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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287785" ID-ZooBank="D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A" checkinTime="1460978373835" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Łukowiak, Magdalena" docDate="2015" docId="2125D91F1B3129697ED9C0A1F4F2FC2D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03917p065.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3917 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3c794a36" docStyleName="zootaxa.2013.monograph" docTitle="Pachastrellidae Carter 1875" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="DD1CA1671B20297B7E4EC039F41BFF89" masterDocTitle="Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1645026518126" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Late Eocene siliceous sponge fauna of southern Australia: reconstruction based on loose spicules record</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Łukowiak, Magdalena</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>3917</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>65</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3917.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">39ff92ed-ddb8-4ec4-af8a-19e3288fdbd1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">D8CB263D-645B-46CE-B797-461B6A86A98A</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6108545" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127671504" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6108545" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2125D91F1B3129697ED9C0A1F4F2FC2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2125D91F1B3129697ED9C0A1F4F2FC2D" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,601,152,178]" box="[151,601,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading bold="true" box="[151,601,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,601,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Family
<taxonomicName authority="Carter, 1875" authorityName="Carter" authorityYear="1875" box="[246,601,152,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">
Pachastrellidae
<bibRefCitation author="Carter" box="[445,601,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Carter, H. J. (1875) Notes Introductory to the Study and Classification of the Spongida. Part II. Proposed Classification of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 16 (92), 126 - 145, 177 - 200." type="journal article" year="1875">
Carter,
<number box="[542,601,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1875.0">1875</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1436,222,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Sponges belonging to the family
<taxonomicName box="[544,714,222,247]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
are defined as having various tetraxons, i.e. calthrops, shortshafted triaenes, mesotriaenes, mesotriaene-derived desmas, or long-shafted triaenes in combination with streptasters and monaxonic microscleres (
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado" box="[634,836,294,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Maldonado
<number box="[775,836,295,319]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2002.0">2002</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). Some spicules in the investigated material clearly correspond to this description. These are, for example, short-shafted mesodicho- (
<figureCitation box="[1083,1150,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig.
<number box="[1136,1150,330,355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
A), dicho- (
<figureCitation box="[1284,1352,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Fig.
<number box="[1338,1352,330,355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
B), and mesotriaenes (
<figureCitation box="[316,397,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figs.
<number box="[383,397,366,391]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
D, F, G), and other similar spicules (e.g.,
<figureCitation box="[890,970,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figs.
<number box="[956,970,366,391]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
C, E, H–K) that, in most cases, may be assigned to the family
<taxonomicName box="[413,586,402,427]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
. However, only some of these spicules are characteristic enough to assign them to the genus/species level. On the other hand, some of them (e.g., spicules with branched clads;
<figureCitation box="[1298,1375,438,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Figs.
<number box="[1361,1375,438,463]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
E, H) also resemble those occurring in other taxa, i.e. geodiid genus
<taxonomicName authority="Gray, 1867" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1867" box="[850,1087,474,499]" class="Demospongiae" family="Geodiidae" genus="Penares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[850,941,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Penares</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gray" box="[948,1087,474,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Gray, J. E. (1867 a) Notes on the Arrangement of Sponges, with the Descriptions of some New Genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867 (2), 492 - 558." type="journal article" year="1867" yearSuffix="a">
Gray,
<number box="[1016,1074,474,499]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1867.0">1867</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, discussed earlier.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1436,1869,2014]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,276,1869,1891]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Spicules of sponges of the order
<taxonomicName box="[626,763,1869,1891]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
; A—Mesodichotriaene, family
<taxonomicName box="[1088,1245,1869,1891]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
; B—Dichotriaene, family
<taxonomicName box="[235,392,1900,1922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
; C–G—Mesotriaenes of
<taxonomicName box="[679,807,1900,1922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Pachastrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[679,807,1900,1922]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pachastrella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like sponge, family
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1210,1900,1922]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
; H–J—Calthrops of
<taxonomicName box="[151,280,1931,1953]" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" genus="Calthropella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,280,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Calthropella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., family
<taxonomicName box="[412,571,1931,1953]" class="Demospongiae" family="Calthropellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Calthropellidae</taxonomicName>
; K—Spicule of the order
<taxonomicName box="[852,989,1931,1953]" class="Demospongiae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Astrophorida</taxonomicName>
; L—Triaene of
<taxonomicName box="[1163,1430,1931,1953]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Claudlevii">
<emphasis box="[1163,1282,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Brachiaster</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis box="[1330,1430,1931,1953]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">claudlevii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family
<taxonomicName box="[227,383,1961,1983]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
; M—Triaene of
<taxonomicName box="[562,798,1961,1983]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Cladosum">
<emphasis box="[562,798,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Triptolemma cladosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, family
<taxonomicName box="[890,1047,1961,1983]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Pachastrellidae</taxonomicName>
; N–O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of
<taxonomicName box="[151,237,1993,2014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Dercitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,237,1993,2014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dercitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName box="[252,319,1992,2014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" genus="Stoeba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetractinellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[252,319,1992,2014]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stoeba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)-like sponge, family
<taxonomicName box="[538,667,1992,2014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Ancorinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Ancorinidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Very characteristic triaenes with strongly branched clads that clearly resemble those of Recent pachastrellid
<taxonomicName authority="Wilson, 1925" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,455,188,213]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,283,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachiaster</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" box="[297,455,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 273 - 532." type="journal article" year="1925">
Wilson,
<number box="[399,455,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1925.0">1925</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
have been found in my material (
<figureCitation box="[884,958,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig.
<number box="[944,958,188,213]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
L). Today, there is only one species of
<taxonomicName box="[151,283,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,283,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from the Philippines—
<taxonomicName authority="Wilson, 1925" authorityName="Wilson" authorityYear="1925" box="[632,907,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Simplex">
<emphasis box="[632,749,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. simplex</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" box="[757,907,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 273 - 532." type="journal article" year="1925">
Wilson,
<number box="[851,907,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1925.0">1925</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(van
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[972,1165,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
Soest
<emphasis box="[1040,1090,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
.
<number box="[1104,1165,224,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013.0">2013</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). On the other hand, the only fossil representative of this family—
<taxonomicName authority="Pisera &amp; Bitner 2007" authorityName="Pisera &amp; Bitner" authorityYear="2007" box="[616,1111,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Claudlevii">
<emphasis box="[616,865,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachiaster claudlevii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" box="[872,1111,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Pisera, A. &amp; Bitner, M. A. (2007) The sponge genus Brachiaster (Pachastrellidae, Demospongiae) and its first known fossil representative, from late Eocene of southwestern Australia. Alcheringa, 31, 365 - 373. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701640629" type="journal article" year="2007">
Pisera &amp; Bitner
<number box="[1052,1111,260,284]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, was recorded from the same Late Eocene deposits of southwestern
<collectingCountry box="[602,704,295,320]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" box="[724,980,295,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Pisera, A. &amp; Bitner, M. A. (2007) The sponge genus Brachiaster (Pachastrellidae, Demospongiae) and its first known fossil representative, from late Eocene of southwestern Australia. Alcheringa, 31, 365 - 373. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701640629" type="journal article" year="2007">
Pisera &amp; Bitner
<number box="[919,980,296,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). Unfortunately, neither the spicules of Recent
<taxonomicName box="[236,352,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Simplex">
<emphasis box="[236,352,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, nor those of
<taxonomicName box="[507,648,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Claudlevii">
<emphasis box="[507,648,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. claudlevii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are identical with those described here (compare with
<bibRefCitation author="Pisera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Pisera, A. &amp; Bitner, M. A. (2007) The sponge genus Brachiaster (Pachastrellidae, Demospongiae) and its first known fossil representative, from late Eocene of southwestern Australia. Alcheringa, 31, 365 - 373. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03115510701640629" type="journal article" year="2007">
Pisera &amp; Bitner
<number box="[151,210,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2007.0">2007</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, figs.
<number box="[276,319,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="3.4">3, 4</number>
,
<number box="[330,346,368,391]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="7.0">7</number>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" box="[358,504,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Wilson, H. V. (1925) Silicious and horny sponges collected by the U. S. Fisheries Steamer ' Albatross' during the Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 10. In: Contributions to the biology of the Philippine Archipelago and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 100, 273 - 532." type="journal article" year="1925">
Wilson
<number box="[445,504,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1925.0">1925</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 51.8,
<number box="[632,648,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="9.0">9</number>
). Only the spicule described as
<taxonomicName box="[1000,1116,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Simplex">
<emphasis box="[1000,1116,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B. simplex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shown by
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Maldonado (
<number box="[1378,1436,368,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002.0">2002</number>
and
<figureCitation box="[199,265,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1469,1491]" captionTargetBox="[268,1321,991,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[260,1327,985,1447]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Short-shafted mesodichotriaenes of recent pachastreallids (order Astrophorida); A— Brachiaster simplex (from Maldonado 2002); B— Triptolemma cladosum (from Maldonado 2002, redrawn from Sollas 1888)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287791/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig.
<number box="[251,265,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
A)
</bibRefCitation>
resembles closely the described here spicules. It is impossible to decide whether the studied spicules belong to a new species, or if they fall within the variability range of known
<emphasis box="[1009,1160,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachiasters.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Other, quite similar morphologically spicules are characteristic triaenes that bifurcate in many different planes and parts of the clads. Such spicules characterize present-day astrophorid
<taxonomicName box="[981,1124,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[981,1124,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triptolemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de
<bibRefCitation author="Laubenfels" box="[1166,1375,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de (1955 b) Porifera. In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part E, Archaeocyatha and Porifera. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, New York and Lawrence, Kansas, pp. E 21 - E 112." type="book chapter" year="1955" yearSuffix="b">
Laubenfels,
<number box="[1305,1361,511,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1955.0">1955</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig.
<number box="[151,165,548,573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
M). There are two Recent species of
<taxonomicName box="[586,729,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[586,729,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triptolemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
recorded from this part of the world:
<taxonomicName authority="Bertolino, Pica, Bavestrello, Iwasaki &amp; Calcinai, 2011" authorityName="Bertolino, Pica, Bavestrello, Iwasaki &amp; Calcinai" authorityYear="2011" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Strongylata">
<emphasis box="[1160,1315,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. strongylata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Bertolino" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Bertolino, M., Pica, D., Bavestrello, G., Iwasaki, N. &amp; Calcinai, B. (2011) A new species of Triptolemma (Porifera: Pachastrellidae) from the Pacific Ocean with a revision of the genus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 91 (2), 329 - 338. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315410001530" type="journal article" year="2011">
Bertolino, Pica, Bavestrello, Iwasaki &amp; Calcinai,
<number box="[615,670,584,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2011.0">2011</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
noted from
<collectingCountry box="[825,892,584,607]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and
<taxonomicName authority="Sollas, 1888" authorityName="Sollas" authorityYear="1888" box="[962,1279,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Cladosum">
<emphasis box="[962,1103,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. cladosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas" box="[1124,1271,583,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Sollas, W. J. (1888) Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, 1873 - 1876. Zoology, 25 (63), 1 - 458." type="journal article" year="1888">
Sollas,
<number box="[1214,1271,584,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1888.0">1888</number>
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
known from
<collectingCountry box="[151,260,620,645]" name="Indonesia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(van
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[326,591,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van &amp; Hooper, J. N. A. (2002 b) Family Calthropellidae Lendenfeld, 1906. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera. Guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 127 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="b">
Soest &amp; Hooper
<number box="[518,577,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002.0">2002</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
; van
<bibRefCitation author="Soest" box="[652,848,620,645]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Soest, R. W. M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. (2013) World Porifera database. Accessed through: Van Soest, R. W. M., Boury- Esnault, N., Hooper, J. N. A., Rutzler, K., de Voogd, N. J., Alvarez de Glasby, B., Hajdu, E., Pisera, A. B., Manconi, R., Schoenberg, C., Janussen, D., Tabachnick, K. R., Klautau, M., Picton, B., Kelly, M., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M. &amp; Cristina Diaz, M. World Porifera database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / porifera / porifera. php? p = taxdetails &amp; id = 171271 (accessed 19 March 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">
Soest
<emphasis box="[721,772,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
.
<number box="[787,848,620,644]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2013.0">2013</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). The sponges belonging to this genus penetrate the tissue of other sponges (
<bibRefCitation author="Maldonado" box="[438,640,655,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Maldonado, M. (2002) Family Pachastrellidae. In: Hooper, J. N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.) Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, pp. 141 - 162." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Maldonado
<number box="[579,640,656,680]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002.0">2002</number>
</bibRefCitation>
). The studied triaenes resemble closely the spicules of
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Cladosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triptolemma cladosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(for example, compare with
<figureCitation box="[592,659,692,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1469,1491]" captionTargetBox="[268,1321,991,1446]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[260,1327,985,1447]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 6. Short-shafted mesodichotriaenes of recent pachastreallids (order Astrophorida); A— Brachiaster simplex (from Maldonado 2002); B— Triptolemma cladosum (from Maldonado 2002, redrawn from Sollas 1888)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287791/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Fig.
<number box="[645,659,692,717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="6.0">6</number>
</figureCitation>
B) and considering the fact that today
<taxonomicName box="[1100,1237,692,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="Cladosum">
<emphasis box="[1100,1237,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. cladosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits adjacent areas (Hooper &amp; van Soest
<number box="[477,537,728,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="2002.0">2002</number>
), it is possible that the spicules discussed here belong to the ancestor of this species. On the other hand, some of the spicules described above as pachastrellid may also be assigned to
<taxonomicName box="[151,294,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[151,294,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triptolemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<figureCitation box="[364,440,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[166,1401,539,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[165,1402,539,1838]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 5. Spicules of sponges of the order Astrophorida; A—Mesodichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; B—Dichotriaene, family Pachastrellidae; C – G—Mesotriaenes of Pachastrella - like sponge, family Pachastrellidae; H – J—Calthrops of Calthropella sp., family Calthropellidae; K—Spicule of the order Astrophorida; L—Triaene of Brachiaster cf. claudlevii, family Pachastrellidae; M—Triaene of Triptolemma cladosum, family Pachastrellidae; N – O—Calthrop and dichotriaene of Dercitus (Stoeba) - like sponge, family Ancorinidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287790/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Figs.
<number box="[426,440,799,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="5.0">5</number>
</figureCitation>
A, E, H) but they also may belong to other pachastrellid genera, e.g.,
<taxonomicName box="[1213,1345,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Brachiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1213,1345,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Brachiaster</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
bearing very similar spicules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,151,932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Megascleres of
<taxonomicName box="[381,525,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Pachastrellidae" genus="Triptolemma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astrophorida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[381,525,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Triptolemma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were already described from the Eocene of
<collectingCountry box="[1039,1192,871,896]" name="New Zealand" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Hinde" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="Hinde, G. J. &amp; Holmes, W. M. (1892) On the sponge remains in the Lower Tertiary Strata near Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 24, 177 - 262. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1892. tb 02480. x" type="journal article" year="1892">
Hinde &amp; Holmes (
<number box="[159,220,908,932]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1892.0">1892</number>
)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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