202 lines
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202 lines
25 KiB
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<document id="22EE52A2CCA858C5674A4D905007DECA" ID-CLB-Dataset="26250" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.34686" ID-GBIF-Dataset="afdd84b2-a5c5-471f-bf87-0747b9f75a39" ID-PMC="PMC6629708" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-861-91" ID-PubMed="31333327" ID-ZooBank="802AE175A8104FFCB3FDE289D0CC4191" ModsDocID="1313-2970-861-91" checkinTime="1565091111200" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Brockmann, Ernst & Grishin, Nick V." docDate="2019" docId="B0EC79CA4EDB591A89B311E5A0A66003" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 861: 91-105" docOrigin="ZooKeys 861" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.34686" docTitle="Katreinae Grishin, subfam. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="EFD73E63-A0FE-4AB3-B6F2-318977EF7F83" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="FFFBBB3BFF8CFFA9FFA6FFE1E112FFC6" masterDocTitle="Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="94" updateTime="1732838236584" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0E6DF06275E031B13AE0450BE95D6A7A">
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<mods:title id="D941E5855D35F4EE848E70D4E2565412">Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="810B3516C067881387AB89A2842F8BD1">Zhang, Jing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CB3E996CC14CB64EF3652214E165CDAD">Cong, Qian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5C7B70DAF0B6260F6D182CB07972A5C">Shen, Jinhui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EFBFE43CF9671D0CB2A7E2D308D14696">Brockmann, Ernst</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E9BFB3E363E49718F98D49197312B17">Grishin, Nick V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="76DC4A1DB9108DBBDF8135859E8E21DF">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="446219A810117664259A6FAB19839996">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="834F4F6440D50BEA111FA092AA60526C">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="16C6F8F08F91A87288F51357F3CF9BDA" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A6DBCCA79D7E6CC8343EB7F4B8EA66BD">861</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0B2F30CD5FFC995AA640B3356C59E9CA">91</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="DFA29B4B759B3A953F9F63776CB2307D">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.34686</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="012CB76D75C0CDC05D28AD51C28EDBFC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D640383B512FCADD5189D834E372242B" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.34686</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5DF857D0366244DFC8A010AEDFE90D55" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-861-91</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="769D4196977F1946C1C197317CB9995D" type="ZooBank">802AE175A8104FFCB3FDE289D0CC4191</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="B0EC79CA4EDB591A89B311E5A0A66003" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159016167" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EFD73E63-A0FE-4AB3-B6F2-318977EF7F83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B0EC79CA4EDB591A89B311E5A0A66003" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" scope_family="Hesperiidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera">
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<subSubSection id="B00F343126E5B8D50A02BEF47926B909" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="29A961188CC4BE49C2D5EF40BE0B96BB" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<taxonomicName id="D6F71BF7C398BBE1CD9EF74DE6222DF1" LSID="b0ec79ca-4edb-591a-89b3-11e5a0a66003" authority="Grishin" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Katreinae">Katreinae Grishin</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A8883C3422E5929B558220E9E907E7D9" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">subfam. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5F57153B8538AD810C8D4028766191F8" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" type="type genus">
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<paragraph id="52BAA5535E688CAF43339D53EEFB4D88" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Type genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3937B158255DD02EA321247884C570E2" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">
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<taxonomicName id="42DFA5A5EE47F2D3A8786778CE6AE97E" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Katreus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Katreus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="2E56AD4991495C6A9403E27B675AF90D" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="94">Katreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Watson, 1893.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F9CBFB135C1B44F2BF27AF6D0768037F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1F84D993C3644EF4BE1750B5C24F3DB7" pageId="4" pageNumber="95">
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<pageBreakToken id="14595CEE860FD5824FF00CB2C838DD11" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E7F15CD1A8B478CF228BA8E3AA165363" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="4" pageNumber="95">
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In appearance, most similar to
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<taxonomicName id="A8862F5E3ED47F4BFE074B2CE0695954" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Celaenorrhinus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="224B022B050F7F63F87EFB4CE69DF38E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="95">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="04705D093FD89927F1F3A03B57C0ABC4" originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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, [1819] and its relatives (
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<bibRefCitation id="7CBD4F5BC560BDAAABF42E32F74ACD26" author="Evans, WH" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="11" pageNumber="102" refId="B8" refString="Evans, WH, 1937. A Catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. . British Museum (Natural History), London" title="A Catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum." year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
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), and was placed in
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<taxonomicName id="B85A1BF1A54277CBE7C6774A09D6A3BA" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" rank="tribe" tribe="Celaenorrhinini">Celaenorrhinini</taxonomicName>
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Swinhoe, 1912 by
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<bibRefCitation id="017DDAA53A8B959CD546D3236A7D303D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00218.x" author="Warren, AD" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" pagination="642 - 676" refId="B26" refString="Warren, AD, Ogawa, JR, Brower, AVZ, 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). . Cladistics 24: 642 - 676" title="Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00218.x" volume="24" year="2008">Warren et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="9427EFC00AAA50050901C3DF136CFF77" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00463.x" author="Warren, AD" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" pagination="467 - 523" refId="B27" refString="Warren, AD, Ogawa, JR, Brower, AVZ, 2009. Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. . Systematic Entomology 34: 467 - 523" title="Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00463.x" volume="34" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
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) but differs by longer apiculus of antennae and hindwing produced at vein 1A+2A. Morphologically, distinguished from all
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<taxonomicName id="60143AB62954AB38449D3760C124B7BA" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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by the
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<pageBreakToken id="E56DAC46A1946CB6947084DE362838D6" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" start="start">combination</pageBreakToken>
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of the following characters. Abdomen short, shorter than inner margin of hindwing. Antennal club arcuate, bent in the middle, apiculus long, pointed. Second segment of palpi protrudes partly forward and partly upward (at an angle between the axis of the body and the axis perpendicular to it, =sub-erect). Males with hair pencil on hind tibiae, without stigmas or brands on wings. Forewing discal cell long, about 2/3 of the costa; vein M2 originates about midway between or closer to M1 than to M3 and vein CuA2 originates closer to the base of wing than to the end of discal cell. Hindwing produced at vein 1A+2A, vein 3A much shorter than vein CuA2. Male genitalia with a well-developed gnathos, which is not smaller than uncus, uncus bulging dorsad in lateral view, with small or tiny arms distant from each other, tegumen robust, extends caudad for the length of uncus, harpe longer than sacculus. See
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<bibRefCitation id="41CB07CC8C3293DCEC79187655929371" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" refId="B17">Larsen (2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 469-471) for illustrations of all representative species in this subfamily. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs in the nuclear genome is diagnostic: aly528.10.2:G940C, aly925.27.5:A3610T, aly84.77.5:T1651G, aly595.14.2:G184C, aly2284.22.2:G967C, and in COI barcode region: C235T, A335T, C347T, and T349A.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C49880DA9C419BFADDF9690D17B9A93" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" type="genera included">
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<paragraph id="5CC2F7E3D30AFC75238989C355BC7D9D" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Genera included.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4859EFAE547FD107B23F1A0C02803BFB" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">
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<taxonomicName id="CEC13F076F2784B6B1E61925C0F244D6" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Katreus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Katreus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="722E563D36A158E04090E53AACE3482C" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Katreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with its invalid synonym
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<taxonomicName id="DAFA98FD83ED48B5DF2B00649CDAE8FB" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choristoneura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="079C8E8629850FE2EBE5B474C6C4375A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Mabille, 1889 (junior homonym of
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<taxonomicName id="77E6C35BE55F0D3C32716A8565B5D78D" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choristoneura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="005C2512D7B0B4DCE052FB2CCCBCF0D6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lederer 1859 in
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<taxonomicName id="39E60B31B525512862A87593A4C5FB15" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="457E93D5DF7C21F05311C99699D9DE5C" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
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) and subjective synonyms
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<taxonomicName id="8228F1757E4AF54F2E92DD219BBB60A5" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Loxolexis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loxolexis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="93311A475DB2ABE7A3CF9AAB993A3430" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Loxolexis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Karsch, 1895 and
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<taxonomicName id="647AFB4B6393321E7914FE26C57FDB71" genus="Daratus" lsidName="Daratus" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FEEF516D11218A192562B86885792FEC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Daratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Lindsey, 1925 (replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="F1BC272F5BF8DF755B462DA10DFB11C3" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choristoneura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="6125B38A636532C0555ED81F2C12B647" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<figureCitation id="D938CF65822D0DEA0DB1514237AE5A14" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Sequenced specimens from the new Hesperiidae subfamilies. DNA sample numbers are given for each specimen, additional data are in the Suppl. material 1: Table S 1 a Ortholexis holocausta syntype, NVG- 18053 C 02 b Ortholexis hollandi, NVG- 18082 A 08 c Ortholexis melichroptera, holotype of Acallopistes dimidia Holland, 1896; NVG- 18053 C 05 d Ortholexis melichroptera, holotype, NVG- 18053 A 06 e Katreus johnstonii, NVG- 18053 B 05 f Chamunda chamunda, NVG- 18086 E 02 g Barca bicolor, NVG- 17069 C 10 h Apostictopterus fuliginosus, NVG- 17069 C 12." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.861.34686.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/315261" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Fig. 1e</figureCitation>
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); and
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<taxonomicName id="CB418172178A07E8D912D1B56E16BA99" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ortholexis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ortholexis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1FF0D1FBBFF47946883F090F043B8D0E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Ortholexis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Karsch, 1895 with its subjective synonym
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<taxonomicName id="9E03DF0008CFE878481BAA6FFE3E6248" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Acallopistes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acallopistes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="548C7566D704B0CE882C441F07F339E5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Acallopistes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Holland, 1896 (
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<figureCitation id="CBA27C86EE74B1D08FC6658917D694F9" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Sequenced specimens from the new Hesperiidae subfamilies. DNA sample numbers are given for each specimen, additional data are in the Suppl. material 1: Table S 1 a Ortholexis holocausta syntype, NVG- 18053 C 02 b Ortholexis hollandi, NVG- 18082 A 08 c Ortholexis melichroptera, holotype of Acallopistes dimidia Holland, 1896; NVG- 18053 C 05 d Ortholexis melichroptera, holotype, NVG- 18053 A 06 e Katreus johnstonii, NVG- 18053 B 05 f Chamunda chamunda, NVG- 18086 E 02 g Barca bicolor, NVG- 17069 C 10 h Apostictopterus fuliginosus, NVG- 17069 C 12." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.861.34686.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/315261" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Fig. 1a-d</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5B4F57829560FAC8BD1F93AB09FCF7D2" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" type="comments">
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<paragraph id="2154C1A6D2C9E7644A78FDE0A3291F58" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="14954BA5A7B7F243FAB65051E9CF492E" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">
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Taxonomy of these skippers has been confusing until it was resolved by
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<bibRefCitation id="08BC47BD7AFEB5298F20583653DDF22F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1" author="Cock, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="10" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 67" refId="B3" refString="Cock, MJ, Congdon, TC, 2011. Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini. . Zootaxa 3033: 1 - 67" title="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1" volume="3033" year="2011">Cock and Congdon (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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. For the most part, they were all placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="C8F149985EEFC77F5279096B1D4F684F" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Katreus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Katreus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="5C54249AE45CD10A35CCFB5D6D7AC223" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Katreus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, until Larsen emphasized the differences in genitalia of those species placed in
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<taxonomicName id="7322058B907B512DE4771C86DF399682" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ortholexis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ortholexis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="440A2116681BAB2C1A242FCF583CA1AC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Ortholexis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from true
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<taxonomicName id="254CC4562CB4EFB21A96633E3DF95657" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Katreus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Katreus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0DB3033A9730080C76BE54C5503C80E6" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Katreus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
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<bibRefCitation id="402AB0B5B89DFA84758F047AAA5AF913" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" refId="B17">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Indeed, the two genera are quite distinct in our genomic analysis. A recent study based on several genes placed this group (only
|
|
<taxonomicName id="735CF193BAFE1E8109BF11690021BA48" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ortholexis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ortholexis holocausta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="holocausta">
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<emphasis id="11B30D1CCF2BD10EE2C6E4B7F35ED1F9" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Ortholexis holocausta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Mabille, 1891) was included in that study) as a sister of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9FC5B266F426AB6BD880131A221B4EC0" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" rank="tribe" tribe="Pyrrhopygini">Pyrrhopygini</taxonomicName>
|
|
Mabille, 1877 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="3BE6261C5F4FB6465F6876A315F75057" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x" author="Sahoo, RK" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" refId="B21" refString="Sahoo, RK, Warren, AD, Collins, SC, Kodandaramaiah, U, 2017. . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x" url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1016-x" year="2017">Sahoo et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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|
), probably due to an insufficient number of genes included. In their study,
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<taxonomicName id="0EDDC6C90B130FBB917CA14A2F475CE2" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Euschemon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euschemon" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="FB4EA3BFB4551A7794573987629BB80B" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Euschemon</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Doubleday, 1846 grouped with
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|
<taxonomicName id="175B542A1E2F963AE191EB78566E9B9D" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Eudaminae">Eudaminae</taxonomicName>
|
|
instead of being sister to all other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="725862648D6BA9CA52341ADE914BAF81" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
with exclusion of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E41B9FDDF2BEBCFB5CE3D086DC9BB474" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Coeliadinae">Coeliadinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
Evans, 1937 (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0A366C079D7146D8A25567E55E60BD7C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00463.x" author="Warren, AD" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" pagination="467 - 523" refId="B27" refString="Warren, AD, Ogawa, JR, Brower, AVZ, 2009. Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. . Systematic Entomology 34: 467 - 523" title="Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00463.x" volume="34" year="2009">Warren et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="1ECEE8D0274D54B10791E47A841ECB04" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1292478" author="Zhang, J" journalOrPublisher="Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" pagination="136 - 138" refId="B29" refString="Zhang, J, Cong, Q, Shen, J, Fan, XL, Wang, M, Grishin, NV, 2017. The complete mitogenome of Euschemon rafflesia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). . Mitochondrial DNA Part B: Resources 2: 136 - 138" title="The complete mitogenome of Euschemon rafflesia (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2017.1292478" volume="2" year="2017">Zhang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="B6913F365B3E95DAE3B8C6EE713A53F1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1216-z" author="Toussaint, EFA" journalOrPublisher="Current Genomics" pageId="12" pageNumber="103" refId="B25" refString="Toussaint, EFA, Breinholt, JW, Earl, C, Warren, AD, Brower, AVZ, Yago, M, Dexter, KM, Espeland, M, Pierce, NE, Lohman, DJ, Kawahara, AY, 2018. . https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1216-z" url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1216-z" year="2018">Toussaint et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
); such problems are expected from smaller datasets. We find (
|
|
<figureCitation id="2F7E57071956F1CC5253D1BD50CD849F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic trees. The trees are constructed from protein-coding regions of a nuclear genome b Z-chromosome, and c mitochondrial genome. The trees are rooted with Pterourus glaucus (NVG- 1670). Specimen names are not shown in the Z-chromosome tree and can be deduced from the nuclear tree by corresponding dotted lines. Details about specimens are in Suppl. material 1: Table S 1. Sections of the tree corresponding to different subfamilies are highlighted in different colors. Names of new subfamilies and specimens in them are highlighted yellow. Names of other subfamilies are shown by their clades in the nuclear tree." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.861.34686.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/315262" pageId="5" pageNumber="96">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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|
) that the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F36063727A7403DAC4F79F2508D277AF" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Katreinae">Katreinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
subfam. n. is an ancient and unique Afrotropical lineage that diverged from other
|
|
<taxonomicName id="30307E45851A0AFFD7F89FACEF36A046" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
at the time when the family was diversifying into subfamilies.
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</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |