397 lines
49 KiB
XML
397 lines
49 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="BE8C68C161FEC9C1C31DF72BE6286990">Rediscovery and re-description of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austenı 1886 ı an endemic pupinid land snail from India (Gastropoda: Pupinidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="88B7E8739AF4436DC8ED93CA0D824A3A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0A3DE4F99C2B43CF76A38CAE7FBFBDDA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C3726F7DC6A24EBBE0B31BA051A6F4FD">Sajan, Sheikh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="FAFB151EB34D91193B7476BD2EA9698B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8040558448629AB78F48ADFB3C74D8F8">Tripathy, Basudev</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="523C2F837FEC9E72F0D7D1884E9D63EB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A128C566ADA9BA00F59B8BDC9B476DF4">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="B532E118CFF499737CF0D65F152F2C3E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="594404F1A0377DB183425EC3C91B6F57">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0A1E4EF2BFE4AB7BF2517F82699D9E52">Sivakumar, Kuppusamy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="043692896968594284F58E337C428723">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A1031FF4C51196C9EE69E40571E49CB2">
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<mods:date id="0A184DAC74AE1189127F81AD848E094F">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1FF97D6A105C8A4F3BEC67B960E0A1E9">2020-01-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="180A2FBF5C9CC613CA58CE46F9BF9087">53</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4CC4170CAEA94D16277476C8CA84F75C">41</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CEE636AEC44EFB816C13D19BF5DBCBFF" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2019.1707893</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038987BFFFADFFC9BB1DFE1DFBAE2EC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3671836" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162136012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3671836" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987BFFFADFFC9BB1DFE1DFBAE2EC5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038987BFFFADFFC9BB1DFE1DFBAE2EC5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="2556" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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<subSubSection id="C33A6522FFADFFCFBB1DFE1DFC6E2A71" box="[375,940,494,521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFBB1DFE1DFC6E2A71" blockId="3.[375,940,494,521]" box="[375,940,494,521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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<heading id="D0D781C5FFADFFCFBB1DFE1DFC6E2A71" box="[375,940,494,521]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFADFFCFBB1DFE1DFC6E2A71" ID-CoL="4S3QD" authority="Godwin-Austen, 1886" authorityName="Godwin-Austen, Himalaya" authorityYear="1886" box="[375,940,494,521]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBB1DFE1DFD5B2A70" bold="true" box="[375,665,494,520]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Rhaphaulus assamicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFADFFCFB8C8FE1CFC6E2A71" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[674,940,495,521]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C33A6522FFADFFCFBACAFDD7FCE32A27" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFBACAFDD7FCE32A27" blockId="3.[160,1093,548,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFADFFCFBACAFDD7FE502A44" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[160,402,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBBF0FDD7FD1C2A44" box="[410,734,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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Land & Freshwater Moll.
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<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFADFFCFB8C2FDD7FD1C2A44" box="[680,734,548,572]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">India</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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I: 201
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFB949FDD6FCF22A44" box="[803,816,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">‒</emphasis>
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202, pl. 47, figs 2, 2a, 2b.
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFADFFCFBACAFDB4FD1B2A27" ID-CoL="4S3QD" authority="Pall-Gergely et al. 2014: 572" authorityName="Pall-Gergely" authorityPageNumber="572" authorityYear="2014" box="[160,729,583,607]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBACAFDB4FE552A27" box="[160,407,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Rhaphaulus assamicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFADFFCFBBF4FDB4FD1B2A27" author="Pall-Gergely B & Hunyadi A & Maassen WJM" box="[414,729,583,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" pagination="565 - 573" refId="ref3579" refString="Pall-Gergely B, Hunyadi A, Maassen WJM. 2014. Review of Rhaphaulus L. Pfeiffer 1856 and streptaulus Benson 1857 species with description of R. tonkinensis n. sp. from Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pupinidae). J Conchology. 41 (5): 565 - 573." type="journal article" year="2014">Páll-Gergely et al. 2014: 572</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 8.
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBACAFD7CFEF42AD0" bold="true" box="[160,310,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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<typeStatus id="549B880BFFADFFCFBACAFD7CFF1A2AD0" box="[160,216,655,680]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFBACAFD40FC782AB3" blockId="3.[160,1156,655,784]" box="[160,954,691,715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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Brahmakhund [= Parshuram Kund,
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<collectingRegion id="49E4F84BFFADFFCFB841FD40FCC22AB3" box="[555,768,691,715]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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] (Coll. M.J. Ogle)
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBAAAFD26FE202A95" box="[192,482,725,749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Photographic examination</emphasis>
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.
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFADFFCFB832FD26FD502A95" box="[600,658,725,749]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E4F84BFFADFFCFB8F7FD26FD2A2A95" box="[669,744,725,749]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Assam</collectingRegion>
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,
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[=
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<collectingRegion id="49E4F84BFFADFFCFB9C1FD26FB422A95" box="[939,1152,725,749]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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, Brahmakund] (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074).
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBACAFCB3FEBD2B21" bold="true" box="[160,383,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFBACAFC97FBCF2B9C" blockId="3.[160,1156,832,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
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<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFADFFCFBACAFC97FF182B04" box="[160,218,868,892]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49E4F84BFFADFFCFBA8EFC97FE7A2B04" box="[228,440,868,892]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
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, NNP,
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,
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(lat.
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, altitude
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asl),
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,
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<date id="FF9E1069FFADFFCFB806FC75FC8F2BE6" box="[620,845,902,926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" value="2017-12-27">
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<collectingDate id="EFDAE981FFADFFCFB806FC75FC8F2BE6" box="[620,845,902,926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" value="2017-12-27">27 December 2017</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, Reg. No.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED31AE6CFFADFFCFB9A6FC75FBC22BE6" box="[972,1024,902,926]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7mhb-r8q3" name="Zoological Survey of India, National Zoological Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">NZSI</collectionCode>
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M.32278/9 (
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<location id="8EFF6072FFADFFCFBACCFC5AFEC42BB9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987BFFFADFFC9BB1DFE1DFBAE2EC5:8EFF6072FFADFFCFBACCFC5AFEC42BB9" box="[166,262,937,961]" country="India" latitude="27.49124" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="96.39657" municipality="Deban" name="Damage" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" stateProvince="Arunachal Pradesh">Damage</location>
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shell)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B483CF4FFADFFCFBB33FC5AFBCF2B9C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2571112355" collectingDate="2018-08-07" collectionCode="NZSI" elevation="769" isTailEnumeration="true" latitude="27.469488" location="Coll. S. K. Sajan and C. K. Deepak" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="96.54816" municipality="Coll. S. K. Sajan and C. K. Deepak" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" specimenCount="1">
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<specimenCount id="9D26FD20FFADFFCFBB33FC5AFE502BB9" box="[345,402,937,961]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" type="generic">1 ex.</specimenCount>
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, near
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, long.
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, altitude
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<elevation id="000DD19AFFADFFCFBE50FC5AFB412BB9" box="[1082,1155,937,961]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.69" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" unit="m" value="769.0">769 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
asl),
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFBACD3FFADFFCFBAB8FC3FFDF42B9C" box="[210,566,972,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Coll. S.K. Sajan and C.K. Deepak</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9E1069FFADFFCFB82AFC3FFD242B9C" box="[576,742,972,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" value="2018-08-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDAE981FFADFFCFB82AFC3FFD242B9C" box="[576,742,972,996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" value="2018-08-07">7 August 2018</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, Reg. No.
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED31AE6CFFADFFCFB93FFC3FFC4B2B9C" box="[853,905,972,996]" country="India" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/7mhb-r8q3" name="Zoological Survey of India, National Zoological Collection" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">NZSI</collectionCode>
|
||
M.32279/9.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFBAAAFC1DFD332DFB" blockId="3.[160,1156,832,1411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBAAAFC1DFDB22C7E" bold="true" box="[192,624,1006,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFADFFCFBAAAFC1DFE032C7E" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[192,449,1006,1030]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen (1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pp. 201‒202).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, rather tumid, flattened on the frontal surface of the penultimate whorl; sculpture regularly closely costulate; colour dull umber-brown; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6, penultimate the largest with sides flat, the next much smaller and convex; aperture perpendicular; peristome very thick, double, both continuous, but the outer only has a thin callus on the whorl. The sutural tube has its origin on the upper outer margin close upon the outer lip, is colourless, and turns sharp downwards behind it, extending to nearly the height of the last whorl. This peristomial tube is not a tube in the strict sense of the term, but in section is semicircular, an arch outside resting upon the body-whorl, which forms the diameter. An inner sutural tube follows the suture backwards; it opens internally
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFADFFCFB847FAD5FDAE2D46" box="[557,620,1318,1342]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
within the aperture, it is indistinctly shown on the exterior, but the lines of costulation extend over it (original description published by Godwin- Austen,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFADFFCFBA92FA98FE852DFB" box="[248,327,1387,1411]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.79044" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" unit="in" value="1886.0">1886 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFBB25FA98FD262DFB" box="[335,740,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFADFFCFB8DAFA98FD262DFB" box="[688,740,1387,1411]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2AF2F42FFADFFCFB85CFA36FD2E2DA6" box="[566,748,1477,1502]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFB85CFA36FD2E2DA6" blockId="3.[535,779,1477,1537]" box="[566,748,1477,1502]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
<heading id="D0D781C5FFADFFCFB85CFA36FD2E2DA6" box="[566,748,1477,1502]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFB85CFA36FD2E2DA6" bold="true" box="[566,748,1477,1502]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Re-description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2AF2F42FFADFFC8B87DFA1BFBEA2A8C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="2556" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFCFB87DFA1BFCC92E79" blockId="3.[535,779,1477,1537]" box="[535,779,1511,1537]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
<heading id="D0D781C5FFADFFCFB87DFA1BFCC92E79" box="[535,779,1511,1537]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" reason="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFB87DFA1BFD3C2E79" bold="true" box="[535,766,1511,1537]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
Shell (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFADFFCFB80EFA1BFD722E79" box="[612,688,1512,1537]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1471,1494]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886; (a) recorded from Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India (NZSI M.32279/9); (b) from the type locality, Assam, Brahmakund (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074), syntype; the white arrow shows the path of the breathing tube along the peristome margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666508/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
ı 3b–d
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFADFFC8BAAAF9EEFCC62976" blockId="3.[160,1156,1565,1727]" lastBlockId="4.[160,1155,142,270]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="2556" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">
|
||
The shell is solid, elongated cylindrical and medium in size (SH
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFADFFCFB91EF9EEFC262E4D" box="[884,996,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.512" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" unit="mm" value="15.12">15.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
, SW
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFADFFCFBE7CF9EEFBBB2E4D" box="[1046,1145,1565,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.41" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555" unit="mm" value="7.41">7.41 mm</quantity>
|
||
); colour light brown; sculptured regularly and closely costulate; penultimate whorl slightly flattened in front, closely rimate; spire high, apex blunt (probably due to damage caused to the shell by rain); protoconch forms 30° angle from suture; teleoconch forms 60° angle, slightly tilted on right side; suture moderately impressed; whorls 6
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFADFFCFB914F954FC492EC7" box="[894,907,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2555">–</emphasis>
|
||
6¼; aperture flattened in front, attached with penultimate whorl, circular; peristome thickened, upper margin horizontal (AH
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BB22FF42FE6E28B1" box="[328,428,177,201]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, AW
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BB89FF42FD8528B1" box="[483,583,177,201]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="5.7">5.70 mm</quantity>
|
||
); outer peristome folded backward; breathing tube well connected with top ridge of peristome (near sutural region), curved straight downwards, attaching to outer peristome (NZSI M.32279/9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFEC8FBC529C4" blockId="4.[160,1156,315,444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFEC8FF23292C" bold="true" box="[160,225,315,340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Tube.</emphasis>
|
||
Breathing tube originates from right top rim of peristome, sharply arches downwards. Tube moves forward with peristome boundary towards height of body whorl; colour lighter brown than shell; tube width (from connected piece)
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8B9A9FE72FBEE29E1" box="[963,1068,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.73" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="1.73">1.73 mm</quantity>
|
||
, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BACAFE57FEC729C4" box="[160,261,420,444]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.02" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="3.02">3.02 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Opening of breathing tube hollow, semi-circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8B954FE57FC6629C4" box="[830,932,420,444]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1471,1494]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886; (a) recorded from Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India (NZSI M.32279/9); (b) from the type locality, Assam, Brahmakund (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074), syntype; the white arrow shows the path of the breathing tube along the peristome margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666508/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8B9DBFE57FC0229C4" box="[945,960,420,444]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1453,1476]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1153,142,1422]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 [1882–1920] (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). Aperture with thick peristome. (b,c). Origin of the breathing tube and downward turn along with the peristome margin. (d). Peristome with concentric sculpture (e,f). High magnification of irregular denticulate sculpture on surface of the peristome. (g). Embryonic shell protoconch and teleoconch with eroded apex. (h). Regular costulate sculpture on surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666512/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">3</figureCitation>
|
||
(b
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B9BFFE57FC2029C3" box="[981,994,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">‒</emphasis>
|
||
d)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFE1BFB462A5C" blockId="4.[160,1156,488,548]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFE1BFED92A79" bold="true" box="[160,283,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Peristome.</emphasis>
|
||
Peristome thick, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8B85FFE1AFD5E2A79" box="[565,668,489,513]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="1.15">1.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, irregular, concentric sculpture on surface. However, at higher magnification has irregular denticulate structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8B9C3FDFFFBD22A5C" box="[937,1040,524,548]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1482,1505]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). High-resolution SEM images of embryonic shell or protoconch and teleoconch. White arrow heads indicate the spiral cord (left) and boundary of protoconch and teleoconch (right) (b‒c). Smooth teleoconch with costae near the suture. (d). Sculpture on penultimate whorl. (e). Irregular concentric denticulate sculpture on the surface of the peristome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666510/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Figures 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(e), 3(c
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BE33FDFEFBA42A5C" box="[1113,1126,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">‒</emphasis>
|
||
f)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFDA2FBEA2A8C" blockId="4.[160,1155,593,756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFDA2FE312A12" bold="true" box="[160,499,593,618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Protoconch and teleoconch.</emphasis>
|
||
Protoconch blunt with deep sutural groove, four spiral cords finely folded at nucleus and moving in suture direction to teleoconch; two spiral cords further move above suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8B848FD64FDBC2AD7" box="[546,638,663,687]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1482,1505]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). High-resolution SEM images of embryonic shell or protoconch and teleoconch. White arrow heads indicate the spiral cord (left) and boundary of protoconch and teleoconch (right) (b‒c). Smooth teleoconch with costae near the suture. (d). Sculpture on penultimate whorl. (e). Irregular concentric denticulate sculpture on the surface of the peristome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666510/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(a
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B8F8FD64FD5D2AD6" box="[658,671,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">‒</emphasis>
|
||
c)); nucleus diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8B9FBFD64FC352AD7" box="[913,1015,663,687]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.199999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="0.72">0.72 mm</quantity>
|
||
, protoconch
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BACAFD49FEC52AAA" box="[160,263,698,722]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="1.48">1.48 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Line between protoconch and teleoconch poorly visible. Teleoconch surface smooth, no surface sculpture visible and shell costae near suture (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8B9E3FD2FFC272A8C" box="[905,997,732,756]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="6.[160,225,1482,1505]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[163,1153,142,1450]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 2. Photograph and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). High-resolution SEM images of embryonic shell or protoconch and teleoconch. White arrow heads indicate the spiral cord (left) and boundary of protoconch and teleoconch (right) (b‒c). Smooth teleoconch with costae near the suture. (d). Sculpture on penultimate whorl. (e). Irregular concentric denticulate sculpture on the surface of the peristome." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666510/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
(a
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B993FD2EFBC42A8C" box="[1017,1030,733,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">‒</emphasis>
|
||
c)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6522FFAAFFC9BACAFCD2FBAE2EC5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="2557" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFCD2FEC42B42" blockId="4.[160,1155,801,1172]" box="[160,262,801,826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFCD2FEC42B42" bold="true" box="[160,262,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFCB7FB992CEC" blockId="4.[160,1155,801,1172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8BACAFCB7FE602B24" author="Pall-Gergely B & Hunyadi A & Maassen WJM" box="[160,418,836,860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" pagination="565 - 573" refId="ref3579" refString="Pall-Gergely B, Hunyadi A, Maassen WJM. 2014. Review of Rhaphaulus L. Pfeiffer 1856 and streptaulus Benson 1857 species with description of R. tonkinensis n. sp. from Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pupinidae). J Conchology. 41 (5): 565 - 573." type="journal article" year="2014">Páll-Gergely et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the discrepancy in the literature about the direction of the breathing tube in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8BB0DFC94FE292B07" box="[359,491,871,895]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BB0DFC94FE292B07" box="[359,491,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">R. assamicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8B87AFC94FD372B07" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[528,757,871,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="FF9E1069FFAAFFC8B96BFC94FCBE2B07" box="[769,892,871,895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" value="1882" valueMax="1920">
|
||
1882
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B952FC94FC872B07" box="[824,837,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">–</emphasis>
|
||
1920
|
||
</date>
|
||
], 1917). During our field surveys and collections, we recorded two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8B808FC79FD272BDA" box="[610,741,906,930]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B808FC79FD272BDA" box="[610,741,906,930]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">R. assamicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shells as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8B9B1FC79FF1E2BBC" author="Godwin-Austen HH" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen (1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="FF9E1069FFAAFFC8BA83FC5FFEA12BBC" box="[233,355,940,964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" value="1882" valueMax="1920">
|
||
1882
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BB75FC5FFEEE2BBC" box="[287,300,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">–</emphasis>
|
||
1920
|
||
</date>
|
||
]), which were identified based on the unique characters of the breathing tube which moved sharply downwards along with the peristome margin in the shells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8BE5FFC3CFF6F2C72" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="5.[160,225,1471,1494]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[163,1153,142,1440]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 1. Photographs of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886; (a) recorded from Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India (NZSI M.32279/9); (b) from the type locality, Assam, Brahmakund (NHMUK 1903.7.1.3074), syntype; the white arrow shows the path of the breathing tube along the peristome margin." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666508" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666508/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A2CFFAAFFC8BAD1FC01FF0B2C72" box="[187,201,1010,1034]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="7.[160,225,1453,1476]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1422]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[163,1153,142,1422]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 3. Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Rhaphaulus assamicus Godwin-Austen, 1886 [1882–1920] (NZSI M.32279/9). (a). Aperture with thick peristome. (b,c). Origin of the breathing tube and downward turn along with the peristome margin. (d). Peristome with concentric sculpture (e,f). High magnification of irregular denticulate sculpture on surface of the peristome. (g). Embryonic shell protoconch and teleoconch with eroded apex. (h). Regular costulate sculpture on surface." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666512" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3666512/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">3</figureCitation>
|
||
(b
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BAB4FC01FF292C71" box="[222,235,1010,1033]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">‒</emphasis>
|
||
d), 4). However, as opined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8B853FC01FC872C72" author="Pall-Gergely B & Hunyadi A & Maassen WJM" box="[569,837,1010,1034]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" pagination="565 - 573" refId="ref3579" refString="Pall-Gergely B, Hunyadi A, Maassen WJM. 2014. Review of Rhaphaulus L. Pfeiffer 1856 and streptaulus Benson 1857 species with description of R. tonkinensis n. sp. from Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pupinidae). J Conchology. 41 (5): 565 - 573." type="journal article" year="2014">Páll-Gergely et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the taxonomy of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8BACAFBE7FED92C54" authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1856" box="[160,283,1044,1068]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFBE7FED92C54" box="[160,283,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Rhaphaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is far from being well resolved, in the absence of adequate collections in any natural history museums or fresh collections from field. Therefore, the use of a modern technique (photomicrography) in addition to physical examination of the characters of the specimen is considered to be important when reviewing the natural history information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2AF2F42FFAAFFC9BACAFB22FBAE2EC5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="2557" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFB22FEE92C93" blockId="4.[160,299,1233,1259]" box="[160,299,1233,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<heading id="D0D781C5FFAAFFC8BACAFB22FEE92C93" bold="true" box="[160,299,1233,1259]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFB22FEE92C93" bold="true" box="[160,299,1233,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC8BACAFAF4FD042E6A" blockId="4.[160,1156,1287,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8BACAFAF4FE542D67" box="[160,406,1287,1311]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFAF4FE542D67" box="[160,406,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Rhaphaulus assamicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported in 1886 from Brahmakund, also known as Parshuram Kund, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E4F84BFFAAFFC8BB6BFAD9FE162D3A" box="[257,468,1322,1346]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8BBB7FAD9FDD52D3A" box="[477,535,1322,1346]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8B850FAD9FDB62D3A" box="[570,628,1322,1346]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there are five valid species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8B9A8FAD9FB802D3A" authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1856" box="[962,1090,1322,1346]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B9A8FAD9FB802D3A" box="[962,1090,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Rhaphaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all of which are known from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B880BFFAAFFC8BBB4FABEFDD22D1D" box="[478,528,1357,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality only (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8B8D9FABEFC662D1D" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[691,932,1357,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="FF9E1069FFAAFFC8B9D9FABEFBF02D1D" box="[947,1074,1356,1381]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" value="1882" valueMax="1920">
|
||
1882
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B986FABFFC3B2D1C" box="[1004,1017,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">–</emphasis>
|
||
1920
|
||
</date>
|
||
], 1917;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8BACAFA9CFEE32DFF" author="Gude GK" box="[160,289,1391,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" refId="ref3314" refString="Gude GK. 1921. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. - III. Land operculates (Cyclophoridae, Truncatellidae, Assimineidae, Helicinidae). London: Taylor and Francis; p. xiv + 386. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12890." type="book" year="1921">Gude 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFAAFFC8BB51FA9CFD9C2DFF" author="Pall-Gergely B & Hunyadi A & Maassen WJM" box="[315,606,1391,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" pagination="565 - 573" refId="ref3579" refString="Pall-Gergely B, Hunyadi A, Maassen WJM. 2014. Review of Rhaphaulus L. Pfeiffer 1856 and streptaulus Benson 1857 species with description of R. tonkinensis n. sp. from Vietnam (Gastropoda: Pupinidae). J Conchology. 41 (5): 565 - 573." type="journal article" year="2014">Páll-Gergely et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8B8B0FA9CFBC52DFF" authority="(Pfeiffer 1852)" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[730,1031,1391,1415]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chrysalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B8B0FA9CFC952DFF" box="[730,855,1391,1415]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">R. chrysalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Pfeiffer 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(originally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8BACAFA61FE482DD2" box="[160,394,1426,1450]" class="Gastropoda" family="Assimineidae" genus="Cyclostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="chrysalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BACAFA61FE482DD2" box="[160,394,1426,1450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Cyclostoma chrysalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8B838FA61FD4B2DD2" box="[594,649,1426,1450]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8B8BCFA61FC802DD2" box="[726,834,1426,1450]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as an additional species. However, as in the literature, this species has been reported from the Ava [Inwa] and Moulmeni [Mawlamyine] in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8BB87FA24FD9B2D97" box="[493,601,1495,1519]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and there is no documented evidence of its occurrence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFAAFFC8BB2AFA09FEB52E6A" box="[320,375,1530,1554]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(B. Páll-Gergely, pers. comm.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36A9FFAAFFC9BAAAF9EEFBAE2EC5" blockId="4.[160,1156,1287,1727]" lastBlockId="5.[160,1155,1632,1725]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="2557" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">
|
||
The ecology of the Indian pupinid land snails is scarcely known. The altitude of the NNP where these two samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFAAFFC8BBBDF9CCFD012E2F" box="[471,707,1599,1623]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="assamicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8BBBDF9CCFD012E2F" box="[471,707,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">Rhaphaulus assamicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were documented ranges from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BE4BF9CCFBA42E2F" box="[1057,1126,1599,1623]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8BACAF991FF302E02" box="[160,242,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="m" value="4300.0">4300 m</quantity>
|
||
asl, with an annual rainfall of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B4CFFAAFFC8B85FF991FD222E02" box="[565,736,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556" unit="mm" value="3000.0" valueMax="3500.0" valueMin="2500.0">
|
||
2500
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B803F991FDB42E02" box="[617,630,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">–</emphasis>
|
||
3500 mm
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Extensive field surveys are required to assess the population status and the ecology of this species for
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFAAFFC8B934F976FC5C2EE5" box="[862,926,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="2556">in situ</emphasis>
|
||
conservation, as it is categorised as rare and endemic. Additionally, molecular phylogenetic analysis of species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFABFFC9BA83F993FEA62E00" authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1856" box="[233,356,1632,1656]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFABFFC9BA83F993FEA62E00" box="[233,356,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557">Rhaphaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could clarify some of the confusion over species boundaries and sympatric ranges in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3377639FFABFFC9BB65F971FE842EE2" box="[271,326,1666,1690]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, as well as validate the descriptions made by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B58FFABFFC9B92FF971FBF32EE2" author="Godwin-Austen HH" box="[837,1073,1666,1690]" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557" refId="ref3138" refString="Godwin-Austen HH. 1886 [1882 - 1920]. Land and freshwater Mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon, and other islands of the Indian Ocean; supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley ' s Conchologica Indica. London: Taylor and Francis; p. VI + 257 + 442 + 65. 165 pls." type="book" year="1886">Godwin-Austen (1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[
|
||
<date id="FF9E1069FFABFFC9BE55F971FF152EC5" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557" value="1882" valueMax="1920">
|
||
1882
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFABFFC9BE1CF971FB412EE2" box="[1142,1155,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557">–</emphasis>
|
||
1920
|
||
</date>
|
||
]) based on shell breathing tubes to distinguish between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D2AFFABFFC9B92AF956FC792EC5" authorityName="L. Pfeiffer" authorityYear="1856" box="[832,955,1701,1725]" class="Gastropoda" family="Pupinidae" genus="Rhaphaulus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFABFFC9B92AF956FC792EC5" box="[832,955,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557">Rhaphaulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EABBFFABFFC9B998F956FBAE2EC5" box="[1010,1132,1701,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="2557">streptaulus.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |