473 lines
64 KiB
XML
473 lines
64 KiB
XML
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<treatment id="038987A4931CFFCF73D5FB9ACE4E0D2A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6958255" ID-GBIF-Taxon="198574592" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6958255" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038987A4931CFFCF73D5FB9ACE4E0D2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038987A4931CFFCF73D5FB9ACE4E0D2A" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFC373D5FB9ACEC90F7E" blockId="39.[151,748,1070,1168]" box="[151,748,1070,1097]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<heading id="D0D781DE931CFFC373D5FB9ACEC90F7E" bold="true" box="[151,748,1070,1097]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D31931CFFC373D5FB9ACEC90F7E" ID-CoL="KXVY" authority="(Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[151,748,1070,1097]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5FB9ACEC90F7E" bold="true" box="[151,748,1070,1097]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5FB9ACD950F7E" bold="true" box="[151,432,1070,1097]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
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(Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33A6539931CFFC373D5FBE6CFE90E26" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFC373D5FBE6CDE50F5B" blockId="39.[151,748,1070,1168]" box="[151,448,1106,1133]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<figureCitation id="131B2A37931CFFC373D5FBE6CD1D0F5B" box="[151,312,1106,1133]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 30" captionStart-1="FIGURE 31" captionStart-2="FIGURE 32" captionStart-3="FIGURE 33" captionStartId-0="40.[151,250,1931,1955]" captionStartId-1="41.[151,250,1510,1534]" captionStartId-2="42.[151,250,864,888]" captionStartId-3="42.[151,250,1800,1824]" captionTargetBox-0="[523,1038,1022,1882]" captionTargetBox-1="[545,1053,615,1471]" captionTargetBox-2="[421,1169,217,816]" captionTargetBox-3="[479,1109,984,1776]" captionTargetId-0="figure-378@40.[518,1070,993,1908]" captionTargetId-1="figure-189@41.[522,1066,597,1487]" captionTargetId-2="figure-24@42.[416,1172,181,840]" captionTargetId-3="figure-54@42.[479,1109,984,1776]" captionTargetPageId-0="40" captionTargetPageId-1="41" captionTargetPageId-2="42" captionTargetPageId-3="42" captionText-0="FIGURE 30. Bathyraja spinosissima, dorsal view, fresh. Photo by Dan Kamikawa (NOAA). Scale bar = 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 31. Bathyraja spinosissima, ventral view, fresh. Photo by Dan Kamikawa (NOAA). Scale bar = 100 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 32. Bathyraja spinosissima, holotype, CAS 25617, 164 mm TL, prenatal male, dorsal view, preserved. Photo by D.A. Ebert. Scale bar = 50 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 33. Ventral view X-radiograph of Bathyraja spinosissima, holotype, CAS 25617, 164 mm TL, prenatal male. X-radiograph by Jon Fong (CAS)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601338" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601340" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601342" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601344" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/6601338/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/6601340/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/6601342/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/6601344/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figures 30–33</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6A20309931CFFC37204FBE6CD830F5A" box="[326,422,1106,1132]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="43.[151,239,1611,1635]" captionTargetBox="[163,911,1673,1969]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="TABLE 6. Morphometrics for Bathyraja spinosissima expressed as % of total length (n = 4)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F663A9310FFCF73D5F9FFC85D0D55" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="DF5F663A9310FFCF73D5F9FFC85D0D55">Tables 6</tableCitation>
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,
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<tableCitation id="C6A20309931CFFC372F0FBE7CDE50F5B" box="[434,448,1107,1133]" captionStart="TABLE 8" captionStartId="50.[151,239,565,591]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="TABLE 8. Meristics for the seven Bathyraja species in this study." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5F663A9309FFD673D5FD81CF7D0979" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" tableUuid="DF5F663A9309FFD673D5FD81CF7D0979">8</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFC373D5FBC2CD500FA6" blockId="39.[151,748,1070,1168]" box="[151,373,1142,1168]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Pacific White Skate</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFC373D5FB0FCFE90E26" blockId="39.[151,1437,1211,1572]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D31931CFFC373D5FB0FCEC10FE5" authority="Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941: 259" authorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" authorityPageNumber="259" authorityYear="1941" box="[151,740,1211,1235]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Psammobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5FB0FCD8A0FE5" box="[151,431,1211,1235]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Psammobatus spinosissima</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B483CEF931CFFC372F4FB0FCEC10FE5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3878843302" box="[438,740,1211,1235]" collectionCode="NYZS" county="Type" latitude="4.8333335" location="Cocos Island" longLatPrecision="1306" longitude="-87.0" municipality="Mead" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" specimenCode="CAS-SU 46500, NYZS 6132" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New York" typeStatus="holotype">Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941: 259</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Pl. 2 (fig. 4) [Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the
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Zoological Society] v. 26.
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</emphasis>
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:
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[ex
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] (embryo).
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catalog:
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1958:
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south of
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,
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,
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,
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, depth 765 fathoms.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33A6539931CFFC373D5FAA3CD420D12" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5FAA3CD8D0E19" box="[151,424,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Psammobatis spinosissima</emphasis>
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: Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941: 259
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 2, fig. 4.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30119C931CFFC373D5FA82CD420D12" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5FA82CD2C0E78" box="[151,265,1334,1358]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Bathyaraja</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37253FA82CEA40E78" author="Stehmann, M. F. W." box="[273,641,1334,1358]" page="263" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1986">
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<taxonomicName id="4C204D31931CFFC37253FA82CEA40E78" authority=": Stehmann, 1986: 263" authorityName="Stehmann" authorityPageNumber="263" authorityYear="1986" box="[273,641,1334,1358]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Psammobatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
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<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37253FA82CDB60E7B" box="[273,403,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">spinosissima</emphasis>
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:
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC371CCFA82CF5C0E78" author="McEachran, J. D." box="[654,889,1334,1358]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="647 - 1200" refId="ref41690" refString="McEachran, J. D. (1995) Arhynchobatidae. In: Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (Eds.), Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Vol. II. Vertebrados. Parte 1. FAO, Rome, pp. 647 - 1200." type="book chapter" year="1995">McEachran, 1995: 776</bibRefCitation>
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(listed);
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC3709AFA82C9B90E78" author="Castro-Aguirre, J. L. & Espinosa Perez, H." box="[984,1436,1334,1358]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="7 - 75" refId="ref37634" refString="Castro-Aguirre, J. L. & Espinosa Perez, H. (1996) VII. Catalogo sistematico de las rayas y especies afines de Mexico. (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Batoideiomorpha). Listados faunisticos de Mexico, 7, 7 - 75." type="journal article" year="1996">Castro-Aguirre & Espinosa Pérez, 1996: 28</bibRefCitation>
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(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC3725CFAE0CE460E5A" author="McEachran, J. D. & Dunn, K. A." box="[286,611,1364,1388]" page="286" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1998">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC3725CFAE0CE460E5A" author="McEachran, J. D. & Dunn, K. A." box="[286,611,1364,1388]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="271 - 290" refId="ref41775" refString="McEachran, J. D. & Dunn, K. A. (1998) Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia, 1998 (2), 271 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1447424" type="journal article" year="1998">McEachran & Dunn, 1998: 286</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37180FAE0CFBC0E5A" author="Dolganov, V. N." box="[706,921,1364,1388]" page="429" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37180FAE0CFBC0E5A" author="Dolganov, V. N." box="[706,921,1364,1388]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="428 - 430" refId="ref38294" refString="Dolganov, V. N. (1999) Geographic and bathymetric distribution of the rays family Rajidae in the seas of Russian Far East and the adjacent waters. Voprosy Ikhtiologii, 39 (3), 428 - 430." type="journal article" year="1999">Dolganov, 1999: 429</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC370BAFAE0C8F90E5A" author="Compagno, L. J. V." box="[1016,1244,1364,1388]" page="488" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="1999">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC370BAFAE0C8F90E5A" author="Compagno, L. J. V." box="[1016,1244,1364,1388]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="471 - 498" refId="ref37878" refString="Compagno, L. J. V. (1999) Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In: Hamlett, W. C. (Ed.), Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 471 - 498." type="book chapter" year="1999">Compagno, 1999: 488</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37678FAE0CDA60EBD" author="Sheiko, B. A. & Fedorov, V. V." page="15" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37678FAE0CDA60EBD" author="Sheiko, B. A. & Fedorov, V. V." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="7 - 69" refId="ref43245" refString="Sheiko, B. A. & Fedorov, V. V. (2000) Part 1. Class Cephalaspidmorha, Class Chondrichthyes, Class Holocephali, Class Osteichthyes. In: Moissev, R. S. (Ed.), Catalog of the Vertebrates of Kamchatka and Adjacent Waters. Kamchatskiy Petchatniy Dvor, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, pp. 7 - 69." type="book chapter" year="2000">Sheiko & Fedorov, 2000: 15</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC372CFFAC7CE170EBD" author="Hoff, G. R." box="[397,562,1395,1419]" page="145" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2002">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC372CFFAC7CE170EBD" author="Hoff, G. R." box="[397,562,1395,1419]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref40111" refString="Hoff, G. R. (2002) New records of the Aleutian Skate, Bathyraja aleutica from Northern California. California Fish Game, 88, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="2002">Hoff, 2002: 145</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC3717FFAC7CF3C0EBD" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[573,793,1395,1419]" page="201" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC3717FFAC7CF3C0EBD" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[573,793,1395,1419]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003: 201–202</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(description, distribution);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37772FAC7C9030EBD" author="Fedorov, V. V. & Chereshnev, I. A. & Nazarkin, M. V. & Shestakov A. V. & Volobuev, V. V." box="[1072,1318,1395,1419]" page="19" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2003">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37772FAC7C9030EBD" author="Fedorov, V. V. & Chereshnev, I. A. & Nazarkin, M. V. & Shestakov A. V. & Volobuev, V. V." box="[1072,1318,1395,1419]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref39236" refString="Fedorov, V. V., Chereshnev, I. A. Nazarkin, M. V., Shestakov A. V. & Volobuev, V. V. (2003) Catalog of marine and freshwater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok, Dalnauka, R 204 pp." type="book" year="2003">
|
||
Fedorov
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC377C8FAC0C89B0EBD" box="[1162,1214,1395,1419]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003: 19
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37673FAC7CD2F0E9C" author="Stehmann, M. F. W." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="57" refId="ref43716" refString="Stehmann, M. F. W. (2005 b) Bathyraja ishiharai n. sp., a new deep-water skate from the eastern Indian Ocean on the Naturalist Plateau off southwestern Australia (Elasmobranchii, Rajiformes, Rajidae). Journal of Ichthyology, 45 (1), S 39 - S 57." type="journal article" year="2005">Stehmann, 2005b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: S35, S53;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC372C6FA26CEE20E9C" author="Ebert, D. A. & Compagno, L. J. V." box="[388,711,1426,1450]" page="117" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC372C6FA26CEE20E9C" author="Ebert, D. A. & Compagno, L. J. V." box="[388,711,1426,1450]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="111 - 124" refId="ref38811" refString="Ebert, D. A. & Compagno, L. J. V. (2007) Biodiversity and systematics of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei). Environmental Biology of Fishes, 80 (1), 111 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10641 - 007 - 9247 - 0" type="journal article" year="2007">Ebert & Compagno, 2007: 117</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37065FA26C8130E9C" author="Ebert, D. A. & Davis, C. D." box="[807,1078,1426,1450]" page="8" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2007">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37065FA26C8130E9C" author="Ebert, D. A. & Davis, C. D." box="[807,1078,1426,1450]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref38873" refString="Ebert, D. A. & Davis, C. D. (2007) Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa, 1393 (2007), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1393.1.1" type="journal article" year="2007">Ebert & Davis, 2007: 8–9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(egg case description);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37671FA26CDE10EFE" author="McCosker, J. E. & Rosenblatt, R. H." page="188" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37671FA26CDE10EFE" author="McCosker, J. E. & Rosenblatt, R. H." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="167 - 195" refId="ref41644" refString="McCosker, J. E. & Rosenblatt, R. H. (2010) The fishes of the Galapagos Archipelago: An update. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, 61 (11), 167 - 195." type="journal article" year="2010">McCosker & Rosenblatt, 2010: 188</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37160FA04CED90EFE" author="Parin, N. V. & Evseenko, S. A. & Vasil'eva, E. D." box="[546,764,1456,1480]" page="34" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2014">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37160FA04CED90EFE" author="Parin, N. V. & Evseenko, S. A. & Vasil'eva, E. D." box="[546,764,1456,1480]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref42327" refString="Parin, N. V., Evseenko, S. A. & Vasil'eva, E. D. (2014) Fishes of Russian Seas: Annotated Catalogue. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 733 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Parin
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC3711DFA05CEB10EFE" box="[607,660,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014: 34
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37018FA04C82C0EFE" author="Dyldin, Y. V." box="[858,1033,1456,1480]" page="66" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37018FA04C82C0EFE" author="Dyldin, Y. V." box="[858,1033,1456,1480]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="40 - 91" refId="ref38532" refString="Dyldin, Y. V. (2015) Annotated checklist of the sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) from waters of Russia and adjacent areas. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 43, 40 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.5134 / 197957" type="journal article" year="2015">Dyldin, 2015: 66</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37725FA04CCCA0ED1" author="Del Moral-Flores, L. F. & Morrone, J. J. & Alcocer Durand, J. & Espinosa Perez, H. & Perez-Ponce De Leon, G." page="110" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37725FA04CCCA0ED1" author="Del Moral-Flores, L. F. & Morrone, J. J. & Alcocer Durand, J. & Espinosa Perez, H. & Perez-Ponce De Leon, G." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="47 - 163" refId="ref38213" refString="Del Moral-Flores, L. F., Morrone, J. J., Alcocer Durand, J., Espinosa Perez, H. & Perez-Ponce De Leon, G. (2016) Lista patron de los tiburones, rayas y quimeras (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) de Mexico. Arxius de Miscel-lania Zoologica, 13 (2015), 47 - 163. https: // doi. org / 10.32800 / amz. 2015.13.0047" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Del Moral-Flores
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37663FA05C9700EFE" box="[1313,1365,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016: 110
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC373B9FA7BCDF70ED1" author="Weigmann, S." box="[251,466,1487,1511]" page="97" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC373B9FA7BCDF70ED1" author="Weigmann, S." box="[251,466,1487,1511]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="837 - 1037" refId="ref44200" refString="Weigmann, S. (2016) Annotated checklist of the living sharks, batoids and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of the world, with a focus on biogeographical diversity. Journal of Fish Biology, 88 (3), 837 - 1037. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 12874" type="journal article" year="2016">Weigmann, 2016: 97</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(listed); Last
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37125FA64CEB90ED1" box="[615,668,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016: 27, 420 (figure, listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC370A4FA7BC8E30ED1" author="Ebert, D. A. & Bigman, J. S. & Lawson, J. M." box="[998,1222,1487,1511]" page="21" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC370A4FA7BC8E30ED1" author="Ebert, D. A. & Bigman, J. S. & Lawson, J. M." box="[998,1222,1487,1511]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref39032" refString="Ebert, D. A., Bigman, J. S. & Lawson, J. M. (2017) Biodiversity, Life History, and Conservation of Northeastern Pacific Chondrichthyans. In: Larson, S. E. & Lowry, D. (Eds.), Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 77. Oxford Academic Press, Oxford, pp. 9 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / bs. amb. 2017.07.001" type="book" year="2017">
|
||
Ebert
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37767FA64C87F0ED1" box="[1061,1114,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017: 21
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 59, 68 (description, distribution, key, listed);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37285FA5ACEE90D30" author="Ehemann, N. R. & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, L. D. V & Chollet-Villalpando, J. G. & De La Cruz-Aguero, J." box="[455,716,1518,1542]" page="24" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2018">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37285FA5ACEE90D30" author="Ehemann, N. R. & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, L. D. V & Chollet-Villalpando, J. G. & De La Cruz-Aguero, J." box="[455,716,1518,1542]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="17 - 39" refId="ref39120" refString="Ehemann, N. R., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, L. D. V, Chollet-Villalpando, J. G. & De La Cruz-Aguero, J. (2018) Updated checklist of the extant Chondrichthyes within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mexico. ZooKeys, 774, 17 - 39. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 774.25028" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Ehemann
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC3716CFA5ACE470D30" box="[558,610,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018: 24
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37195FA5AC8360D30" author="Salinas-de-Leon, P. & Phillips, B. & Ebert, D. & Shivji, M. & Cerutti-Pereyra, F. & Ruck, C. & Fisher, C. R. & Marsh, L." box="[727,1043,1518,1542]" page="1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2018">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37195FA5AC8360D30" author="Salinas-de-Leon, P. & Phillips, B. & Ebert, D. & Shivji, M. & Cerutti-Pereyra, F. & Ruck, C. & Fisher, C. R. & Marsh, L." box="[727,1043,1518,1542]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref43018" refString="Salinas-de-Leon, P., Phillips, B. Ebert, D., Shivji, M., Cerutti-Pereyra, F., Ruck, C., Fisher, C. R. & Marsh, L. (2018) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents as natural egg-case incubators at the Galapagos Rift. Scientific Reports, 8 (1788), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 20046 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Salinas-de-León
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC370C6FA5ACF9D0D30" box="[900,952,1518,1542]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018: 1
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC37763FA5AC9330D30" author="Burton, E. J. & Lea, R. N." box="[1057,1302,1518,1542]" page="99" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2019">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC37763FA5AC9330D30" author="Burton, E. J. & Lea, R. N." box="[1057,1302,1518,1542]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1 - 119" refId="ref37539" refString="Burton, E. J. & Lea, R. N. (2019) Annotated checklist of fishes from Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary with notes on extralimital species. ZooKeys, 887, 1 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 887.38024" type="journal article" year="2019">Burton & Lea, 2019: 99</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(figure);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8110A3931CFFC3763BFA5ACD460D12" author="Orr, J. W. & Stevenson, D. E. & Hanke, G. & Spies, I. B. & Boutillier, J. A. & Hoff, G. R." page="39" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" year="2019">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B43931CFFC3763BFA5ACD460D12" author="Orr, J. W. & Stevenson, D. E. & Hanke, G. & Spies, I. B. & Boutillier, J. A. & Hoff, G. R." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="37 - 47" refId="ref42096" refString="Orr, J. W., Stevenson, D. E., Hanke, G., Spies, I. B., Boutillier, J. A. & Hoff, G. R. (2019) Range extensions and new records from Alaska and British Columbia for two skates, Bathyraja spinosissima and Bathyraja microtrachys. Northwestern Naturalist, 100 (1), 37 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1898 / NWN 18 - 21" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Orr
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37385F9B9CCDF0D12" box="[199,250,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019: 39
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6539931CFFC373D5F9E6CE580C72" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFC373D5F9E6CE580C72" blockId="39.[151,1437,1618,2041]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC373D5F9E6CD370D5A" bold="true" box="[151,274,1618,1644]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Large skates (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B57931CFFC372F0F9E7CE000D5B" box="[434,549,1619,1645]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.003" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="mm" value="2003.0">2,003 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL), disc length and width large (44.1–56.9 and 50.6–67.3% TL, respectively), pectorals possess rounded apices, head moderately long (14.0–20.5 % TL), interspiracular length large (9.1–12.2% TL), mouth width large (6.1–13.0% TL); mature claspers have not been described; teeth in 31–33 and 24–31 rows on upper and lower jaw, respectively; total vertebrae 137; dorsal and ventral surfaces covered with prickles; thorns generally absent on dorsal surface, tail thorns present (22–28), interdorsal thorns weakly developed or absent (0–1), middorsal, nuchal, and scapular thorns absent; dorsal coloration pale white to grey; outer edges of pectorals darker in coloration; ventral coloration pale white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A6539931CFFCD7385F8FACE4C0AE7" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B2931CFFCC7385F8FACED40A9B" blockId="39.[151,1437,1618,2041]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1437,151,969]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA0931CFFC37385F8FACD7C0C5E" bold="true" box="[199,345,1870,1896]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
A very large sized skate with a rhomboidal disc, 1.2–1.3 times as broad as long; the disc length large 44.1–56.9% TL; disc width large 50.6–67.3% TL; straight to moderately convex beside and forward of eyes; apex broadly rounded; posterior margin slightly convex; free rear tip broadly rounded. Head length moderate 14.0– 20.5 % TL; preorbital snout length 6.1–12.8% TL; preoral length 9.1–12.3% TL. Snout tip pointed, possessing no fleshy process at apex. Eye length moderate 2.3–5.0% TL; interorbital width large 4.9–9.5% TL. Spiracles relatively small 1.2–2.3% TL, oval shaped; interspiracular length large 9.1–12.2% TL. Mouth width very large 6.1–13.0%. Nasal curtain length and width both moderate, 2.4–3.5% TL and 6.1–11.8% TL, respectively, its posterior margin fringed at the corners; anterior margin of curtain lobe-like. Internarial distance long 7.3–11.3% TL; first gill slit length 1.2–2.0% TL; fifth gill slit length 0.6–2.0% TL; distance between gill slits large, distance between first gill slits 15.9–24.0% TL, and distance between fifth gill slits 11.0–15.4% TL. Upper jaw moderately well arched, possessing a symphysis; lower jaw convex. Teeth similar in both jaws; teeth unicuspid, with a strong, bluntly pointed posteriorly directed cusp; arranged in longitudinal rows; teeth relatively high in number and similar in number, upper teeth (31–33) and lower teeth (24–31).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29313FFCC7385FE03CF6309FB" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Pelvic fins moderate; anterior lobe relatively short 4.3–7.9% TL, posterior lobe 9.0–12.2% TL, and similar between sexes and maturities, inner margin incised. Tail relatively moderately sized 47.3–66.5% TL, stout, wider at base, tapering to the first dorsal fin origin, not expanded in the middle. Dorsal fins small in size, second dorsal fin taller than first dorsal fin, 1.1–1.8% TL and 0.9–1.8% TL, respectively; dorsal fin lengths similar, 2.4–4.3% TL and 2.7–3.0% TL, for the first and second dorsal fins, respectively; anterior margins of both fins concave, apices rounded; free rear tip rounded; interdorsal space short 0.4-0.6% TL; rear tip of first dorsal fin not overlapping base of second dorsal fin. Caudal fin relatively long, base length 4.4–5.5% TL; its dorsal margin weakly concave; connected to second dorsal fin by a small membranous ridge.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29313FFCC7385FD63CF7408B7" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Dorsal surface covered with prickles and some thorns; ventral surface covered in small prickles. Tail thorns present (22–28) and moderate in size; interdorsal thorns weakly developed and occasionally absent (0–1); middorsal, nuchal, and scapular thorns absent. Thorns in a single, non-continuous row; no multiple rows of thorns on body. As no mature males were included in this study, number of alar or malar thorn counts is unknown. Based on congener species, malar thorns are unlikely to be present in this species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29313FFCC7385FC3FCD0508FF" blockId="40.[151,1437,151,969]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Mature males were not available during the course of this study, so clasper descriptions are currently unavailable.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5F663A9313FFCC73D5F83FC9050C95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601338" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601338" box="[151,1312,1931,1956]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601338/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1931,1955]" targetBox="[523,1038,1022,1882]" targetPageId="40">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29313FFCC73D5F83FC9050C95" blockId="40.[151,1312,1931,1956]" box="[151,1312,1931,1956]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09313FFCC73D5F83FCD050C95" bold="true" box="[151,288,1931,1955]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319313FFCC7264F838CE360C95" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[294,531,1932,1956]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09313FFCC7264F838CE360C95" box="[294,531,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dorsal view, fresh. Photo by Dan Kamikawa (NOAA). Scale bar = 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385FF23CE030BCF" blockId="41.[151,1437,150,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
Dermal denticles possess 4–5 base points and are well-developed on the posterior third of the dorsal surface; denticles on the first dorsal fin thick, straight, posteriorly-oriented; denticles on head stouter than dorsal fin; found in high density patches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B2A379312FFCD72E5FF6BCE3C0BCF" box="[423,537,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1071,1095]" captionTargetBox="[512,1065,189,1030]" captionTargetId="figure-17@43.[500,1087,181,1047]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 34. Scanning electron microscope images of the dermal denticles of Bathyraja spinosissima from A. the first dorsal fin and B. the head region, behind the eyes. Photos by Justin Cordova (MLML)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601346/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Figure 34</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385FEB6CE6A0A53" blockId="41.[151,1437,150,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385FEB6CD6A0A2A" bold="true" box="[199,335,258,284]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal coloration pale white to light grey; outer edges of pectorals slightly darker in coloration. Ventral coloration pale white. Thorns on dorsal surface pale. Coloration after preservation is a uniform light brown on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385FEDBCE4C0AE7" blockId="41.[151,1437,150,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385FEDBCD900ABE" bold="true" box="[199,437,366,393]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Egg case description</emphasis>
|
||
. Egg cases large compared to its congeners (
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD70D1FEDBCFC50ABF" box="[915,992,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="92.0">92 mm</quantity>
|
||
TL), plum brown in color, longitudinally weakly striated. Both surfaces of the case are plush-like to the touch. Horns present, posterior horns curve inwards, and narrow at tips (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD722DFE03CE7B0AE7" author="Ebert, D. A. & Davis, C. D." box="[367,606,439,465]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref38873" refString="Ebert, D. A. & Davis, C. D. (2007) Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific. Zootaxa, 1393 (2007), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1393.1.1" type="journal article" year="2007">Ebert & Davis, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A65399312FFCD7385FE6EC9420DE0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385FE6ECF2C090B" blockId="41.[151,1437,150,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385FE6ECD440AC2" bold="true" box="[199,353,474,500]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD7224FE6FCE4E0AC2" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[358,619,475,501]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7224FE6FCE4E0AC2" box="[358,619,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a wide spread species and has been confirmed as occurring in the North Pacific, specifically from the Bering Sea, south to the Galapagos Islands and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33776229312FFCD7748FE4BC8A3092F" box="[1034,1158,511,537]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD77D4FE4BC93A092F" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[1174,1311,511,537]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD766EFE4BCCF1090B" author="Orr, J. W. & Stevenson, D. E. & Hanke, G. & Spies, I. B. & Boutillier, J. A. & Hoff, G. R." pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="37 - 47" refId="ref42096" refString="Orr, J. W., Stevenson, D. E., Hanke, G., Spies, I. B., Boutillier, J. A. & Hoff, G. R. (2019) Range extensions and new records from Alaska and British Columbia for two skates, Bathyraja spinosissima and Bathyraja microtrachys. Northwestern Naturalist, 100 (1), 37 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1898 / NWN 18 - 21" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Orr
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD761EFE4BC9B3092F" box="[1372,1430,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It occurs at depths of
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD729AFD97CE49090B" box="[472,620,547,573]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.869" metricValueMax="2.938" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="1869.0" valueMax="2938.0" valueMin="800.0">800–2,938 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD7139FD97CED8090B" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[635,765,547,573]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5F663A9312FFCD73D5FA52C90D0EC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601340" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601340" box="[151,1320,1510,1534]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601340/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,250,1510,1534]" targetBox="[545,1053,615,1471]" targetPageId="41">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD73D5FA52C90D0EC8" blockId="41.[151,1320,1510,1534]" box="[151,1320,1510,1534]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD73D5FA52CD050EC8" bold="true" box="[151,288,1510,1534]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD7264FA52CE360EC8" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[294,531,1510,1534]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7264FA52CE360EC8" box="[294,531,1510,1534]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ventral view, fresh. Photo by Dan Kamikawa (NOAA). Scale bar = 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385F998CF440DB8" blockId="41.[151,1437,1580,2003]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385F998CDA30D70" bold="true" box="[199,390,1580,1606]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Biological notes</emphasis>
|
||
. Size at maturity is unknown for males; female specimens in this study were found to be mature at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD724BF9E4CD6A0D5D" box="[265,335,1616,1643]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="98.0">98 cm</quantity>
|
||
TL. Size at birth is
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD7171F9E4CE5C0D5D" box="[563,633,1616,1643]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="cm" value="25.0">25 cm</quantity>
|
||
TL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD71F3F9E4CF1E0D5C" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[689,827,1616,1642]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Maximum size is at least
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD7732F9E4C8B90D5D" box="[1136,1180,1616,1643]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
TL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD7796F9E4C97B0D5C" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[1236,1374,1616,1642]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species is a predator of deep-water benthic fishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD718EF9C0CF700DB8" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[716,853,1652,1678]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385F92CC9420DE0" blockId="41.[151,1437,1580,2003]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385F92CCD060D84" bold="true" box="[199,291,1688,1714]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. Inhabits deep waters to almost
|
||
<quantity id="4CD89B579312FFCD71C9F92CCECC0D85" box="[651,745,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="m" value="3000.0">3,000 m</quantity>
|
||
, making it one of the deepest dwelling skates encompassed in this study (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD7250F908CDBF0DE0" author="Ebert, D. A." box="[274,410,1724,1750]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refId="ref38720" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, rays, and chimaeras of California. No. 71. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Reported to prefer cold temperatures compared to its congeners (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439312FFCD77C6F908C97E0DE0" author="Kuhnz, L. A. & Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A." box="[1156,1371,1724,1751]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref41058" refString="Kuhnz, L. A., Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A. (2019) In situ observations of deep-living skates in the eastern North Pacific. Deep- Sea Research Part I, 152, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2019.103104" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kuhnz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD779AF909C9350DE0" box="[1240,1296,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A65399312FFCF7385F954C8280E16" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385F954CE810C28" blockId="41.[151,1437,1580,2003]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385F954CD6B0DCC" bold="true" box="[199,334,1760,1786]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species name comes from the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD707AF955CFBD0DCC" box="[824,920,1761,1786]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">spinosus</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning thorny. It was named thus for the prickles on both the ventral and dorsal surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29312FFCD7385F89CCF840CE5" blockId="41.[151,1437,1580,2003]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7385F89CCD430C74" bold="true" box="[199,358,1832,1858]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD7236F89CCE5E0C74" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[372,635,1832,1858]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7236F89CCE5E0C74" box="[372,635,1832,1858]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most easily identifiable softnose skate in the ENP, mostly due to its large size and coloration. Interspiracular length, mouth width, and internarial distance are significantly larger than all of its congeners (F
|
||
<subScript id="17A434F79312FFCD7280F837CDC20CA7" attach="left" box="[450,487,1923,1937]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">6,104</subScript>
|
||
= 4.7, p = 0.0003, F
|
||
<subScript id="17A434F79312FFCD7189F837CED50CA7" attach="left" box="[715,752,1923,1937]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">6,104</subScript>
|
||
= 9.7, p <0.0001 and F
|
||
<subScript id="17A434F79312FFCD70BFF837C8070CA7" attach="left" box="[1021,1058,1923,1937]" fontSize="6" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">6,104</subScript>
|
||
= 21.9, p <0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, smaller-bodied skates in the region (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD71B8F821CFAE0C98" box="[762,907,1941,1966]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="interrupta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD71B8F821CFAE0C98" box="[762,907,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. interrupta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD70DAF821C83D0C98" box="[920,1048,1940,1966]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kincaidii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD70DAF821C83D0C98" box="[920,1048,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. kincaidii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD7767F821C8F20C98" box="[1061,1239,1940,1966]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtrachys">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7767F821C8F20C98" box="[1061,1239,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. microtrachys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD7650F821C9B60C98" baseAuthorityName="Gilbert" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[1298,1427,1940,1966]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trachura">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD7650F821C9B60C98" box="[1298,1427,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. trachura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) lack the pale dorsal surface coloration that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319312FFCD713AF80DCF020CE4" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[632,807,1977,2002]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09312FFCD713AF80DCF020CE4" box="[632,807,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B. spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5F663A9311FFCE73D5FCD4CD8708AD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601342" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601342" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601342/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,250,864,888]" targetBox="[421,1169,217,816]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29311FFCE73D5FCD4CD8708AD" blockId="42.[151,1437,864,924]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09311FFCE73D5FCD4CD3A084E" bold="true" box="[151,287,864,888]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319311FFCE7267FCD4CE37084E" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[293,530,864,888]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09311FFCE7267FCD4CE37084E" box="[293,530,864,888]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, CAS 25617, 164 mm TL, prenatal male, dorsal view, preserved. Photo by D.A. Ebert. Scale bar = 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5F663A9311FFCE73D5F8BCCDD60C72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601344/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" startId="42.[151,250,1800,1824]" targetBox="[479,1109,984,1776]" targetPageId="42">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29311FFCE73D5F8BCCDD60C72" blockId="42.[151,1437,1800,1860]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09311FFCE73D5F8BCCD000C16" bold="true" box="[151,293,1800,1824]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">FIGURE 33.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view X-radiograph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319311FFCE7134F8BCCF4C0C16" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[630,873,1800,1824]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09311FFCE7134F8BCCF4C0C16" box="[630,873,1800,1824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, CAS 25617, 164 mm TL, prenatal male. X-radiograph by Jon Fong (CAS).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5F663A9310FFCF73D5FB9BCFE60F5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6601346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6601346/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,250,1071,1095]" targetBox="[512,1065,189,1030]" targetPageId="43">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29310FFCF73D5FB9BCFE60F5D" blockId="43.[151,1436,1071,1132]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF73D5FB9BCD040F71" bold="true" box="[151,289,1071,1095]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron microscope images of the dermal denticles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF70FFFB9BC88E0F71" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[957,1195,1071,1095]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF70FFFB9BC88E0F71" box="[957,1195,1071,1095]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Bathyraja spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from A. the first dorsal fin and B. the head region, behind the eyes. Photos by Justin Cordova (MLML).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29310FFCF7385FB2DC8280E16" blockId="43.[151,1437,1177,1564]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
The two other large skates in the same geographic range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF7032FB2DC8440F85" box="[880,1121,1177,1203]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF7032FB2DC8440F85" box="[880,1121,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Bathyraja abyssicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF77DDFB2EC9390F85" box="[1183,1308,1177,1203]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aleutica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF77DDFB2EC9390F85" box="[1183,1308,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. aleutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are easily differentiated by the dark brown dorsal coloration that the two species display and by the fact that both species possess middorsal and nuchal thorns, which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF71D2FB56CF1A0FCD" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[656,831,1250,1275]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF71D2FB56CF1A0FCD" box="[656,831,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF7769FB56C8FE0FCD" baseAuthorityName="Beebe & Tee-Van" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1067,1243,1250,1275]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF7769FB56C8FE0FCD" box="[1067,1243,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. spinosissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has significantly longer internarial and interspiracular widths than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF7183FAB2CF730E29" box="[705,854,1285,1311]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abyssicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF7183FAB2CF730E29" box="[705,854,1285,1311]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. abyssicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C204D319310FFCF70CFFAB2C8230E29" box="[909,1030,1285,1311]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Arhynchobatidae" genus="Bathyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aleutica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF70CFFAB2C8230E29" box="[909,1030,1285,1311]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">B. aleutica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33A65399310FFCF7385FA9ECE4E0D2A" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F36B29310FFCF7385FA9ECE4E0D2A" blockId="43.[151,1437,1177,1564]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF7385FA9ECD110E72" bold="true" box="[199,308,1322,1348]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The species appears to prefer rockier habitat than its congeners, as it has been documented over rocky substrate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439310FFCF7210FAF9CE0E0E5E" author="Kuhnz, L. A. & Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A." box="[338,555,1357,1384]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref41058" refString="Kuhnz, L. A., Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A. (2019) In situ observations of deep-living skates in the eastern North Pacific. Deep- Sea Research Part I, 152, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2019.103104" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kuhnz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF72E4FAFACDC50E51" box="[422,480,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The preference for rocky substrate may account for why no fresh specimens were captured for this study. The study utilized bottom trawl, which does not work on highly rugose surfaces. Observations from remotely operated vehicles show that this species prefers to swim at slow speeds several meters above the seafloor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439310FFCF723EFA0DCE7E0EE2" author="Kuhnz, L. A. & Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A." box="[380,603,1465,1492]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref41058" refString="Kuhnz, L. A., Bizzarro, J. J. & Ebert, D. A. (2019) In situ observations of deep-living skates in the eastern North Pacific. Deep- Sea Research Part I, 152, 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2019.103104" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Kuhnz
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF7290FA0ECE280EE5" box="[466,525,1465,1491]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species has been witnessed to use deepsea vents for incubating it egg cases, making it the first reported example of a chondrichthyan using volcanic activity for the purposes of incubation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB14B439310FFCF725EF9B5CE7A0D2A" author="Salinas-de-Leon, P. & Phillips, B. & Ebert, D. & Shivji, M. & Cerutti-Pereyra, F. & Ruck, C. & Fisher, C. R. & Marsh, L." box="[284,607,1537,1564]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref43018" refString="Salinas-de-Leon, P., Phillips, B. Ebert, D., Shivji, M., Cerutti-Pereyra, F., Ruck, C., Fisher, C. R. & Marsh, L. (2018) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents as natural egg-case incubators at the Galapagos Rift. Scientific Reports, 8 (1788), 1 - 7. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 20046 - 4" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Salinas-de-León
|
||
<emphasis id="B954EAA09310FFCF729EF9B6CE310D2D" box="[476,532,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |