279 lines
32 KiB
XML
279 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="4BA858F0955CA09125EA94F60243F766" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4750.4.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3961237c-615d-4bc3-8306-6107282629bd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3708798" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1584084484415" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="England, Sam J., Flynn, Dawn J. & Robert, Daniel" docDate="2020" docId="E23CB206FF85FFEB9A98FA47FC07FE19" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4750.4.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4750 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cladonota (Falculifera) rex" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="598" masterDocId="1E05CA7EFF85FFE99A0FFFEFFFC5FFEF" masterDocTitle="A new species of treehopper in the genus Cladonota Stål (Hemiptera: Membracidae Membracinae: Hypsoprorini) from Costa Rica, with preliminary observations of its behaviour and natural history" masterLastPageNumber="598" masterPageNumber="596" pageNumber="596" updateTime="1698727490043" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="E2C80A7DDBF2A1F8CA6CD235973EBF4B">A new species of treehopper in the genus Cladonota Stål (Hemiptera: Membracidae Membracinae: Hypsoprorini) from Costa Rica, with preliminary observations of its behaviour and natural history</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4271CEEB1BC89A68767BBEC2B99CD72D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F9724121A22E7861FFD3CEA0342A12CC">England, Sam J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="9ABC11D32539C9ED01BB651328E73813">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="518839324EB2A5154C1E02CDD2E5C06C">Flynn, Dawn J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="82EBB4275B68D57802A3146B4F00EC6C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="5B5115DA4050A4BE2D53C77B80747B6A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BFE2F15A27EC36E5956DC6DA7AB43DF4">Robert, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="926C75FD35EB07633B6A2494949DFD2C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7D37DA3FA815279D57831A3699DE2B09">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="25C69B4EAD1F8854C9FB0B5CD9841ADF">
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<mods:date id="E1444CC99FB97AE045DD7A934C21A23C">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3407FF1D56295A736655745D344984BA">2020-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9503DDEE49CCBEFE0B5D19A01CEBAFDD">4750</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="EF8C718550A50023DD3496E1C11751C2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F4066BC82A2A853AE80D5B663B81778B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4750.4.11</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E23CB206FF85FFEB9A98FA47FC07FE19" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3717950" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162486182" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3717950" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E23CB206FF85FFEB9A98FA47FC07FE19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E23CB206FF85FFEB9A98FA47FC07FE19" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="598" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<subSubSection id="228F509BFF85FFE99A98FA47FC63FA09" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99A98FA47FD78FA2C" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" box="[151,701,1448,1475]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<heading id="3162B47CFF85FFE99A98FA47FD78FA2C" bold="true" box="[151,701,1448,1475]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99A98FA47FD78FA2C" bold="true" box="[151,701,1448,1475]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF85FFE99A98FA47FE22FA2C" box="[151,487,1448,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex" subGenus="Falculifera">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99A98FA47FE22FA2C" bold="true" box="[151,487,1448,1475]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Cladonota (Falculifera) rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<collectingCountry id="12824380FF85FFE99BE1FA46FD9DFA2C" box="[494,600,1449,1475]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">England</collectingCountry>
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sp. nov.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99A98FA21FC63FA09" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" box="[151,934,1486,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<uri id="1E040F12FF85FFE99A98FA21FC63FA09" box="[151,934,1486,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="1E3339C5FF85FFE99B93FA21FC63FA09" box="[412,934,1486,1510]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">77DB2A2A-72F7-477D-B313-2C144ADB6511</uuid>
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</uri>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="228F509BFF85FFE99A98FA1FFC1AF99F" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99A98FA1FFC1AF99F" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99A98FA1FFEC9F9E7" bold="true" box="[151,268,1520,1544]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF85FFE99B1BFA1EFE68F9E7" box="[276,429,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99B1BFA1EFE68F9E7" box="[276,429,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Cladonota rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can most easily be distinguished from other members of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF85FFE99E80FA1EFAC5F9E6" baseAuthorityName="Flynn" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1167,1280,1521,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99E80FA1EFAC5F9E6" box="[1167,1280,1521,1545]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Cladonota</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the unique and distinctive yellow-green ‘saddle’ located between the posterior and anterior pronotal processes, in combination with the open C-shaped pronotum (lack of both an intermediate process and a projection on the posterior edge of the anterior process) exhibiting concave regions on both the posterior and anterior process.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="228F509BFF85FFEB9AC8F994FD5AFF39" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="598" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99AC8F994FC9AF97C" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" box="[199,863,1659,1683]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99AC8F994FE97F97C" bold="true" box="[199,338,1659,1683]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Description.</emphasis>
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Male: unknown.
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<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF85FFE99801F994FDB4F97C" box="[526,625,1659,1683]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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female (
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<figureCitation id="F2AE1F95FF85FFE998C1F994FC97F97C" box="[718,850,1659,1683]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1484,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Images of Cladonota rex England sp. nov. 1: Lateral view photograph of live specimen. 2: Anterior view photograph of live specimen. 3: Illustration of measurements given in description, A=11 mm, B=9 mm, C=6 mm. 4: Photograph showing potentially defensive wing-buzz by live specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3708800/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Figures 1–4</figureCitation>
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):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99AC8F971FDF8F914" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99AC8F971FECFF959" box="[199,266,1694,1718]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Head:</emphasis>
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trilobed (supra-antennal lobes and clypeus). Clypeus rounded and pilose at the tip. Ocelli located closer to their nearest compound eye than to each other and lie above the centro-ocular line. Metopidium angled slightly forward from the face, blending into anterior process.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF85FFE99AC8F8E9FE11F801" blockId="0.[151,1437,1448,2030]" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF85FFE99AC8F8E9FED8F8F1" box="[199,285,1798,1822]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="596">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Pronotum greatly expanded, with arching anterior and posterior processes that together form a C-shape. No intermediate process or projection on posterior edge of anterior process. Dorsal half of anterior process slightly sinuous in dorso-anterior view. Apex of anterior process split bilaterally into a Y-shape. Posterior process extends significantly further than the apex of the forewings at rest. Entirety of posterior process, and approximately the distal third of anterior process, have slightly concave sides. Vast majority of pronotum heavily punctate, with punctations becoming wider and shallower distally. Each punctation contains a single seta. Erect setae found along the ridges of both pronotal processes. Legs all with foliaceous tibia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF84FFE89AC8FF75FBCBFF39" blockId="1.[151,1437,154,574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89AC8FF75FE84FF5E" box="[199,321,154,177]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Forewings:</emphasis>
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Proximal regions of the forewings punctate and coriaceous. Punctations also each contain a single seta. Apical limbus broad and wrinkled. Veins predominantly hyaline but dark in places.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF84FFE89AC8FF0DFD6EFE3D" blockId="1.[151,1437,154,574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89AC8FF0DFEDEFF15" box="[199,283,226,250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Colour:</emphasis>
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Ocelli pale yellow with darker centres. Compound eyes yellow with darker striations. Pronotum predominantly dark brown to black, with a large ‘saddle’ region of yellow-green between the anterior and posterior processes, and small intermittent specks of green on the anterior process. Yellow-green streaks, with acute apices, immediately adjacent to the distal edge of compound eyes. Posterior process with small white patch at tip. Metopidium largely yellow-green with small dark patches. Legs, abdomen, and underside of thorax all yellow-green in colour. Forewings dark brown, except for translucent segments in entirety of the 2
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<superScript id="9DE0AE58FF84FFE898B7FE7CFD0DFE4D" attach="left" box="[696,712,403,418]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">nd</superScript>
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apical cell and a smaller region on 3
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<superScript id="9DE0AE58FF84FFE89E5CFE7CFBA5FE4D" attach="left" box="[1107,1120,403,418]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">rd</superScript>
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apical cell, as well as two on apical limbus, at posterior and dorsal most points.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF84FFE89AC8FE31FE96FDD2" blockId="1.[151,1437,154,574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89AC8FE31FE17FE1A" bold="true" box="[199,466,477,502]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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Measurements (
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<figureCitation id="F2AE1F95FF84FFE89B71FE32FE06FE1A" box="[382,451,477,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1484,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Images of Cladonota rex England sp. nov. 1: Lateral view photograph of live specimen. 2: Anterior view photograph of live specimen. 3: Illustration of measurements given in description, A=11 mm, B=9 mm, C=6 mm. 4: Photograph showing potentially defensive wing-buzz by live specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3708800/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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):
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</emphasis>
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face to posterior tip of forewings—
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<quantity id="AD6DAEF5FF84FFE89954FE31FC5FFE1A" box="[859,922,478,502]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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, dorsal edge of anterior process to ventral edge of abdomen beneath humeral angles—
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<quantity id="AD6DAEF5FF84FFE89836FDEDFDBCFDF6" box="[569,633,514,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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, anterior most edge of anterior process to posterior most edge of posterior process—
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<quantity id="AD6DAEF5FF84FFE89B09FDC9FE8AFDD2" box="[262,335,550,574]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="3EEA5398FF84FFE89A98FA23FD37F9C2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3708800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3708800/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" startId="1.[151,264,1484,1509]" targetBox="[151,1436,595,1458]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF84FFE89A98FA23FD37F9C2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1484,1581]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89A98FA23FEFFFA0A" bold="true" box="[151,314,1484,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
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Images of
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89BA3FA22FDF9FA0A" box="[428,572,1485,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89BA3FA22FDF9FA0A" box="[428,572,1485,1509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Cladonota rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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England
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89892FA22FD2BFA0A" bold="true" box="[669,750,1485,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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1: Lateral view photograph of live specimen. 2: Anterior view photograph of live specimen. 3: Illustration of measurements given in description, A=11 mm, B=9 mm, C=6 mm. 4: Photograph showing potentially defensive wing-buzz by live specimen.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF84FFEB9AC8F9B2FD5AFF39" blockId="1.[151,1437,1629,2014]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,154,502]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="598" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89AC8F9B2FDECF99A" bold="true" box="[199,553,1629,1653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Natural history and behaviour:</emphasis>
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Knowledge of the natural history and behaviour of
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89E44F9B1FB4FF99A" box="[1099,1162,1630,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89E44F9B1FB4FF99A" box="[1099,1162,1630,1653]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is clearly limited because only a single specimen has been found thus far. However, some preliminary observations were made. The
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<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF84FFE89F01F96EFAAEF976" box="[1294,1387,1665,1689]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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was found stationary on the underside of a leaf near the top of a
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89923F949FCA2F952" box="[812,871,1702,1725]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89923F949FCA2F952" box="[812,871,1702,1725]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Piper</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. plant approximately three metres tall. The plant itself was situated on the bank of a small river, about one metre from the water’s edge. It was not clear as to whether the
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89A98F901FF12F8EA" box="[151,215,1774,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89A98F901FF12F8EA" box="[151,215,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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individual was feeding on
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<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89BF5F901FDF0F8EA" box="[506,565,1774,1797]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89BF5F901FDF0F8EA" box="[506,565,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Piper</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., and therefore it cannot be confirmed as a true host plant; however, due to the amount of time the individual remained stationary, some association likely exists. There were no other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89ED0F8FDFADAF8C6" box="[1247,1311,1810,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89ED0F8FDFADAF8C6" box="[1247,1311,1810,1833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals found nearby, indicating that, like other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE8984DF8DAFD76F8A2" baseAuthorityName="Flynn" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[578,691,1845,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE8984DF8DAFD76F8A2" box="[578,691,1845,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Cladonota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF84FFE8991AF8DAFCBEF8A2" author="Lin, C. - P." box="[789,891,1845,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" pagination="1887 - 1907" refId="ref1894" refString="Lin, C. - P. (2006) Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers. Journal of Natural History, 40 (32 - 34), 1887 - 1907. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930601046618" type="journal article" year="2006">Lin 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF84FFE8998AF8DAFB82F8A2" author="Godoy, C. & Miranda, X. & Nishida, K." box="[901,1095,1845,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" refId="ref1851" refString="Godoy, C., Miranda, X. & Nishida, K. (2006) Membracidos de la America Tropical. Treehoppers of Tropical America. Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. INBIO, Santo Domingo de Heredia, 352 pp." type="book" year="2006">Godoy et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89E55F8D9FB5FF8A2" box="[1114,1178,1846,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89E55F8D9FB5FF8A2" box="[1114,1178,1846,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is solitary in adulthood. Planthopper nymphs (infraorder Fulgoromorpha) were located on the same leaf as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89E31F8B5FB45F89E" box="[1086,1152,1882,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89E31F8B5FB45F89E" box="[1086,1152,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individual but no obvious species interaction was evident. A single ant (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89873F891FD23F87A" box="[636,742,1918,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tapinoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89873F891FD23F87A" box="[636,742,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Tapinoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.) was observed approaching the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF84FFE89E6CF891FB66F87A" box="[1123,1187,1918,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="597" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF84FFE89E6CF891FB66F87A" box="[1123,1187,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">C. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individual and probing and tapping the treehopper’s face, near the antennae. This seemingly prompted the treehopper to lift the posterior process of the pronotum away from the abdomen and buzz its wings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F2AE1F95FF84FFE89923F82AFCABF832" box="[812,878,1989,2013]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–4" captionStartId="1.[151,264,1484,1509]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,595,1458]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURES 1–4. Images of Cladonota rex England sp. nov. 1: Lateral view photograph of live specimen. 2: Anterior view photograph of live specimen. 3: Illustration of measurements given in description, A=11 mm, B=9 mm, C=6 mm. 4: Photograph showing potentially defensive wing-buzz by live specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3708800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3708800/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="597">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ant immediately fled. Together these observa- tions indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF87FFEB9B50FF75FE65FF5D" box="[351,416,154,178]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9B50FF75FE65FF5D" box="[351,416,154,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">C. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and likely other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF87FFEB986FFF75FD14FF5D" baseAuthorityName="Flynn" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[608,721,154,178]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB986FFF75FD14FF5D" box="[608,721,154,178]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Cladonota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, use wing-buzzes as a deterrent to attention from ants and possibly other unwanted mutualists or predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="228F509BFF87FFEB9AC8FF0DFCB4FF15" box="[199,881,226,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF87FFEB9AC8FF0DFCB4FF15" blockId="2.[151,1437,154,502]" box="[199,881,226,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9AC8FF0DFE99FF15" bold="true" box="[199,348,226,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF87FFEB9840FF0DFDB8FF15" box="[591,637,226,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="12824380FF87FFEB98F9FF0DFCA8FF15" box="[758,877,226,250]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="228F509BFF87FFEB9AC8FEE9FD5DFE89" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF87FFEB9AC8FEE9FD5DFE89" blockId="2.[151,1437,154,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9AC8FEE9FE6CFEF1" bold="true" box="[199,425,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="DAFD094DFF87FFEB9BBFFEE9FD5DFE89" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2575874642" collectingDate="2019-06-27" collectionCode="MZUCR" country="Costa Rica" elevation="60" latitude="10.4337" location="With" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-84.008" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" specimenCount="60" stateProvince="Heredia" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF87FFEB9BBFFEE9FDD6FEF1" box="[432,531,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="12824380FF87FFEB98A8FEE9FC85FEF1" box="[679,832,262,286]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="0C849BD5FF87FFEB9940FEE9FC71FEF1" box="[847,948,262,286]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">MZUCR</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<location id="6F4A55CBFF87FFEB99C9FEE9FC3FFEF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E23CB206FF85FFEB9A98FA47FC07FE19:6F4A55CBFF87FFEB99C9FEE9FC3FFEF1" box="[966,1018,262,286]" country="Costa Rica" latitude="10.4337" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-84.008" name="With" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" stateProvince="Heredia">With</location>
|
||
labels: “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="12824380FF87FFEB9E56FEE9FB3FFEF1" box="[1113,1274,262,286]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A851CDF2FF87FFEB9F0AFEE9FF03FEAD" country="Costa Rica" name="Heredia" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Heredia Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, La Selva Bio. Station /
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0FA165D7FF87FFEB9BC0FEC5FD83FEAD" box="[463,582,298,322]" degrees="10.4337" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" precision="5" value="10.4337">10.4337°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0FA165D7FF87FFEB985DFEC5FD09FEAD" box="[594,716,298,322]" degrees="84.0080" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" precision="5" value="-84.008">84.0080°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="7C93C899FF87FFEB98D7FEC5FCCAFEAD" box="[728,783,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="AD6DAEF5FF87FFEB98D7FEC5FCCEFEAD" box="[728,779,298,322]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" unit="m" value="60.0">
|
||
<elevation id="E1B8E423FF87FFEB98D7FEC5FCCEFEAD" box="[728,779,298,322]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" unit="m" value="60.0">60m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
On
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF87FFEB9932FEC5FCBDFEAE" box="[829,888,298,321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Piperaceae" genus="Piper" kingdom="Plantae" order="Piperales" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9932FEC5FCBDFEAE" box="[829,888,298,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Piper</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. /
|
||
<date id="1E2B25D0FF87FFEB99BAFEC5FBFFFEAD" box="[949,1082,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" value="2019-06-27">
|
||
<collectingDate id="0E6FDC38FF87FFEB99BAFEC5FBFFFEAD" box="[949,1082,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" value="2019-06-27">27.Jun.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
. S. J. England” and red
|
||
<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF87FFEB9F30FEC5FA59FEAD" box="[1343,1436,298,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
label “
|
||
<typeStatus id="B52EBDB2FF87FFEB9AD4FEA1FEAFFE89" box="[219,362,334,358]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF87FFEB9B70FEA1FDD2FE89" box="[383,535,334,358]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9B70FEA1FDD2FE89" box="[383,535,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Cladonota rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ England”.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="228F509BFF87FFEB9AC8FE9DFC07FE19" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6A2A0310FF87FFEB9AC8FE9DFC07FE19" blockId="2.[151,1437,154,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9AC8FE9DFE8EFE65" bold="true" box="[199,331,370,394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
the species name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD957893FF87FFEB9800FE9CFDF5FE65" box="[527,560,371,394]" class="Insecta" family="Membracidae" genus="Cladonota" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9800FE9CFDF5FE65" box="[527,560,371,394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is given in honour of the immense contributions of Reginald “Rex” B. Cocroft to humankind’s understanding of treehopper behaviour and ecology. It is utilised as a noun in apposition.
|
||
<emphasis id="58E1DF02FF87FFEB9EE4FE79FAA9FE41" bold="true" box="[1259,1388,406,430]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
The setae associated with pronotal pits appear to be sensory in function, as has been previously suggested in other treehopper genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF87FFEB9AE3FE31FE12FE19" author="Wood, T. K. & Morris, G. K." box="[236,471,478,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" pagination="143 - 148" refId="ref2075" refString="Wood, T. K. & Morris, G. K. (1974) Studies on the Function of the Membracid Pronotum (Homoptera): I. Occurence and Distribution of Articulated Hairs. The Canadian Entomologist, 106, 143 - 148. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 106143 - 2" type="journal article" year="1974">Wood & Morris 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF87FFEB9BEEFE31FD9AFE19" author="Wood, T. K." box="[481,607,478,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" pagination="78 - 82" refId="ref2135" refString="Wood, T. K. (1975) Studies on the Function of the Membracid Pronotum (Homoptera): II. Histology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 77, 78 - 82." type="journal article" year="1975">Wood 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF87FFEB9865FE31FCC5FE19" author="Dietrich, C. H." box="[618,768,478,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" pagination="143 - 152" refId="ref1656" refString="Dietrich, C. H. (1989) Surface sculpturing of the abdominal integument of Membracidae and other Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 91, 143 - 152." type="journal article" year="1989">Dietrich 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E047EE1FF87FFEB9903FE31FC73FE19" author="Stegmann, U. E." box="[780,950,478,502]" pageId="2" pageNumber="598" pagination="157 - 178" refId="ref1939" refString="Stegmann, U. E. (1998) An exaggerated trait in insects: The prothoracic skeleton of Stictocephala bisonia (Homoptera: Membracidae). Journal of Morphology, 238, 157 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / (SICI) 1097 - 4687 (199811) 238: 2 % 3 C 157 :: AID-JMOR 3 % 3 E 3.0. CO; 2 - H" type="journal article" year="1998">Stegmann 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |