Spain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campos, JA" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="2275 - 2293" publicationUrl="10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047902.27442.92" refId="B29" refString="Campos, JA, Herrera, M, Biurrun, I, Loidi, J, 2004. The role of alien plants in the natural coastal vegetation in central-northern Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 13: 2275 - 2293, 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047902.27442.92" title="The role of alien plants in the natural coastal vegetation in central-northern Spain." url="10.1023/B:BIOC.0000047902.27442.92" volume="13" year="2004">Campos et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SanLeon, DG" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="33" pageNumber="58" pagination="213 - 222" publicationUrl="10.1023/A:1003835201167" refId="B126" refString="SanLeon, DG, Izco, J, Sanchez, JM, 1999. Spartina patens as a weed in Galician saltmarshes (NW Iberian Peninsula). Hydrobiologia 415: 213 - 222, 10.1023/A:1003835201167" title="Spartina patens as a weed in Galician saltmarshes (NW Iberian Peninsula)." url="10.1023/A:1003835201167" volume="415" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="SanLeón">SanLeon</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prieto, J" journalOrPublisher="Biologia" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" pagination="1011 - 1018" publicationUrl="10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" refId="B112" refString="Prieto, J, Cires, E, Sanchez Corominas, T, Vazquez, V, 2011. Systematics and management of natural resources: the case of Spartina species on European shores. Biologia 66: 1011 - 1018, 10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" title="Systematics and management of natural resources: the case of Spartina species on European shores." url="10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" volume="66" year="2011">Prieto et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), China (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="An, SQ" journalOrPublisher="Weed Research" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="183 - 191" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" refId="B4" refString="An, SQ, Gu, BH, Zhou, CF, Wang, ZS, Deng, ZF, Zhi, YB, Li, HL, Chen, L, Yu, DH, Liu, YH, 2007. Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research. Weed Research 47: 183 - 191, 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" title="Spartina invasion in China: implications for invasive species management and future research." url="10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00559.x" volume="47" year="2007">An et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), North Africa, and the west coast of the United States (Oregon, Washington), and Canada (British Columbia).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in coastal salt marshes and brackish waters, where it usually forms dense stands above the intertidal zone and into higher and drier areas of the salt marsh (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Europe this taxon is sometimes treated as a separate species,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="versicolor">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina versicolor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Fabre, a traditional circumscription that some contemporary authors maintain (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sanchez Gullon, E" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Malacitana" pageId="33" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 280" refId="B125" refString="Sanchez Gullon, E, 2001. Spartina versicolor (Poaceae), novedad agrostologica para anadalucia. Acta Botanica Malacitana 26: 279 - 280" title="Spartina versicolor (Poaceae), novedad agrostologica para anadalucia." volume="26" year="2001">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gullón">Gullon</normalizedToken>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clayton, WD" journalOrPublisher="Ecoscience" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B36" refString="Clayton, WD, Vorontsova, MS, Harman, KT, Williamson, H, 2002. World grass species: synonymy. http://www.keworg/data/grasses-syn.html [accessed 23 Feb 2012]." title="World grass species: synonymy. http: // www. keworg / data / grasses-syn. html [accessed 23 Feb 2012]" year="2002">Clayton et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
onwards; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="SanLeon, DG" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="33" pageNumber="58" pagination="213 - 222" publicationUrl="10.1023/A:1003835201167" refId="B126" refString="SanLeon, DG, Izco, J, Sanchez, JM, 1999. Spartina patens as a weed in Galician saltmarshes (NW Iberian Peninsula). Hydrobiologia 415: 213 - 222, 10.1023/A:1003835201167" title="Spartina patens as a weed in Galician saltmarshes (NW Iberian Peninsula)." url="10.1023/A:1003835201167" volume="415" year="1999">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="SanLeón">SanLeon</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Prieto, J" journalOrPublisher="Biologia" pageId="32" pageNumber="57" pagination="1011 - 1018" publicationUrl="10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" refId="B112" refString="Prieto, J, Cires, E, Sanchez Corominas, T, Vazquez, V, 2011. Systematics and management of natural resources: the case of Spartina species on European shores. Biologia 66: 1011 - 1018, 10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" title="Systematics and management of natural resources: the case of Spartina species on European shores." url="10.2478/s11756-011-0109-z" volume="66" year="2011">Prieto et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for summaries of this taxonomic problem). In North America
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybridizes with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina pectinata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in areas where they grow together, forming the hybrid taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xcespitosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×cespitosa">xcespitosa</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This hybrid is known from scattered locations along the Atlantic coast from Prince Edward Island to Maryland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dore, WG" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" pagination="181 - 184" refId="B43" refString="Dore, WG, Marchant, AD, 1968. Observations on the hybrid cord-grass, Spartina x caespitosa in the Maritime provinces. Canadian Field-Naturalist 82: 181 - 184" title="Observations on the hybrid cord-grass, Spartina x caespitosa in the Maritime provinces." volume="82" year="1968">Dore and Marchant 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but has not been recorded along the Pacific coast. The biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lonard, RI" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Coastal Research" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="935 - 946" publicationUrl="10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" refId="B88" refString="Lonard, RI, Judd, FW, Stalter, R, 2010. The biological flora of coastal dunes and wetlands: Spartina patens (W. Aiton) G.H. Muhlenberg. Journal of Coastal Research 26: 935 - 946, 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" title="The biological flora of coastal dunes and wetlands: Spartina patens (W. Aiton) G. H. Muhlenberg." url="10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00154.1" volume="26" year="2010">Lonard et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
In Oregon,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
grows in the Siuslaw estuary on Cox Island (Lane Co.), where it has been introduced since at least 1939 and has expanded considerably since that time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frenkel, R" journalOrPublisher="Wetlands" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="33 - 49" publicationUrl="10.1007/BF03160807" refId="B57" refString="Frenkel, R, Boss, T, 1988. Introduction, establishment and spread of Spartina patens on Cox Island, Siuslaw estuary, Oregon. Wetlands 8: 33 - 49, 10.1007/BF03160807" title="Introduction, establishment and spread of Spartina patens on Cox Island, Siuslaw estuary, Oregon." url="10.1007/BF03160807" volume="8" year="1988">Frenkel and Boss 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not reported from elsewhere in Oregon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, BL" journalOrPublisher="San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project of the California State Coastal Conservancy, Oakland, CA" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" refId="B142" refString="Wilson, BL, Brainerd, R, Otting, N, 2012. Poaceae Barnhart. In: Hardison L et al. (Eds) Flora of Oregon. http://www.oregonfloraorg/flora.php [accessed 23 Feb 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitationorg/65faC4zwC)." title="Poaceae Barnhart. In: Hardison L et al. (Eds) Flora of Oregon. http: // www. oregonfloraorg / flora. php [accessed 23 Feb 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitationorg / 65 faC 4 zwC)" year="2012">Wilson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Washington it has been reported from Dosewallips State Park on the west shore of Hood Canal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Frenkel, R" journalOrPublisher="Northwest Environmental Journal" pageId="29" pageNumber="54" pagination="152 - 154" refId="B56" refString="Frenkel, R, 1987. Introduction and spread of cordgrass (Spartina) into the Pacific Northwest. Northwest Environmental Journal 3: 152 - 154" title="Introduction and spread of cordgrass (Spartina) into the Pacific Northwest." volume="3" year="1987">Frenkel 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In California it is present in Southampton Marsh in San Francisco Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spicher, D" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="34" pageNumber="59" pagination="158 - 167" refId="B132" refString="Spicher, D, Josselyn, M, 1985. Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes. Madrono 32: 158 - 167" title="Spartina (Gramineae) in northern California: distribution and taxonomic notes." volume="32" year="1985">Spicher and Josselyn 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baird, JR" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" refId="B16" refString="Baird, JR, Thieret, JW, 2012. Spartina. In: Baldwin BG et al. (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed 28 January 2012]." title="Spartina. In: Baldwin BG et al. (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley. http: // ucjeps. berkeley. edu / IJM. html [accessed 28 January 2012]" year="2012">Baird and Thieret 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the first of the invasive cordgrasses to be collected in British Columbia. It was discovered in 1979 in the Comox Estuary on Vancouver Island (Brayshaw 79-1143, V); nearly a decade later, in 1988, it was collected on the adjacent mainland coast in Burrard Inlet, North Vancouver (Lomer 88-140, UBC,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina patens collected at Maplewood mudflats, North Vancouver, British Columbia (Lomer 88 - 140, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10024" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recognized as part of the provincial flora by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Douglas, GW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B44" refString="Douglas, GW, Straley, GB, Meidinger, D, 1994. The vascular plants of British Columbia. Part 4 - Monocotyledons. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC." title="The vascular plants of British Columbia. Part 4 - Monocotyledons. B. C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC." year="1994">Douglas et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on collections from these two localities, and is reported for the region in recent floras (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barkworth, ME" editor="Barkworth, ME" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" pagination="240 - 250" refId="B17" refString="Barkworth, ME, 2003. Spartina Schreb. In: Barkworth, ME, Capels, KM, Long, S, Piep, MB, Eds., Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press: 240 - 250" title="Spartina Schreb." volumeTitle="Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2." year="2003">Barkworth 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Douglas, GW" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Field-Naturalist" pageId="28" pageNumber="53" refId="B45" refString="Douglas, GW, Meidinger, D, Pojar, J, 2001. Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2fjppD)." title="Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Volume 7. Monocotyledons (Orchidaceae through Zosteraceae). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 fjppD)" year="2001">Douglas et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Large stands of the species were reported in 2000 at the Comox locality in the Courtenay River estuary at the delta of Brooklyn Creek to the embayed area of Goose Spit (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Asp, KE" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="27" pageNumber="52" refId="B9" refString="Asp, KE, Adams, MA, 2000. Courtenay River Estuary Management Plan. Volume 3. Resouce Values. Prepared by ECL Envirowest Consultants Limited for Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, 57pp. http://www.comoxvalleyrd.ca/cremp/Vol3/vol3_e.pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite® at http://www.webcitation.org/66A2XQlvF)." title="Courtenay River Estuary Management Plan. Volume 3. Resouce Values. Prepared by ECL Envirowest Consultants Limited for Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, 57 pp. http: // www. comoxvalleyrd. ca / cremp / Vol 3 / vol 3 _ e. pdf [accessed 17 January 2012] (Archived by WebCite ® at http: // www. webcitation. org / 66 A 2 XQlvF)" year="2000">Asp and Adams 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also reported from Port Moody Arm of Burrard Inlet in British Columbia (Dresen et al. 2010). Voucher specimens from these latter two sites should be collected and deposited in herbaria.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10024" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at Maplewood mudflats, North Vancouver, British Columbia (Lomer 88-140, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" type="morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits considerable morphological variation and several authors have recognized two infraspecific taxa (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley (1956)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied this variation across the native range of the taxon and found plants at the northern and southern extremes of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taxon’s">taxon's</normalizedToken>
|
||
range to be distinct, but considerable overlap and clinal variation from north to south in areas between the extremes. Based on these data he argued against the recognition of infraspecific taxa in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a circumscription followed by subsequent authors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Based on specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="43">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined here collected in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, introduced plants in these areas are similar morphologically to those in the eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, which tend to be smaller than plants distributed further south (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mobberley, DG" journalOrPublisher="Iowa State College Journal of Science" pageId="31" pageNumber="56" pagination="471 - 564" refId="B99" refString="Mobberley, DG, 1956. Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina. Iowa State College Journal of Science 30: 471 - 564" title="Taxonomy and distribution of the genus Spartina." volume="30" year="1956">Mobberley 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="19" pageNumber="44" start="start">Spartina</pageBreakToken>
|
||
patens
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="densiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Spartina densiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the following combination of characters: branches distinctly one-sided, appressed, ascending or spreading from main axis, distant or weakly overlapping, and approximately the same length within an inflorescence [vs. branches not distinctly one-sided, appressed, strongly overlapping, and conspicuously decreasing in length towards the inflorescence apex], rhizomes wiry, plants forming dense mats [vs. rhizomes absent, rarely short, plants cespitose, forming distinct clumps], upper glumes distinctly 3-veined [vs. upper glumes 1-veined], and ligules 0.5-1 mm long [vs. ligules 1-2 mm long].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="patens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Spartina patens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alterniflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Spartina alterniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anglica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Spartina anglica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Spartina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="xtownsendii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Spartina
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×townsendii">xtownsendii</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by: blade margins and adaxial surfaces scabrous [vs. blade margins and adaxial surfaces glabrous], blades 0.5-4 mm wide at base, involute for most or all of their length [vs. blades 3-10 mm wide at base, often involute distally], branches distinctly one-sided, distant or weakly overlapping [vs. branches not distinctly one sided, strongly overlapping], rhizomes thin and wiry [vs. rhizomes thick and fleshy], upper glumes conspicuously 3-veined [vs. upper glumes 1-3-veined, veins inconspicuous], and spikelets usually purple-tinged [vs. spikelets rarely or never purple-tinged].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="19" pageNumber="44" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Canada. British Columbia:</emphasis>
|
||
Vancouver Island, Goose Spit, Comox,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.666668">49°40'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-124.9">124°54'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 14 Sep 1979, T.C.Brayshaw 79-1143 (V [V95308]); Vancouver Island, based of Comox Spit,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="49.666668">49°40'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-124.9">124°54'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 7 Aug 1984, T.C.Brayshaw 84-139 (V [V127117]); N shore of Burrard Inlet, E of Second Narrows Bridge, North Vancouver,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.3099" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="49.3099">49.3099°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123.1032" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-123.1032">123.1032°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncertainty 4052 m, sea level, Jul 1987, F.Lomer 87-001 (UBC [UBCV194265, Suppl. Fig. 29]); North Vancouver, Maplewood Mudflats, S of Dollarton Highway and E of Second Narrows bridge,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.3042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="49.3042">49.3042°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123.0009" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-123.0009">123.0009°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncertainty 500 m, 27 Aug 1988, F. Lomer 88-140 (UBC [UBCV195726,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Photograph of a specimen of Spartina patens collected at Maplewood mudflats, North Vancouver, British Columbia (Lomer 88 - 140, UBC). Image published with the permission of the University of British Columbia Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10024" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
); North Vancouver, Maplewood mud flats,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="49.3042" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="49.3042">49.3042°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123.0009" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-123.0009">123.0009°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
uncertainty 500 m, 16 Sep 1993, F.Lomer s.n. (V [V169504, V169505]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">New Brunswick:</emphasis>
|
||
St.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrew’s">Andrew's</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 16 Aug 1900, J.Fowler s.n. (CAN [CAN390994]). Charlotte Co.: Grand Manan,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="44.698055">44°41'53"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-66.82222">66°49'20"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 31 Jul 1944, C.A.Weatherby & U.F.Weatherby 7300 (CAN [CAN33948]). Westmorland Co.: 1 mi E of Cape Bimet, 5 mi E of Shediac,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.233334">46°14'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-64.45">64°27'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 7 Aug 1981, M.Shchepanek & A.Dugal 3657 (CAN [CAN474807]); W of upper cape, 7 Aug 1964, P.R.Roberts & N.Bateman 64-2564 (CAN [CAN305984]); Memramcook,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="45.970833">45°58'15"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="36" value="-64.59334">64°35'36"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 21 Aug 1919, F.Rolland-Germaine 8022 (CAN [CAN332081]); Shediac,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="17" value="46.22139">46°13'17"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-64.53972">64°32'23"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 5 Aug 1904, J.Fowler s.n. (CAN [CAN391711]); Moncton,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="46.09944">46°05'58"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-64.79972">64°47'59"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18 Sep 1912, M.O.Malte 108313 (CAN [CAN206830]). Restigouche Co.: Dalhousie,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="2" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="48.04861">48°2'55"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="-66.390274">66°23'25"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Aug 1955, H.J.Scoggan 12683 (CAN [CAN240148]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Newfoundland and Labrador:</emphasis>
|
||
Bonavista South District, Newman Sound Marsh,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="48.5375">48°32'15"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-53.968334">53°58'06"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, R.Charest, L.Brouillet, A.Bouchard & S.Hay 96-2065 (CAN [CAN58446]); St.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="George’s">George's</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="48.41528">48°24'55"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="58" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-58.494446">58°29'40"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 Aug 1910, M.L.Fernald & K.M.Wiegand 2597 (CAN [CAN33945]); St.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="George’s">George's</normalizedToken>
|
||
District, St.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="George’s">George's</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="48.41528">48°24'55"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="58" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-58.494446">58°29'40"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Aug 1986, L.Brouillet & I.Saucier 86170 (CAN [CAN546790]; St.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="George’s">George's</normalizedToken>
|
||
District, Stephenville Crossing, saltmarsh NE of Main Gut bridge,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="48.52889">48°31'44"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="58" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="19" value="-58.45528">58°27'19"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Aug 1986, L.Brouillet & I.Saucier 86183 (CAN [CAN546704].
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="44">Nova Scotia:</emphasis>
|
||
N
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="20" pageNumber="45" start="start">end</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of Summerville Beach, Summerville Center,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="43.95">43°57'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-64.816666">64°49'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 28 Sep 1979, D.F.Brunton & H.L.Dickson 2089 (CAN [CAN452656]; LeHave River, 6 Aug 1910, J.Macoun 82102 (CAN [CAN33949]. Cape Breton Co.: Grand Narrows,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="24" value="45.95667">45°57'24"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="32" value="-60.79222">60°47'32"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 Jul 1893, J.Macoun 21127, (CAN [CAN33952]); near mouth of George River, 27 Aug 1920, C.H.Bissell & D.H.Linder 19976 (CAN [CAN33951]. Digby Co.: Clare Municipality, Meteghan River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="13" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="44.216667">44°13'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.13333">66°08'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 Jul 1975, A.W.Dugal 75-131 (CAN [CAN475807]; Sissiboo River, Weymouth,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="44" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="44" value="44.412224">44°24'44"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="-65.99528">65°59'43"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 21 Aug 1920, M.L.Fernald, C.H.Bissell, C.B.Graves, B.Long & D.H.Linder 19974 (CAN [CAN33950]. Guysborough Co.: Canso,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="12" value="45.336666">45°20'12"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-60.994446">60°59'40"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15 Aug 1901, J.Fowler s.n. (CAN [CAN391709]. Hants Co.: mouth of Rennie Brook, East Walton, 17 Sep 1958, E.C.Smith, W.J.Curry, R.E.Clattenburg 18581 (CAN [CAN296579]). Kings Co.: Avonport,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="45.100277">45°06'01"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-64.2575">64°15'27"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 July 1957, H.J.Scoggan 13850 (CAN [CAN255570]. Queens Co.: Port Mouton,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="43.927223">43°55'38"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="-64.84861">64°50'55"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, C.H.Bissell & C.B.Graves 19978 (CAN [CAN33953]. Richmond Co.: Cape Breton Island, Fullers River Salt Marsh, 3 km W of Fourchu, off Hwy. 327,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="45" direction="north" minutes="43" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="45.716667">45°43'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-60.3">60°18'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 Aug 1984, M.J.Shchepanek & A.W.Dugal 6426 (CAN [CAN521701]). Shelbourne Co.: Gunning Cove,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="43.69167">43°41'30"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-65.34583">65°20'45"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Oct 1982, S.J.Darbyshire 1790 (CAN [CAN487055]. Yarmouth Co.: Wedgeport,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="23" value="43.739723">43°44'23"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-65.98">65°58'48"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
31 July 1953, W.L.Klawe 1278 (CAN [CAN298545]; Sand Beach,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="43" value="43.811943">43°48'43"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-66.120834">66°07'15"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 7 Sep 1920, M.L.Fernald, B.Long, D.H.Linder 19977 (CAN [CAN33954].
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Ontario:</emphasis>
|
||
Essex Co.: Windsor, Windsor Salt Factory,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="42.283333">42°17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.1">83°06'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 21 Sep 1975, P.M.Catling & S.M.McKay s.n. (CAN [CAN396523]); Windsor salt works, 24 Aug 1977, W.Botham 2011 (CAN [CAN459521], CAN [CAN459519]); Windsor, near salt factory, 29 Jul 1979, W.Botham 2182 (CAN [CAN459520]); Windsor, E side of Euclid Avenue bordering Detroit River, just S of Prospect Street, Ojibway Park, near salt plant,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="42.283333">42°17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.083336">83°05'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3 Nov 1975, P.D.Pratt 18 (CAN [CAN440539]); Windsor, 50 m W of Prospect Avenue, along Euclid Road, E shore Detroit River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="42.283333">42°17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.083336">83°05'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Sep 1979, D.F.Brunton & P.D.Pratt 1915 (CAN [CAN452513]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Prince Edward Island:</emphasis>
|
||
Prince Co.: Tignish,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="57" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="02" value="46.950558">46°57'02"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-64.03361">64°02'01"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6 Aug 1912, M.L.Fernald, B.Long & H.St-John 113172 (CAN [CAN33946]). Queens Co.: Long Creek salt marsh,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
|
||
mi E of Pond Point,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.05">46°03'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="62" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-62.95">62°57'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15 Aug 1981, M.Shchepanek & A.Dugal 4119 (CAN [CAN475274]); Brackley Point,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="04" value="46.384445">46°23'04"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-63.185">63°11'06"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3 Aug 1888, J.Macoun 28967 (CAN [CAN33947]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="45">Quebec:</emphasis>
|
||
Maria Co.: Bonaventure,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="03" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.05">48°03'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-65.48333">65°29'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 Aug 1930, F.Marie-Victorin, F.Rolland-Germaine & E.Jacques 33799 (CAN [CAN33955]); Magdalen Islands, sandy sea strand at the Narrows, Alright Island, 21 Aug 1912, M.L.Fernald, B.Long & H.St-John 6880 (CAN [CAN33956]);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rivière-du-Loup">Riviere-du-Loup</normalizedToken>
|
||
Co.:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pointe-à-la-Loupe">Pointe-a-la-Loupe</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Isle-Verte">L'Isle-Verte</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="4" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="48.07722">48°4'38"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="16" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-69.274445">69°16'28"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2 Sep 1957, E.Lepage 13956 (CAN [CAN252814]);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rivière-du-Loup">Riviere-du-Loup</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Hwy. 20, N shore of bay,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="47.816666">47°49'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.53333">69°32'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 29 Sep 1979, H.L.Dickson & D.F.Brunton 3271 (CAN [CAN457594]). Kamouraska Co.: Rankin Point near Kamouraska, 24 Aug 1947, J.H.Soper & D.A.Fraser 3647 (CAN [CAN257674]); Rimouski Co.: Rimouski,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.45">48°27'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.53333">68°32'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
30 Sep 1950, E.Lepage 13215 (CAN [CAN206869]); Le Bic, Cap aux Corbeaux,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.383335">48°23'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.71667">68°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 Aug 1970, G.Lemieux 13630 (CAN [CAN444255]);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="L’Isle-Verte">L'Isle-Verte</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="48" direction="north" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="48.016666">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="21" pageNumber="46" start="start">48</pageBreakToken>
|
||
°01'N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.333336">69°20'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 Aug 1951, L.McI.Terrill s.n. (CAN [CAN337522]); Tobin, 23 Aug 1951, L.McI.Terrill 6636 (CAN [CAN337521]); Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Cap de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Est">l'Est</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="47" value="47.613052">47°36'47"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="27" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="35" value="-61.459724">61°27'35"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, s.d., M.M.Grandtner s.n. (CAN [CAN519307]); Dune du Nord,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
|
||
de la Grande Lagune,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="29" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="47.483334">47°29'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.75">61°45'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 66.08.06, M.M.Grandtner 10697-V (CAN [CAN519268]); Ile-aux-Coudres, La Baleine, pointe E de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’île">l'ile</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 25 Aug 1977, J.Cayouette J77-133 (CAN [CAN466657]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">United State of America. Florida:</emphasis>
|
||
near Jacksonville, 17 Jul 1894, A.H.Curtiss 4948 (CAN [CAN373389]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">Louisiana:</emphasis>
|
||
Cameron Parish, along the Gulf of Mexico, S of an unnamed shell road which runs E from Cameron Parish Road 3106, on the E edge of Cameron, T15S, R9W, 30 Jun 1984, B.E.Button & D.W.Pritchett 2536 (CAN [CAN495018]); Jefferson Parish, roadside at
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Elmer’s">Elmer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island, 2 Oct 1976, J.Guider 5023 (CAN [CAN432238]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">Maryland:</emphasis>
|
||
sea coast, Sep 1863, Wm.M.Canby s.n. (CAN [CAN162200]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">Massachusetts:</emphasis>
|
||
Barnstable Co.: Sandy Meck, Cape Cod,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="41.733334">41°44'00"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-70.33278">70°19'58"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 28 Oct 1939, J.H.Soper 1109 (CAN [CAN257821, CAN316382]). Dukes Co.: Katama Bay, Edgartown, Marthas Vineyard,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="15" value="41.354164">41°21'15"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-70.48278">70°28'58"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 Sep 1901, M.L.Fernald s.n. (CAN [CAN162201]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">New Jersey:</emphasis>
|
||
Atlantic City, 1880, C.D.Fretz s.n. (CAN [CAN556282]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">New York:</emphasis>
|
||
Nassau Co.:Jones Beach,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="40" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="40.594444">40°35'40"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="73" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-73.50278">73°30'10"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18 Aug 1932, H.A.Gleason & A.C.Smith 149 (CAN [CAN162198]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">Washington:</emphasis>
|
||
Jefferson Co.: mouth of Dosewallips River, E of Route 101, SW of Sylopash Point, 1 m, T25N R2W S2,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="north" minutes="41.4" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="47.69">47°41.4'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="122" direction="west" minutes="53.5" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="-122.89167">122°53.5'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 9 Sep 2004, P.F.Zika & F.Weinmann 20160 (WTU [WTU359724, Suppl. Fig. 30]).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="46">Oregon:</emphasis>
|
||
Lane Co.: Cox Island, Siuslaw Estuary, 2.5 km E of Florence,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43.9716" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="43.9716">43.9716°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124.0672" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-124.0672">124.0672°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 9 Aug 1983, R.E.Frenkel 3060 (UBC [UBCV196070, Suppl. Fig. 31]); Lane Co.: center of Cox Island in Siuslaw River estuary, 3.5 km E of Florence, SW corner Sec 30, T. 18S, R. 11 W., W.M.,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="43.9716" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="43.9716">43.9716°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="124.0672" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-124.0672">124.0672°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 22 Oct 1977, R.E.Frenkel s.n. (WTU [WTU286900, Suppl. Fig. 32]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |