309 lines
29 KiB
XML
309 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287785" ID-ZooBank="D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A" checkinTime="1460978373835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Łukowiak, Magdalena" docDate="2015" docId="2125D91F1B34296D7ED9C690F750FEC9" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03917p065.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3c794a36" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Thoosidae Cockerell 1925" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="DD1CA1671B20297B7E4EC039F41BFF89" masterDocTitle="Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1645026518126" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>3917</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108553" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671503" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108553" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B34296D7ED9C690F750FEC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B34296D7ED9C690F750FEC9" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,576,1705,1731]" box="[151,576,1705,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,576,1705,1731]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,576,1705,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Family
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<taxonomicName authority="Cockerell, 1925" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1925" box="[246,576,1705,1731]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
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Thoosidae
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<bibRefCitation author="Cockerell" box="[382,576,1705,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1925) The family Clionidae. Science, 62, 567. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1126 / science. 62.1616.567" type="journal article" year="1925">
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Cockerell,
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<number box="[517,576,1705,1731]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1925.0">1925</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1436,1775,2016]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1436,151,680]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Another very characteristic morphotype of the spicules found in the studied samples are tuberculated, about
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<number box="[1394,1436,1775,1800]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="500.0">500</number>
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Μm long, oxeas (
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<figureCitation box="[346,425,1812,1837]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1930,1952]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,551,1907]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[151,1437,551,1907]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 7. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A – E—Anatriaenes of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae; F – I—Different types of triaenes of Stelletta sp., family Ancorinidae; J – N—Different types of acanthoxeas of Alectona millari, family Thoosidae; O—Sanidaster-ataxaster of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287792/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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Figs.
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<number box="[412,425,1812,1836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="7.0">7</number>
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</figureCitation>
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J–N) that are similar to those of the Recent
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1879" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1879" box="[938,1201,1812,1837]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[938,1038,1812,1837]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Alectona</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[1047,1201,1812,1836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Carter, H. J. (1879 a) On a New Species of Excavating Sponge (Alectona millari); and on a New Species of Rhaphidotheca (R. affinis). Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 2, 493 - 499. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1879. tb 01670. x" type="journal article" year="1879" yearSuffix="a">
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Carter,
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<number box="[1132,1188,1812,1836]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1879.0">1879</number>
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a
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(family
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<taxonomicName box="[1303,1421,1812,1837]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Thoosidae</taxonomicName>
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). Sponges belonging to this family were assigned to the family
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<taxonomicName box="[841,976,1847,1872]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Alectonidae</taxonomicName>
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and placed in the order
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<taxonomicName box="[1246,1394,1847,1872]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Hadromerida</taxonomicName>
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but now thoosids are placed in the order
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<taxonomicName box="[590,738,1884,1909]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
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(see van
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<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[855,1056,1884,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Soest
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<emphasis box="[926,978,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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.
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||
<number box="[997,1056,1884,1908]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2013.0">2013</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="Borchiellini" box="[1071,1347,1884,1909]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Borchiellini, C., Alivon, E. & Vacelet, J. (2004) The systematic position of Alectona (Porifera, Demospongiae): a tetractinellid sponge. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici della R. Universita di Genova, 68, 209 - 217." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Borchiellini
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<emphasis box="[1216,1268,1884,1909]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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.
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<number box="[1286,1347,1884,1908]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2004.0">2004</number>
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</bibRefCitation>
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). These thoosids are characterized by the presence of oxeas, styles, or strongyles as macroscleres and microrhabs or amphiasters, or both, as microscleres (
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<bibRefCitation author="Rutzler" box="[578,742,1956,1981]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002 a) Family Alectonidae Rosell, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 281 - 290." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">
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Rützler
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<number box="[669,729,1956,1980]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="2002.0">2002</number>
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a
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The spicules investigated here seem to be almost identical to those occurring in
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<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1879" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1879" box="[366,713,1991,2016]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Millari">
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<emphasis box="[366,551,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Alectona millari</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[560,713,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Carter, H. J. (1879 a) On a New Species of Excavating Sponge (Alectona millari); and on a New Species of Rhaphidotheca (R. affinis). Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 2, 493 - 499. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1879. tb 01670. x" type="journal article" year="1879" yearSuffix="a">
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||
Carter,
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||
<number box="[645,701,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1879.0">1879</number>
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||
a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[731,798,1991,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,913,1556]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Acanthoxeas of recent Alectona species; A— Alectona millari (from Rützler 2002); B— Alectona wallichii (from Vacelet 1999)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287793/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Fig.
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||
<number box="[785,798,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="8.0">8</number>
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||
</figureCitation>
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||
A) and
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1874" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1874" box="[887,1168,1991,2016]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Wallichii">
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||
<emphasis box="[887,1019,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. wallichii</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[1028,1168,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refString="Carter, H. J. (1874) Descriptions and Figures of Deep-sea Sponges and their Spicules from the Atlantic Ocean, dredged up on board H. M. S. ' Porcupine', chiefly in 1869; with Figures and Descriptions of some remarkable Spicules from the Agulhas Shoal and Colon, Panama. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 14 (79), 207 - 221, 245 - 257. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937408680964" type="journal article" year="1874">
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Carter,
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||
<number box="[1112,1168,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="1874.0">1874</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1186,1253,1991,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1577,1599]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,913,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[151,1436,913,1556]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 8. Acanthoxeas of recent Alectona species; A— Alectona millari (from Rützler 2002); B— Alectona wallichii (from Vacelet 1999)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287793/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Fig.
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||
<number box="[1240,1253,1992,2016]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" value="8.0">8</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
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||
B) described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vacelet" box="[151,320,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Vacelet, J. (1999) Planktonic armoured propagules of the excavating sponge Alectona (Porifera: Demospongiae) are larvae: evidence from Alectona wallichii and A. mesatlantica sp. nov. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 44, 627 - 642." type="journal article" year="1999">
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||
Vacelet (
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||
<number box="[251,312,152,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1999.0">1999</number>
|
||
)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. These thoosids are rare and small cryptic sponges excavating calcareous limestone substrata and live in burrows made in calcareous algae, scleractinian corallites, or the axial skeleton of octocorals (
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<bibRefCitation author="Rutzler" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002 a) Family Alectonidae Rosell, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 281 - 290." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">
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Rützler
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<number box="[151,212,224,248]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002.0">2002</number>
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||
a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Whereas
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<taxonomicName box="[350,480,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Wallichii">
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<emphasis box="[350,480,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. wallichii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is recorded only from Africa and Hawaii,
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<taxonomicName box="[966,1074,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Millari">
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<emphasis box="[966,1074,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. millari</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is widely distributed all around the world (e.g., the Azores, Mediterranean Sea), including
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<collectingCountry box="[848,951,260,285]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Australia</collectingCountry>
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||
(van
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<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[1024,1227,260,285]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. & Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails & id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Soest
|
||
<emphasis box="[1096,1149,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<number box="[1169,1227,260,284]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) so the described spicules belong most probably to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[531,639,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Millari">
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||
<emphasis box="[531,639,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. millari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only the size (
|
||
<number box="[818,918,295,320]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="297.5" valueMax="370.0" valueMin="225.0">225–370</number>
|
||
µm) of the tuberculated oxeas of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1301,1409,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Millari">
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||
<emphasis box="[1301,1409,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. millari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rutzler" box="[248,409,332,357]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Rutzler, K. (2002 a) Family Alectonidae Rosell, 1996. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 281 - 290." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Rützler
|
||
<number box="[339,397,332,356]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2002.0">2002</number>
|
||
a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than of the studied oxeas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The genus
|
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<taxonomicName box="[324,424,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[324,424,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Alectona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has already been described in the fossil record from the Miocene deposits of
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||
<collectingCountry box="[1305,1400,367,392]" name="Portugal" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" box="[151,362,404,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Pisera, A., Cachao, M. & da Silva, C. (2006) Siliceous sponge spicules from the Miocene Mem Moniz marls (Portugal) and their environmental significance. Rivista Italiana de Paleontologia, 112, 287 - 299." type="journal article" year="2006">
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||
Pisera
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||
<emphasis box="[228,279,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<number box="[302,362,404,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2006.0">2006</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
<number box="[433,446,404,428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="7.0">7</number>
|
||
O–R) and assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[702,833,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Thoosidae" genus="Alectona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Wallichii">
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||
<emphasis box="[702,833,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A. wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Also
|
||
<bibRefCitation box="[910,1173,404,429]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" refString="Lukowiak, M., Pisera, A. & Schlogl, J. (2014) Bathyal sponges from the late Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (central Paratethys, Slovakia). Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 88 (3), 263 - 277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 013 - 0197 - x" type="journal article">
|
||
Łukowiak
|
||
<emphasis box="[1032,1090,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<number box="[1106,1165,404,428]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="2014.0">2014</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described tuberculated oxeas from Early Miocene of the Vienna Basin (central Paratethys,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[963,1065,439,464]" name="Slovakia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; fig.
|
||
<number box="[1132,1146,439,464]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
G). There are also some aleconid-like spicules known from the Miocene of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[722,825,476,501]" name="Bahamas" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Burky
|
||
<number box="[918,977,476,500]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="1978.0">1978</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[1024,1053,476,500]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="11.0">11</number>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
<number box="[1121,1196,476,501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="16.5" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="15.0">15–18</number>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,901,511,536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Other astrophorid spicules with generalized morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
Besides the spicules described and attributed above, there are also numerous pro- (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[572,650,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,733,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1437,733,1855]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Undetermined astrophorid triaenes; A – D, L, M—Protriaenes of order the Astrophorida; E, F, J, K, N—Orthotriaenes of the order Astrophorida; G – I—Prodichotriaenes of the order Astrophorida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[637,650,548,572]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
A–D, L, M), ortho- (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[885,963,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,733,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1437,733,1855]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Undetermined astrophorid triaenes; A – D, L, M—Protriaenes of order the Astrophorida; E, F, J, K, N—Orthotriaenes of the order Astrophorida; G – I—Prodichotriaenes of the order Astrophorida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[949,963,548,572]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
E, F, J, K, N), and prodichotriaenes (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,733,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1437,733,1855]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 9. Undetermined astrophorid triaenes; A – D, L, M—Protriaenes of order the Astrophorida; E, F, J, K, N—Orthotriaenes of the order Astrophorida; G – I—Prodichotriaenes of the order Astrophorida." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<number box="[151,164,584,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
G–I) found in the studied sample, as well as other, clearly astrophorid, spicules (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1056,1120,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1107,1120,583,608]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
K) that can be assigned only to the order level because they are too generalized morphologically. They may occur in a wide range of astrophorid families (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[312,453,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Ancorinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[464,581,655,680]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Geodiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and their more precise assignment is not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287794/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" targetBox="[151,1435,733,1854]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1436,1876,1929]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,285,1876,1898]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Undetermined astrophorid triaenes; A–D, L, M—Protriaenes of order the
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1146,1283,1876,1898]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
|
||
; E, F, J, K, N—Orthotriaenes of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[463,600,1907,1929]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
|
||
; G–I—Prodichotriaenes of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[975,1112,1907,1929]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Various long-shafted fossil triaenes were described from many localities and geological periods, starting from the Cambrian (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kempen" box="[320,561,188,213]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Kempen, T. M. G. van (1990) On the Oldest Tetraxon Megascleres. In: Rutzler, K. (Ed.) New Perspectives in Sponge Biology (International Conference on the Biology of Sponges, 1985), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 9 - 16." type="journal article" year="1990">
|
||
Kempen
|
||
<number box="[426,485,188,212]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1990.0">1990</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[544,561,188,212]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They were also noted in the Carboniferous of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1112,1210,188,213]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hinde" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Hinde, G. J. (1887) A monograph of the British fossil sponges, part I. Paleonological Society, London, 92 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12299" type="book" year="1887">
|
||
Hinde
|
||
<number box="[1306,1365,188,212]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1887.0">1887</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[1415,1431,188,213]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="5.0">5</number>
|
||
, fig.
|
||
<number box="[198,213,224,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Jurassic of the Alps by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reif" box="[513,876,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Reif, W-E. (1967) Schwammspicula aus dem Weissen Jura Zeta von Natheim (Schwabische Alb). Palaeontographica, 127, 85 - 102." type="journal article" year="1967">
|
||
Reif (
|
||
<number box="[579,639,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1967.0">1967</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[691,721,224,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="13.0">13</number>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
<number box="[794,868,223,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="19.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="16.0">16–23</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and from the Cretaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schrammen" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Schrammen, A. (1924) Die Kieselspongien der oberen Kreide von Nordwestdeutschland. III und letzter Teil. Mit Beitragen zur Stammesgeschichte. Monographien zur Geologie und Palaontologie, 1, 1 - 159. [Stuttgart]" type="journal article" year="1924">
|
||
Schrammen
|
||
<number box="[1335,1394,224,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1924.0">1924</number>
|
||
, pl. 8.1–
|
||
<number box="[203,217,260,284]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="9.0">9</number>
|
||
; pl. 9.1,
|
||
<number box="[337,419,260,285]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="5.25" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.5">2, 5–8</number>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such triaenes were also recorded from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1315,1393,260,285]" name="Poland" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moczydlowska" box="[151,839,295,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" refString="Moczydlowska, M. & Paruch-Kulczycka, J. (1978) Analiza spikul gabek krzemionkowych z oksfordu Wrzosowej i Zawodzia oraz z kampanu Bonarki. Kwartalnik Geologiczny, 22, 83 - 103." type="journal article" year="1978">
|
||
Moczydłowska & Paruch-Kulczycka (
|
||
<number box="[580,639,296,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="1978.0">1978</number>
|
||
, pl.
|
||
<number box="[687,703,296,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
, figs.
|
||
<number box="[771,830,295,320]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" value="12.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="9.0">9–15</number>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |