treatments-xml/data/03/8E/E5/038EE54BFFB1FF9BFF5CFF09FEF4829E.xml

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<mods:title id="A3CC5D96B42E7A76A04820AA66D2AE24">Immature stages of Calycopis bellera (Hewitson) and C. janeirica (Felder) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini): Taxonomic significance and new evidence for detritivory</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038EE54BFFB1FF9BFF5CFF09FEF4829E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5627396" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119628025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5627396" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038EE54BFFB1FF9BFF5CFF09FEF4829E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038EE54BFFB1FF9BFF5CFF09FEF4829E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
<subSubSection id="C33D07D6FFB1FF9BFF5CFF09FEF4829E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF5CFF09FD0181BA" blockId="3.[151,728,229,255]" box="[151,728,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
<heading id="D0D0E331FFB1FF93FF5CFF09FD0181BA" bold="true" box="[151,728,229,255]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FF5CFF09FD0181BA" bold="true" box="[151,728,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FF5CFF09FDE681BA" ID-CoL="Q5XL" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,575,229,255]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FF5CFF09FEBF81BA" bold="true" box="[151,358,229,255]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Calycopis bellera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FEBDFF09FDEE81BA" author="Hewitson" box="[374,567,229,255]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FD84FF09FD1681BA" box="[591,719,229,255]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStart-1="FIGURES 13 – 18. C" captionStart-2="FIGURES 19 – 24. C" captionStart-3="FIGURES 25 – 26. C" captionStart-4="FIGURE 27. C" captionStart-5="FIGURES 28 – 30. C" captionStart-6="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId-0="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,271,1338,1362]" captionStartId-2="6.[151,275,1675,1699]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,269,822,846]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,270,954,978]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetBox-1="[172,1418,197,1292]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,197,1648]" captionTargetBox-3="[186,1391,199,781]" captionTargetBox-4="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetBox-5="[157,1436,390,925]" captionTargetBox-6="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1313]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1650]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[179,1408,197,793]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[157,1442,390,926]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionText-0="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." captionText-1="FIGURES 13 – 18. C. bellera, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view." captionText-2="FIGURES 19 – 24. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (= tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle." captionText-3="FIGURES 25 – 26. C. bellera, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit." captionText-4="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." captionText-5="FIGURES 28 – 30. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view." captionText-6="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 3–38</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF5CFEC2FBD9834F" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FF5CFEC2FF13800D" bold="true" box="[151,202,302,328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Egg</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FF10FEC2FE8A800D" box="[219,339,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 3, 4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FEABFEC2FE68800D" box="[352,433,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 24. C" captionStartId="6.[151,275,1675,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1650]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 24. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (= tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">19–24</figureCitation>
). Immediately following oviposition, egg with blue tint, but whitening as embryo develops; exochorion always whitish. Similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FD15FEB9FCB3802B" box="[734,874,341,366]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FD15FEB9FCB3802B" box="[734,874,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FCB2FEB9FC2E802B" box="[889,1015,341,366]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cecrops">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FCB2FEB9FC2E802B" box="[889,1015,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. cecrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FBF1FEB9FB60802B" box="[1082,1209,341,366]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isobeon">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FBF1FEB9FB60802B" box="[1082,1209,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. isobeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FA4AFEB9FEDF80D0" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FA4AFEB9FEDF80D0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having only three or four micropylar openings and no chorionic thickenings or “islands” protruding from floor of rosette cells (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FDAAFE4EFD6280F9" box="[609,699,418,444]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 24. C" captionStartId="6.[151,275,1675,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1650]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 24. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (= tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Exochorion sculptured with pentagonal and hexagonal cells outlined by intersected carinate ribs (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FD84FE25FD7180A6" box="[591,680,457,483]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 24. C" captionStartId="6.[151,275,1675,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1650]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 24. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (= tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Aeropyles opening on top of elongate spinelike protuberances (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FF54FE1CFEF6834F" box="[159,303,496,522]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 24. C" captionStartId="6.[151,275,1675,1699]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1648]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,197,1650]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 24. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (= tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 23, 24</figureCitation>
). First instar may eat the chorion partially or entirely (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FC61FE1CFC2A834F" box="[938,1011,496,522]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EFDFAFC0F8312" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Diameter 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FEF1FDFAFE3F8375" box="[314,486,534,560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" metricValueMax="8.6" metricValueMin="7.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.81" valueMax="0.86" valueMin="0.76">0.76–0.86 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FDE5FDFAFD428375" box="[558,667,534,560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.81">0.81 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.03, N = 39); height 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FC3BFDFAFB448375" box="[1008,1181,534,560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.40–0.50 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FB2FFDFAFA888375" box="[1252,1361,534,560]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.43">0.43 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.03, N = 30). Duration 6–11 days (X = 8.89 days, SD = 1.59, N = 62).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EFD8FFB4685AD" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FF0EFD8FFE858338" bold="true" box="[197,348,611,637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">First instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FEA6FD88FE31833B" box="[365,488,612,638]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 5, 6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FE3DFD88FD9E833B" box="[502,583,612,638]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 25 – 26. C" captionStart-1="FIGURE 27. C" captionStart-2="FIGURES 28 – 30. C" captionStartId-0="7.[151,269,822,846]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionStartId-2="9.[151,270,954,978]" captionTargetBox-0="[186,1391,199,781]" captionTargetBox-1="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetBox-2="[157,1436,390,925]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[179,1408,197,793]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetId-2="figure@9.[157,1442,390,926]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURES 25 – 26. C. bellera, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit." captionText-1="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." captionText-2="FIGURES 28 – 30. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">25–29</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FD9FFD88FD71833B" box="[596,680,612,638]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">31, 32</figureCitation>
). Superficially similar to other 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FBF9FD88FB778338" box="[1074,1198,612,637]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FBF9FD88FB778338" box="[1074,1198,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Calycopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species previously described. Head sub-quadrangular, hypognathous, uniform pale brown, with or without darker maculae; smooth surface, with prominent hyaline setae (
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FD0EFD5DFCDE838F" box="[709,775,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FCC5FD5DFBC8838E" author="Ballmer" box="[782,1041,689,715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Pratt, G. F. (1988) A survey of the last instar larvae of the Lycaenidae of California. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 27, 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1988">Ballmer &amp; Pratt 1988</bibRefCitation>
) of different sizes (see details on larval chaetotaxy below). Length of frontoclypeus about five times length of epicranial suture (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FAFAFD34FA5683B7" box="[1329,1423,728,754]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 26. C" captionStartId="7.[151,269,822,846]" captionTargetBox="[186,1391,199,781]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,197,793]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 26. C. bellera, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Anteclypeus membranous. Labrum and mandibles light brown. Mandibles with cutting edge dark brown, with six teeth; differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FE71FCC9FD9D827B" box="[442,580,805,830]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FE71FCC9FD9D827B" box="[442,580,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by absence of tooth on oral surface (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FC30FCC9FB8D827A" box="[1019,1108,805,831]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 30. C" captionStartId="9.[151,270,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,390,925]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[157,1442,390,926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 30. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FBAAFCC9FAE2827A" author="Duarte" box="[1121,1339,805,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FB72FCC9FB34827B" box="[1209,1261,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 16, fig. 16); two mandibular setae, one nearer condyle about two times length of other (we do not know yet if mandible morphology of detritivores differs significantly from that of regular folivores). Six blackish stemmata on each side of head positioned as follows: stemmata 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FC52FC75FC3C82F6" box="[921,997,921,947]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="1.0">1–5 in</quantity>
semicircle; stemma 5 nearer base of antenna; stemma 6 horizontally aligned with stemma 2 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FCF4FC2CFC43829F" box="[831,922,960,986]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 26. C" captionStartId="7.[151,269,822,846]" captionTargetBox="[186,1391,199,781]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,197,793]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 26. C. bellera, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Body onisciform (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FB47FC2CFAD9829F" box="[1164,1280,960,986]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 5, 6</figureCitation>
), translucent yellowish-brown at emergence, translucent yellow after feeding on artificial diet; three vivid red longitudinal stripes from mesothorax to last abdominal segment, infrequently paler on dorsal, supra-, and subspiracular areas; subspiracular stripe on seventh abdominal segment deflecting ventrally to base of proleg of tenth abdominal segment. Integument corrugated, numerous crenulations covering outer surface except ventrally. Segments A3–A6 and A10 characterized by a pair of prolegs with uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries, interrupted near center by conspicuous fleshy pad; two anterior and two posterior crochets on segments A3– A6 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FF00FB22FEF885AD" box="[203,289,1230,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
); segment A10 with three crochets, two anterior and one posterior (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FBF2FB22FB4885AD" box="[1081,1169,1230,1256]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EFB19FB818473" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FE7AFB19FD82844A" box="[433,603,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.32 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FD54FB19FCD3844A" box="[671,778,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="0.31">0.31 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.02, N = 30). Body length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FB52FB19FAFC844A" box="[1177,1317,1269,1295]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.6 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB1FF93FAA2FB19FF118473" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="2.12">2.12 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.16, N = 30). Duration 4–10 days (X = 6.28 days, SD = 1.47, N = 61).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EFAAEFC768700" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Head chaetotaxy (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FE54FAAEFDED8419" box="[415,564,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURES 25 – 26. C" captionStartId="7.[151,269,822,846]" captionTargetBox="[186,1391,199,781]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[179,1408,197,793]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 25 – 26. C. bellera, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Figs. 25, 26</figureCitation>
). Excluding labrum (described separately below), 16 pairs of tactile and microscopic setae and 12 pairs of pores, distributed in groups adfrontal (AF), anterior (A), cephalo-dorsal (CD), clypeal (C), frontal (F), lateral (L), microgenal (MG), posteriodorsal (P), stemmatal (S), and substemmatal (SS). Setae AF2, CD3, F1, F2, L1, and P2 absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FC68FA5BFBC18495" box="[931,1048,1463,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FC68FA5BFBC18495" box="[931,1048,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Differs from that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FAD8FA5BFA458495" box="[1299,1436,1463,1488]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FAD8FA5BFA458495" box="[1299,1436,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following: A1 about two fifths length of A2; with third anterior seta, A3, the shortest of the group, dorsal of stemma 1; CD group comprising only two setae, CD1 and CD2; S3 posterior and ventral to stemma 6; pore Sa aligned with and ventral of S3; all SS setae equal in size.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EF9BDFB1F872E" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" box="[197,1222,1617,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Labrum chaetotaxy. Identical to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FD5FF9BDFCC5872F" box="[660,796,1617,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FD5FF9BDFCC5872F" box="[660,796,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FC91F9BDFBEB872E" author="Duarte" box="[858,1074,1617,1643]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FC7AF9BDFC3D872F" box="[945,996,1617,1642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 12, fig. 29).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EF994FD078668" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Body chaetotaxy (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FE57F994FE2D87D7" box="[412,500,1656,1682]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). With 128 pairs of primary setae and 22 pairs of pore cupola organs (PCOs) in the groups dorsal (D), lateral (L), microscopic dorsal (MD), microscopic subdorsal (MSD), paraproctal (PP), subdorsal (SD), ventral (V), and XD (considered “a special group developed only on the anterior margin of the prothoracic plate” by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FE07F900FD708643" author="Hinton" box="[460,681,1772,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Hinton, H. E. (1946) On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1946">Hinton (1946: 19)</bibRefCitation>
, and according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FC42F900FBFA8643" author="Stehr" box="[905,1059,1772,1798]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Stehr, F. W. (1987) Order Lepidoptera. In: Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature insects. Vol. 1. Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, pp. 288 - 305" type="book" year="1987">Stehr (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, it should not be considered an extra seta of dorsal group), distributed as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB1FF93FF0EF8D5FB1186AB" blockId="3.[151,1437,302,2030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">
Prothorax (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB1FF93FE80F8D5FE7D8616" box="[331,420,1849,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Identical to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB1FF93FD54F8D5FCF28617" box="[671,811,1849,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FD54F8D5FCF28617" box="[671,811,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FC26F8D5FB128616" author="Duarte" box="[1005,1227,1849,1875]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FB8DF8D5FBA28617" box="[1094,1147,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 13, figs. 30, 32). The term “fringe group” (F1, F2, F3) proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FD21F88CFBCC863F" author="Ballmer" box="[746,1045,1888,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Wright, D. M. (2008) Life history and larval chaetotaxy of Ahmetia achaja (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae, Theclini, Cheritrina). Zootaxa, 1845, 47 - 59." type="journal article" year="2008">Ballmer &amp; Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
for those setae located anteriorly and laterally to the dorsal shield on T1, which 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FD71F86AFC7886E5" box="[698,929,1926,1952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB1FF93FCDAF86BFC9D86E5" box="[785,836,1927,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
treated as MSD1(?), MSD2(?) and L1, has not been adopted in the present study because the alternative terminology of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB1FF93FB95F841FA448682" author="Ballmer" box="[1118,1437,1965,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Wright, D. M. (2008) Life history and larval chaetotaxy of Ahmetia achaja (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae, Theclini, Cheritrina). Zootaxa, 1845, 47 - 59." type="journal article" year="2008">Ballmer &amp; Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
requires further comparative studies to resolve unambiguously problems of setal homology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB6FF94FF0EFF74FDD88079" blockId="4.[151,1436,152,316]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
Mesothorax (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB6FF94FEAFFF74FE6681F7" box="[356,447,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB6FF94FD46FF74FCC081F4" box="[653,793,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB6FF94FD46FF74FCC081F4" box="[653,793,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having MD1 much shorter, about a tenth length of D1. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB6FF94FF01FF56FE6A8191" box="[202,435,186,212]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB6FF94FEE9FF56FE8F8196" box="[290,342,186,211]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
referred to the seta anterior and/or dorsal to a subdorsal pore cupola organ (SDL) as MD1. With regard to the mesothorax, this interpretation is identical to that of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB6FF94FBEBFF31FA9481B2" author="Ballmer" box="[1056,1357,221,247]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Wright, D. M. (2008) Life history and larval chaetotaxy of Ahmetia achaja (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae, Theclini, Cheritrina). Zootaxa, 1845, 47 - 59." type="journal article" year="2008">Ballmer &amp; Wright (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, but in opposition to these authors, we did not observe extra subprimary dorsal setae associated with D1 and D2 on this or the following segments.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB6FF94FF5CF89FFCFD86B6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB6FF94FF5CF89FFCFD86B6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1907,2035]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB6FF94FF5CF89FFE8986CE" bold="true" box="[151,336,1907,1931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">FIGURES 3–12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB6FF94FE9CF898FE1886CE" box="[343,449,1908,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB6FF94FE9CF898FE1886CE" box="[343,449,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB7FF95FF5CFAD6FA908431" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" targetBox="[172,1418,197,1292]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF5CFAD6FA908431" blockId="5.[151,1436,1338,1396]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FF5CFAD6FEB88417" bold="true" box="[151,353,1338,1362]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">FIGURES 13–18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FEA3FAD6FE0F8414" box="[360,470,1338,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FEA3FAD6FE0F8414" box="[360,470,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF0EFA4EFF2A874F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1442,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Metathorax (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB7FF95FEA8FA4EFE1984F9" box="[355,448,1442,1468]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Identical to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FD09FA4FFC8B84F9" box="[706,850,1443,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FD09FA4FFC8B84F9" box="[706,850,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FBD0FA4EFB2684F9" author="Duarte" box="[1051,1279,1442,1468]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FBBDFA4FFB7484F9" box="[1142,1197,1443,1468]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 15, fig. 30), including conspicuous subdorsal pore cupola organ (SDL) almost half the width of metathorax in both species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF0EF9FBFB92878E" blockId="5.[151,1437,1442,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Abdominal segment 1 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB7FF95FE17F9FBFDEC8774" box="[476,565,1559,1585]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Same number of setae as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FC50F9FBFBFF8775" box="[923,1062,1559,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FC50F9FBFBFF8775" box="[923,1062,1559,1584]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar, but with subventral PCOs lacking (SVL of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FE60F9D1FD768712" author="Ballmer" box="[427,687,1597,1623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Pratt, G. F. (1992) Loranthomitoura, a new genus of Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 3, 37 - 46." type="journal article" year="1992">Ballmer &amp; Pratt 1992</bibRefCitation>
). We follow 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FC8CF9D1FC368712" author="Hinton" box="[839,1007,1597,1623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hinton, H. E. (1946) On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 97, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1946">Hinton (1946)</bibRefCitation>
and use the term SD1 for the tactile seta anterior or antero-dorsal to the spiracle even though in recent works the same seta has been termed MSD1 referring to its ambiguous proprioceptor property (Hassenfuss &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FC51F966FB8787E1" author="Kristensen" box="[922,1118,1674,1700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Hasenfuss, I. &amp; Kristensen, N. P. (2003) Skeleton and muscles: immatures. In: Kristensen, P. N. (Ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. Volume 2: Morphology, physiology, and development. In: Fischer, M. (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie. Handbook of Zoology. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 133 - 164." type="book chapter" year="2003">Kristensen 2003</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FBA1F966FAB687E1" author="Ballmer" box="[1130,1391,1674,1700]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Wright, D. M. (2008) Life history and larval chaetotaxy of Ahmetia achaja (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae, Theclini, Cheritrina). Zootaxa, 1845, 47 - 59." type="journal article" year="2008">Ballmer &amp; Pratt 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In both 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FF19F95DFE91878F" box="[210,328,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FF19F95DFE91878F" box="[210,328,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FE4BF95DFDD4878F" box="[384,525,1713,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janeirica">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FE4BF95DFDD4878F" box="[384,525,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. janeirica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SD1 is associated with a subdorsal PCO (SDL).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF0EF934FF1C865C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1442,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Abdominal segment 2 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB7FF95FE1CF934FDF687B7" box="[471,559,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Identical to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FCEAF934FC7387B4" box="[801,938,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FCEAF934FC7387B4" box="[801,938,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FBADF934FAE487B7" author="Duarte" box="[1126,1341,1752,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FB76F934FB2987B4" box="[1213,1264,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 15, fig. 30).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF0EF8C9FDE38623" blockId="5.[151,1437,1442,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Abdominal segments 3-6 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB7FF95FE36F8C9FD8C867A" box="[509,597,1829,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Distinguished from those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FC77F8C9FB9C867B" box="[956,1093,1829,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FC77F8C9FB9C867B" box="[956,1093,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar by absence of 
<date id="FF99729DFFB7FF95FAB3F8C9FA45867A" box="[1400,1436,1829,1855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">V2</date>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FF06F8A0FE7C8623" author="Duarte" box="[205,421,1868,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FEEFF8A0FE8E8620" box="[292,343,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 15, fig. 30).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB7FF95FF0EF89EFD96869F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1442,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Abdominal segment 7 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB7FF95FE10F89EFDED86C9" box="[475,564,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Like 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FD4CF89FFCDF86C9" box="[647,774,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cecrops">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FD4CF89FFCDF86C9" box="[647,774,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. cecrops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FCDFF89FFC4A86C9" box="[788,915,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isobeon">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FCDFF89FFC4A86C9" box="[788,915,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. isobeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FC05F89FFB8186C9" box="[974,1112,1907,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FC05F89FFB8186C9" box="[974,1112,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with a dorsal PCO (DL of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB7FF95FF5CF875FE7286F6" author="Ballmer" box="[151,427,1945,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Pratt, G. F. (1992) Loranthomitoura, a new genus of Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Tropical Lepidoptera, 3, 37 - 46." type="journal article" year="1992">Ballmer &amp; Pratt 1992</bibRefCitation>
) joined to chalaza of D1. Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB7FF95FC69F875FBEC86F7" box="[930,1077,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB7FF95FC69F875FBEC86F7" box="[930,1077,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
first instar by presence of a subventral PCO associated with SV1.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB4FF96FF5CF967FC3187A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192055/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[151,1436,197,1648]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB4FF96FF5CF967FC3187A2" blockId="6.[151,1436,1675,1767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB4FF96FF5CF967FEB187E6" bold="true" box="[151,360,1675,1699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 19–24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB4FF96FEBBF967FE3A87E7" box="[368,483,1675,1698]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB4FF96FEBBF967FE3A87E7" box="[368,483,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, scanning electron microscopy of egg. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Dorso-lateral view. 21. Micropylar area (rosette with four cells). 22. Cup-shaped cell of the exochorion. 23. Spine-like protuberance (=tubercle) arising from intersected ribs of the exochorion. 24. Aeropyle on top of tubercle.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB4FF96FF0EF8FAFE568613" blockId="6.[151,1436,1814,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
Abdominal segment 8 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB4FF96FE2BF8FAFDE28675" box="[480,571,1814,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB4FF96FCC0F8FAFC41866A" box="[779,920,1814,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB4FF96FCC0F8FAFC41866A" box="[779,920,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having L3 much shorter, approximately half the length of L2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB4FF96FF0EF88FFD2286B4" blockId="6.[151,1436,1814,2033]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
Abdominal segments 9+10 (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB4FF96FDD4F88FFDA48638" box="[543,637,1891,1917]" captionStart="FIGURE 27. C" captionStartId="8.[151,261,1766,1790]" captionTargetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[344,1242,194,1742]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 27. C. bellera, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
). Setal homologies for A9 and A10 are not yet well resolved and should be considered provisional (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB4FF96FD50F866FC6786E1" author="Ballmer" box="[667,958,1930,1956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Wright, D. M. (2008) Life history and larval chaetotaxy of Ahmetia achaja (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Lycaeninae, Theclini, Cheritrina). Zootaxa, 1845, 47 - 59." type="journal article" year="2008">Ballmer &amp; Wright 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Differing from 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB4FF96FB40F866FACF86E6" box="[1163,1302,1930,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB4FF96FB40F866FACF86E6" box="[1163,1302,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by lacking SD2 and a pore cupola organ anteriorly associated with suranal shield, and by presence of 
<date id="FF99729DFFB4FF96FB0EF85DFB30868E" box="[1221,1257,1969,1995]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">V1</date>
on A9. Length and position of setae similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB4FF96FDA7F834FD2D86B4" box="[620,756,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB4FF96FDA7F834FD2D86B4" box="[620,756,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB5FF97FF5CFCDAFB048235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192056/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[186,1391,199,781]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB5FF97FF5CFCDAFB048235" blockId="7.[151,1436,822,880]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FF5CFCDAFE84820B" bold="true" box="[151,349,822,846]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 25–26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FEAFFCDBFE17820B" box="[356,462,823,846]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FEAFFCDBFE17820B" box="[356,462,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, head chaetotaxy of first instar. 25. Anterior view. 26. Lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): as, adfrontal suture; en, epicranial notch; es, epicranial suture; tp, tentorial pit.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB5FF97FF0EFC4EFD4987AC" blockId="7.[151,1437,930,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FF0EFC4EFEA882F9" bold="true" box="[197,369,930,956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Second instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FE4AFC4FFE0F82F8" box="[385,470,931,957]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FE28FC4FFDDA82F8" box="[483,515,931,957]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 30. C" captionStartId="9.[151,270,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,390,925]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[157,1442,390,926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 30. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">30</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FDDBFC4FFD8682F8" box="[528,607,931,957]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">33, 34</figureCitation>
). Head translucent, turning dark brown after a few minutes; stemmata blackish. Primary setae with same distribution and size patterns of first instar, including those of labrum. Secondary setae present. Mandibles with seven teeth, six visible externally, one located internally (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FAFFFC1CFA54854F" box="[1332,1421,1008,1034]" captionStart="FIGURES 28 – 30. C" captionStartId="9.[151,270,954,978]" captionTargetBox="[157,1436,390,925]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[157,1442,390,926]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 28 – 30. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
); same number of setae as first instar. Integument yellowish dorso-laterally, whitish ventrally, with two reddish longitudinal stripes extending from mesothorax to last abdominal segment: one stripe located mesodorsally; the other stripe paler and located dorsal to spiracle, consisting of oblique lines converging to base of anal proleg. Integument with brown, spiculate secondary setae, supported by conical chalazas radially distributed in nipplelike dorsal and subspiracular processes (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FD16FB5EFCFF8589" box="[733,806,1202,1228]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Dentritic setae (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FBABFB5EFAE28589" author="Duarte" box="[1120,1339,1202,1228]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FB73FB5EFB35858E" box="[1208,1260,1202,1227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 17, fig. 53) interspersed with spiculate setae on this and later instars. Dendritic setae also present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FAC6FB34FEC7845C" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FAC6FB34FA4585B4" box="[1293,1436,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. caulonia</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FEE7FB13FD5A845C" authority="Butler &amp; Druce" authorityName="Butler &amp; Druce" box="[300,643,1279,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isobeon">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FEE7FB13FE72845D" box="[300,427,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. isobeon</emphasis>
(Butler &amp; Druce)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FD08FB13FC16845C" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[707,975,1279,1305]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitruvia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FD08FB13FC9B845D" box="[707,834,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. vitruvia</emphasis>
(Hewitson)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FC14FB13FB1C845C" author="Duarte" box="[991,1221,1279,1305]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FBF1FB13FBB7845D" box="[1082,1134,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
; Duarte, unpubl.). These species along with 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FE17FACAFD83847A" box="[476,602,1318,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FE17FACAFD83847A" box="[476,602,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 15 other 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FCC2FACAFC5C847A" box="[777,901,1318,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FCC2FACAFC5C847A" box="[777,901,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Calycopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FC36FACAFAC1847A" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[1021,1304,1317,1343]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cecrops">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FC36FACAFB5B847A" box="[1021,1154,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. cecrops</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FAEDFACAFEB08423" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bactra">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FAEDFACAFA44847A" box="[1318,1437,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. bactra</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FF54FAA0FEB98423" author="Hewitson" box="[159,352,1356,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FEBDFAA0FD598423" authority="Field, 1967" authorityName="Field" authorityYear="1967" box="[374,640,1356,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lerbela">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FEBDFAA0FE348420" box="[374,493,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. lerbela</emphasis>
Field, 1967
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FD46FAA0FC7B8423" authority="Field, 1967" authorityName="Field" authorityYear="1967" box="[653,930,1356,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nicolayi">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FD46FAA0FCD68420" box="[653,783,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. nicolayi</emphasis>
Field, 1967
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FC64FAA0FB238423" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[943,1274,1356,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xeneta">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FC64FAA0FBF98420" box="[943,1056,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. xeneta</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FBFBFAA0FB288423" author="Hewitson" box="[1072,1265,1356,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FACCFAA0FEA984C8" authority="Hewitson, 1868" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centoripa">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FACCFAA0FA428420" box="[1287,1435,1356,1381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. centoripa</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1868)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FEB5FA9FFD0884C8" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[382,721,1395,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thama">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FEB5FA9FFE3684C9" box="[382,495,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. thama</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FDCBFA9FFD1184C8" author="Hewitson" box="[512,712,1395,1421]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FD15FA9FFBA884C8" authority="H. H. Druce, 1907" authorityName="H. H. Druce" authorityYear="1907" box="[734,1137,1395,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torqueor">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FD15FA9FFCB484C9" box="[734,877,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. torqueor</emphasis>
(H. H. Druce, 1907)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FBB4FA9FFF0784F1" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibulena">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FBB4FA9FFAD584C9" box="[1151,1292,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. vibulena</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FAD5FA9FFF0C84F1" author="Hewitson" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FF20FA76FD5484F1" authority="Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887" authorityName="Godman &amp; Salvin" authorityYear="1887" box="[235,653,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="origo">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FF20FA76FE9784F6" box="[235,334,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. origo</emphasis>
(Godman &amp; Salvin, 1887)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FD52FA76FBD884F1" authority="Hewitson, 1877" authorityName="Hewitson" authorityYear="1877" box="[665,1025,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="partunda">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FD52FA76FCFE84F6" box="[665,807,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. partunda</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FCF3FA76FC2E84F1" author="Hewitson" box="[824,1015,1434,1460]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Hewitson, W. C. (1877) Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae. John Van Voorst, London, 25 pp." type="book" year="1877">Hewitson, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FBC6FA76FAAC84F1" authority="H. H. Druce, 1907" authorityName="H. H. Druce" authorityYear="1907" box="[1037,1397,1434,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indigo">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FBC6FA76FBA284F6" box="[1037,1147,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. indigo</emphasis>
(H. H. Druce, 1907)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FA4AFA76FE34849F" authority="H. H. Druce, 1907" authorityName="H. H. Druce" authorityYear="1907" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anfracta">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FA4AFA76FF22849C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. anfracta</emphasis>
(H. H. Druce, 1907)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FE33FA2CFCC1849F" authority="Field, 1967" authorityName="Field" authorityYear="1967" box="[504,792,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastasia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FE33FA2CFD53849C" box="[504,650,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. anastasia</emphasis>
Field, 1967
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FC9FFA2CFBAC849F" authority="Field, 1967" authorityName="Field" authorityYear="1967" box="[852,1141,1472,1498]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fractunda">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FC9FFA2CFC31849C" box="[852,1000,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. fractunda</emphasis>
Field, 1967
</taxonomicName>
) have been considered to constitute a natural group supported by male genitalic characters (Duarte &amp; Robbins in preparation). Other characteristics identical to 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FE1BF9E2FD808762" box="[464,601,1550,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FE1BF9E2FD808762" box="[464,601,1550,1575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: prothorax wider and shorter than other thoracic segments; prothoracic shield trapezoidal, longer than wide, rounded anteriorly, number and position of setae and pore cupola organs variable; integument highly sculptured and distinctive, with uniformly-spaced oval depressions over epicuticular surface; pattern of oval depression similar in remaining instars; prolegs with uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries, interrupted near center by a conspicuous fleshy pad (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FB8EF944FB028787" box="[1093,1243,1704,1730]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Figs. 33, 34</figureCitation>
), separating the crochets into anterior and posterior groups.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB5FF97FF0EF919FB5D8673" blockId="7.[151,1437,930,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB5FF97FE7DF919FDB8864A" box="[438,609,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="0.45999999999999996" valueMax="0.48" valueMin="0.44">0.44–0.48 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB5FF97FD62F919FCCC864A" box="[681,789,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="0.46">0.46 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.02; N = 30). Body length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB5FF97FB7AF919FA84864A" box="[1201,1373,1781,1807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.78" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="2.88" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.78" valueMax="4.68" valueMin="2.88">2.88–4.68 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFB5FF97FF5CF8F0FEDB8673" box="[151,258,1820,1846]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.72" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" unit="mm" value="3.72">3.72 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.58, N = 30). Duration 4–7 days (X = 5.15 days, SD = 0.66, N = 60).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB5FF97FF0EF8AEFAF686EF" blockId="7.[151,1437,930,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FF0EF8AEFEBE8619" bold="true" box="[197,359,1858,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Third instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FEB2F8AFFE088618" box="[377,465,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Figs. 8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB5FF97FE2BF8AFFDEA8618" box="[480,563,1859,1885]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">35, 36</figureCitation>
). Similar to previous instar. Differing superficially in having a greater number of spiculate and dendritic setae covering most of larval body, conferring a darker color pattern to it. Prothoracic shield and prolegs identical to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB5FF97FD3AF87DFCA086EF" box="[753,889,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FD3AF87DFCA086EF" box="[753,889,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB5FF97FC42F87CFBBA86EF" author="Duarte" box="[905,1123,1936,1962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" refString="Duarte, M., Robbins, R. K. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. (2005) Immature stages of Calycopis caulonia (Hewitson, 1877) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini), with notes on rearing detritivorous hairstreaks on artificial diet. Zootaxa, 1063, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="2005">
Duarte 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB5FF97FC29F87DFBCD86EF" box="[994,1044,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: 19, figs. 33, 57).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFBAFF98FF5CF90AFAE38665" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192057/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" targetBox="[345,1242,207,1742]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBAFF98FF5CF90AFAE38665" blockId="8.[151,1436,1766,1824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBAFF98FF5CF90AFEEB87BB" bold="true" box="[151,306,1766,1790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBAFF98FEF0F90BFE6887BB" box="[315,433,1767,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBAFF98FEF0F90BFE6887BB" box="[315,433,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, body chaetotaxy of first instar. Dorso-lateral view. Abbreviations (see text for setal nomenclature): A, abdominal segment; cx, coxa; pl, proleg; sp, spiracle; ss, suranal shield; T, thoracic segment.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBAFF98FF0EF8A3FB1B86CA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1871,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBAFF98FE7DF8A3FDBA862C" box="[438,611,1871,1897]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="0.64" valueMax="0.76" valueMin="0.52">0.52–0.76 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBAFF98FD61F8A3FCCE862C" box="[682,791,1871,1897]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="0.64">0.64 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.06; N = 30). Maximum body length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBAFF98FAF9F8A3FA45862C" box="[1330,1436,1871,1897]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="9.2">9.20 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBAFF98FF1EF899FE9986CA" box="[213,320,1909,1935]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.64" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="8.64">8.64 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.68, N = 30). Duration 5–9 days (X = 6.43 days, SD = 0.96, N = 60).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBAFF99FF0EF877FEDD81BA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1871,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,332]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBAFF98FF0EF877FEB486F0" bold="true" box="[197,365,1947,1973]" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fourth instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBAFF98FEB5F870FE0886F3" box="[382,465,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Figs. 9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBAFF98FE15F870FDF286F3" box="[478,555,1948,1974]" captionStart="FIGURES 31 – 38. C" captionStartId="10.[151,273,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[249,1346,197,1817]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 31 – 38. C. bellera, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">37, 38</figureCitation>
). Similar to third instar, but greater number of spiculate and dendritic setae (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBAFF98FF54F82EFF3E8699" box="[159,231,1986,2012]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F33014CDFFBAFF98FF35F82EFEC68699" box="[254,287,1986,2012]" name="American Samoa" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBAFF98FE8FF82FFE178699" box="[324,462,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBAFF98FE8FF82FFE178699" box="[324,462,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="47">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mandibles with three setae rather than two. Integument yellowish, but darker than in previous instar due to abundance of setae covering larval body; longitudinal stripes conspicuous, similarly positioned as second instar larva. Other morphological characteristics not differing from that described for 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FA4AFF53FF2481BB" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FA4AFF53FF2481BB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EFEE0FB078009" blockId="9.[151,1436,152,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FE7FFEE0FD868063" box="[436,607,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" metricValueMax="1.12" metricValueMin="0.92" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="1.02" valueMax="1.12" valueMin="0.92">0.92–1.12 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FD6EFEE0FCC88063" box="[677,785,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.97">0.97 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.06; N = 30). Maximum body length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FAEEFEE0FA458063" box="[1317,1436,268,294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.264" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="12.64">12.64 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FF1EFEDEFE978009" box="[213,334,306,332]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.168" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="11.68">11.68 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.96, N = 10). Duration 4–10 days (X = 6.66 days, SD = 1.48, N = 56).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFBBFF99FF5CFC56FD1082B1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192058/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[157,1436,390,925]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF5CFC56FD1082B1" blockId="9.[151,1436,954,1012]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF5CFC56FE868297" bold="true" box="[151,351,954,978]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">FIGURES 28–30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FEADFC56FE0B8294" box="[358,466,954,977]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FEADFC56FE0B8294" box="[358,466,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, scanning electron microscopy of larva (left mandible). 28. First instar, external view. 29. Idem, internal view. 30. Second instar, internal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EFBCEFBF784DD" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF0EFBCEFE8F8579" bold="true" box="[197,342,1058,1084]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fifth instar</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FEA3FBCEFE228579" box="[360,507,1058,1084]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs. 10–12</figureCitation>
). Color pattern and shape of head, labrum, and mandibles similar to previous instar. Greater number of secondary setae, concentrated on antero-medial region of frontoclypeus. Ground color of integument yellowish or greenish (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FD7FFB9CFC9F85CF" box="[692,838,1136,1162]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 12. C" captionStartId="4.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionTargetBox="[160,1422,370,1872]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[158,1429,370,1882]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 12. C. bellera, egg and larva. 3. Newly laid eggs, dorsal view. 4. First instar leaving the chorion. 5. Newly hatched larva lateral view. 6. First instar after feeding on artificial diet. 7. Second instar larva, dorsal view. 8. Third instar larva, dorsal view. 9. Fourth instar larva, lateral view. 10. Fifth instar larva, dorsal view. 11. Fifth instar larva, lateral view. 12. Fifth instar larva, preparing to pupate, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192053/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs 10–12</figureCitation>
). Prolegs identical to previous instar, except for number of crochets, but with same distribution and arrangement. Other morphological characteristics as described for 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FEF3FB51FE1B8593" box="[312,450,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FEF3FB51FE1B8593" box="[312,450,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Mature larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FD50FB51FCC88593" box="[667,785,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FD50FB51FCC88593" box="[667,785,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lack a dorsal nectar organ. However, as with other non-myrmecophilous lycaenid larvae, they possess PCOs, which are hypothesized to release substances that deter aggression in ants. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FD9BFAE6FD158466" box="[592,716,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FD9BFAE6FD158466" box="[592,716,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Calycopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have not been reported being tended by ants either in the laboratory or in nature, as in some eumaeines (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFBBFF99FD2EFADDFC12840E" author="Pierce" box="[741,971,1329,1355]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refString="Pierce, N. E., Braby, M. F., Heath, A., Lohman, D. J., Mathew, J., Rand, D. B. &amp; Travassos, M. A. (2002) The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 733 - 771." type="journal article" year="2002">
Pierce 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FCF5FADDFCAF840F" box="[830,886,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
). In addition to PCOs, we also found specialized setae (dendritic setae of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFBBFF99FDAFFAB4FCAE8437" author="Ballmer" box="[612,887,1368,1394]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refString="Ballmer, G. R. &amp; Pratt, G. F. (1988) A survey of the last instar larvae of the Lycaenidae of California. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera, 27, 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1988">Ballmer &amp; Pratt 1988</bibRefCitation>
) considered to be important in maintaining communication between larvae and ants (see 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFBBFF99FD60FA92FC9A84DD" author="Fiedler" box="[683,835,1406,1432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refString="Fiedler, K. (1991) Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 31, 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1991">Fiedler 1991</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFBBFF99FC84FA92FBFB84DD" author="Pierce" box="[847,1058,1406,1432]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" refString="Pierce, N. E., Braby, M. F., Heath, A., Lohman, D. J., Mathew, J., Rand, D. B. &amp; Travassos, M. A. (2002) The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 733 - 771." type="journal article" year="2002">
Pierce 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FC6BFA93FC0A84DD" box="[928,979,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EFA49FB3784A3" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
Head capsule width 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FE7FFA49FD8684FA" box="[436,607,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" metricValueMax="1.44" metricValueMin="1.28" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="1.3599999999999999" valueMax="1.44" valueMin="1.28">1.28–1.44 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FD6EFA49FCC884FA" box="[677,785,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="1.38">1.38 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.06; N = 30). Maximum body length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FAEEFA49FA4584FA" box="[1317,1436,1445,1471]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="17.6">17.60 mm</quantity>
(X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FF1EFA20FE9784A3" box="[213,334,1484,1510]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.425" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="14.25">14.25 mm</quantity>
, SD = 1.98, N = 30). Duration 6–20 days (X = 12.21 days, SD = 2.80, N = 53).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EFA1EFC1187C5" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF0EFA1EFEDF8749" bold="true" box="[197,262,1522,1548]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Pupa</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FEDEFA1EFE7C8749" box="[277,421,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18. C" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[172,1418,197,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. C. bellera, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs. 13–18</figureCitation>
). Identical to that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FD5DFA1EFCC6874E" box="[662,799,1522,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FD5DFA1EFCC6874E" box="[662,799,1522,1547]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Head and thorax initially translucent light green (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FAA6FA1EFF608776" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18. C" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[172,1418,197,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. C. bellera, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Abdomen dorsally with vivid red maculae extending laterally, but not reaching spiracles (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FAFBF9F5FA548776" box="[1328,1421,1561,1587]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18. C" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[172,1418,197,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. C. bellera, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). Integument darkening gradually in some individuals (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFBBFF99FCDEF9ACFC7E871F" box="[789,935,1600,1626]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 18. C" captionStartId="5.[151,271,1338,1362]" captionTargetBox="[172,1418,197,1292]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,197,1313]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 18. C. bellera, pupa. 13. Immediately after molting, dorsal view. 14. After two hours, dorsal view. 15. After 24 hours, dorsal view. 16. Darkened individual, dorsal view. 17. Idem, lateral view. 18. Idem, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192054/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Figs. 14–18</figureCitation>
). Dark brown maculae scattered on dorsal and lateral body, densely covered with small golden, prominent setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EF961FD5187B1" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
Pupal width on metathorax 3.0–4.0 mm (X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FD14F961FCE587E2" box="[735,828,1677,1703]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="3.2">3.2 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.3, N = 30), on segment A3 4.0–6.0 mm (X = 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FF7BF958FED7878B" box="[176,270,1716,1742]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="4.8">4.8 mm</quantity>
, SD = 0.4, N = 30). Pupal length 
<quantity id="4CDFF9B8FFBBFF99FD6FF958FC9B878B" box="[676,834,1716,1742]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.1" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="11.1" valueMin="7.9">7.9–11.1 mm</quantity>
(X = 9.0 mm, SD = 0.8, N = 30). Duration 11–17 days (X = 12.56 days, SD = 1.16, N = 41).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EF8ECFCCE86CA" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF0EF8ECFD71865F" bold="true" box="[197,680,1792,1818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Larval development on artificial diet</emphasis>
. All five larval instars fed on artificial diet, which supported complete development, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FE3CF8C4FD5D8604" box="[503,644,1832,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FE3CF8C4FD5D8604" box="[503,644,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Data on development times from egg to adult are summarized in 
<tableCitation id="C6A561E6FFBBFF99FF5CF8A2FF37862D" box="[151,238,1870,1896]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1328,358,585]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1. Life cycle of C. bellera and C. janeirica in laboratory (from egg to adult)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5804D5FFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" tableUuid="DF5804D5FFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Females of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FE49F8A3FE2E862D" box="[386,503,1871,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FE49F8A3FE2E862D" box="[386,503,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emerged from pupae as adults earlier on average (X = 55.28 days, SD = 4.21, N = 25) than males (X = 59.13 days, SD = 3.69, N = 16).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFBBFF99FF0EF877FBDC8698" blockId="9.[151,1437,1058,2013]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF0EF877FEBC86F0" bold="true" box="[197,357,1947,1973]" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">Cannibalism</emphasis>
. When confined in containers, cannibalism among mature larvae was frequent as it was in 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFBBFF99FF5CF82FFEC68699" box="[151,287,1987,2012]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caulonia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFBBFF99FF5CF82FFEC68699" box="[151,287,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="48">C. caulonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Cannibalistic behavior is likely to be widespread in the genus.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB8FF9AFF5CF8D8FC778693" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192059/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" targetBox="[249,1346,197,1816]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB8FF9AFF5CF8D8FC778693" blockId="10.[151,1436,1844,2006]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB8FF9AFF5CF8D8FEBF8609" bold="true" box="[151,358,1844,1868]" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">FIGURES 31–38.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB8FF9AFEA6F8D9FE078609" box="[365,478,1845,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB8FF9AFEA6F8D9FE078609" box="[365,478,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="49">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, scanning electron microscopy of larva (prolegs). 31. First instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment (uniordinal crochets in uniserial mesoseries). 32. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 33. Second instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 34. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 35. Third instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 36. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment. 37. Fourth instar, left proleg of third abdominal segment. 38. Idem, left proleg of last abdominal segment.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5804D5FFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA" ID-Table-UUID="DF5804D5FFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA" box="[151,1061,151,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5804D5FFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" targetBox="[151,1328,358,585]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFBFC81EA" blockId="11.[151,1328,151,343]" box="[151,1061,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFF5CFF7BFED181EA" bold="true" box="[151,264,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Life cycle of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFE54FF74FDD081EA" box="[415,521,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFE54FF74FDD081EA" box="[415,521,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">C. bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFDF5FF74FD6481EA" box="[574,701,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janeirica">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFDF5FF74FD6481EA" box="[574,701,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">C. janeirica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in laboratory (from egg to adult).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB9FF9BFD60FF25FBAF81A0" blockId="11.[151,1328,151,343]" box="[683,1142,201,229]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Duration (days) Range</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB9FF9BFD50FF01FC57804C" blockId="11.[151,1328,151,343]" box="[667,910,237,265]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">X SD</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B98545DFFB9FF9BFF04FEFBFEF4829E" blockId="11.[151,1328,151,343]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,651,987]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">
Species Interval (days) N Egg to adult 56.78 4.40 50–68 41 
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFF0EFD67FE9583E0" bold="true" box="[197,332,651,677]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Taxonomy</emphasis>
. Reared females (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB9FF9BFDE5FD67FDAF83E0" box="[558,630,651,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. C" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1177,1201]" captionTargetBox="[225,1328,733,1125]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[225,1359,700,1152]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. C. bellera, adult. A. Male. B. Female. Abbreviations: d, dorsal; v, ventral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192051/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
b) match the female 
<typeStatus id="549CEAFFFFB9FF9BFCB0FD67FC3483E0" box="[891,1005,651,677]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFBD3FD60FB1483E0" box="[1048,1229,652,677]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellera">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFBD3FD60FB1483E0" box="[1048,1229,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Thecla bellera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deposited in the Natural History Museum (London), which was designated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB9FF9BFC5BFD5EFBE38389" author="Field" box="[912,1082,690,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refString="Field, W. D. (1967 a) Preliminary revision of butterflies of the genus Calycopis Scudder (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1967" yearSuffix="a">Field (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
. The dorsal surface is brown without shining blue scales, which differentiates this species from related 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFBDFFD35FB5583B7" box="[1044,1164,729,754]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFBDFFD35FB5583B7" box="[1044,1164,729,754]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calycopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Reared males (
<figureCitation id="131C48D8FFB9FF9BFF6BFCECFF3E825F" box="[160,231,768,794]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. C" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1177,1201]" captionTargetBox="[225,1328,733,1125]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[225,1359,700,1152]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. C. bellera, adult. A. Male. B. Female. Abbreviations: d, dorsal; v, ventral." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/192051/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
a) match the male 
<typeStatus id="549CEAFFFFB9FF9BFE1AFCECFDE5825F" box="[465,572,768,794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFDACFCECFCDF825C" box="[615,774,768,793]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Thecla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="devia">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFDACFCECFCDF825C" box="[615,774,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Thecla devia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deposited in Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt- Universität (Berlin), which has a 1994 red 
<typeStatus id="549CEAFFFFB9FF9BFD52FCCAFCD88205" box="[665,769,806,832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
label added by G. Lamas. The ventral hindwing cubital spot is brown/black and the ventral wings lack central dark patches, which differentiates this species from other related 
<taxonomicName id="4C272FDEFFB9FF9BFEFDFC98FE7482C8" box="[310,429,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Calycopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953884FFFB9FF9BFEFDFC98FE7482C8" box="[310,429,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="50">Calycopis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB9FF9BFDD7FC9FFD6882C8" author="Field" box="[540,689,883,909]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refString="Field, W. D. (1967 a) Preliminary revision of butterflies of the genus Calycopis Scudder (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1967" yearSuffix="a">Field 1967a</bibRefCitation>
). The male associated with the female in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB629ACFFB9FF9BFB6EFC9FFA9182C8" author="Field" box="[1189,1352,883,909]" pageId="11" pageNumber="50" refString="Field, W. D. (1967 a) Preliminary revision of butterflies of the genus Calycopis Scudder (Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 119, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1967" yearSuffix="a">Field (1967a)</bibRefCitation>
has an orange-red cubital spot on the ventral hindwing and is a different species, but we are uncertain which species it represents.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>